applicants as to their fitness for positions in the civil service of a state and its cities and gives preference to honorably discharged Union soldiers abrogates Laws 1894, c. 717, which attempts to exempt these classes from the operation of the civil service laws. Allison v. Board of Education of San Bernardino, 125 Cal. 72, 57 Pac. 673; People v. Gray, 23 Misc. 602, 51 N. Y. Supp. 1087. Section 127, N. Y. city charter, relative to the retention

of veterans of the army or navy does not vest in them a right to any particular office or position. Ohio Law, 1892, p. 50. Brower v. Kantner, 190 Pa. 182, 43 Atl. 7. Pa. Act May 26, 1897 (P. L. 107), is unconstitutional as contravening Const. art. 6, § 4. Wyoming Laws 1890, c. 44, p. 74.

668 Keim v. United States, 177 U. S. 290. Act of Congress of August 15, 1876, § 3, and civil service Act of 1883, § 7, applies only to cases where wrongfully discharged soldiers and sailors are equally qualified with others for employment and civil office. The legislation does not warrant or authorize the appointment of incompetent or inefficient clerks. Thompson v. City of Emporia, 9 Kan. App. 740, 60 Pac. 480.

Mass. St. 1895, c. 501, §§ 2 and 6, held unconstitutional in Brown v. Russell, 166 Mass. 14, 43 N. E. 1005, 32 L. R. A. 253; Opinion of Justices, 166 Mass. 589, 44 N. E. 625, 34 L. R. A. 58.

Mass. Acts 1896, c. 517, §§ 2 and 3, giving to veterans in the army

or navy of the United States during the Civil War passing the civil service examination a preference in appointment to government offices or employments is constitutional. Ayers v. Hatch, 175 Mass. 489; State v. Miller, 66 Minn. 90, 68 N. W. 732, holding the Veteran Preference Act constitutional; Laws 1887, c. 149. Stewart v. Chosen Freeholders of Hudson County, 61 N. J. Law, 117, 38 Atl. 842; Heaviland v. Chosen Freeholders of Burlington County, 64 N. J. Law, 176, 44 Atl. 963; Kreigh v. Chosen Freeholders of Hudson County, 62 N. J. Law, 178, 40 Atl. 625; People v. Knauber, 163 N. Y. 23, 57 N. E. 161.

In re Wortman, 22 Abb. N. C. 137, 2 N. Y. Supp. 324. That Union veteran laws be applicable, it is necessary that the status of an applicant should be known. People v. Gilroy, 60 Hun, 507, 15 N. Y. Supp. 242. A veteran employed for a particular purpose and in connection with special work on its completion has no claim for continued employment under Veteran Laws 1887, c. 464. Nuttall v. Simis, 22 Misc. 19, 47 N. Y. Supp. 1097. Laws 1888, c. 119, as amended by Laws 1892, c. 577, do not apply to a mechanic working for wages at a stipulated price per day.

669 Clark v. City of Boston, 179 Mass. 409, 60 N. E. 793. A veteran employed by the job for a temporary service is not within the protection of statutes of 1896, c. 517, § 5, and may be discharged when his special task is done. Ellis v.

Common Council of Grand Rapids, 123 Mich. 567, 82 N. W. 244; Evans v. Freeholders of Hudson County, 53 N. J. Law, 585, Daily v. Chosen Freeholders of Essex County, 58 N. J. Law, 319, 33 Atl. 739; Francis v. City of Newark, 58 N. J. Law, 522, 33 Atl. 853. A deserter receiving his discharge by special order of the war department is not an honorably discharged soldier within the Act of March 14, 1895. Cavenaugh v. Chosen Freeholders of Essex County, 58 N. J. Law, 531, 33 Atl. 943; Horan v. Board of Education of Orange, 58 N. J. Law, 533, 33 Atl. 944.

Womsley v. Jersey City, 61 N. J. Law, 499, 39 Atl. 710. The abolition of an office filled by a veteran Union soldier without discontinuing its duties is an evasion of the New Jersey Laws in relation to wrongfully discharged Union soldiers, sailors and marines and is therefore void. Peterson v. Chosen Freeholders of Salem County, 63 N. J. Law, 57, 42 Atl. 844; Caulfield v. Jersey City, 63 N. J. Law, 148, 43 Atl. 433. The preference in the retention of veterans in public service will not apply where, from economic reasons, the position is abolished.

People v. City of Yonkers, 60 Hun, 579, 14 N. Y. Supp. 455. The office of health officer of the City of Yonkers does not come within the Veteran Provisions of New York Laws 1887, c. 464. Sargent v. Gor

man, 60 Hun, 578, 14 N. Y. Supp. 481; Meyers v. City of New York, 69 Hun, 291, 23 N. Y. Supp. 484. New York Laws 1888, c. 119, do not apply to an employe of the department of public works of New York City receiving daily wages. People v. Scannell, 164 N. Y. 572, 58 N. E. 1091, affirming 53 App. Div. 161, 65 N. Y. Supp. 832. The retirement of officers of a uniformed force found on medical examination to be physically or mentally disqualified is not a violation of New York Laws 1899, c. 370, § 21, relative to removal of honorably discharged soldiers from public service.

O'Hara v. City of New York, 28 Misc. 258, 59 N. Y. Supp. 36; Id., 46 App. Div. 518, 62 N. Y. Supp. 146. A veteran illegally removed is entitled to compensation for the time he was prevented from performing his duties. People v. Scannell, 27 Misc. 734, 59 N. Y. Supp. 480. People v. Brady, 49 App. Div. 238, 63 N. Y. Supp. 145; People v. Coler, 34 Misc. 119, 68 N. Y. Supp. 738; People v. Adams, 133 N. Y. 203, reversing 53 Hun, 141, 6 N. Y. Supp. 128; People v. Van Wyck, 157 N. Y. 495, 52 N. E. 559. The veterans Act of 1896, c. 821, only applies to subordinate positions and does not include an assessor in New York City who is a public officer vested with the power of individual judgment and discretion in the performance of his duties.

671

670 Keim v. United States, 177 U. S. 290; Thompson v. City of Emporia, 9 Kan. App. 740, 60 Pac. 480; Brown v. Russell, 166 Mass. 14, 43 N. E. 1005, 32 L. R. A. 253; Opinion of Justices, 166 Mass. 589, 34 L. R. A. 58; Id., 145 Mass. 587, 13 N. E. 15; People v. Knapp, 52 Hun, 611, 4 N. Y. Supp. 825; People v. Village of Little Falls, 8 N. Y. Supp. 512. The determination of village trustees in regard to the business capacity and fitness of a Union veteran, an applicant for a position, is judicial and cannot be questioned.

People v. Almshouse Com'rs of Newburgh, 65 Hun, 169, 20 N. Y. Supp. 21; People v. Board of Education of Long Island City, 84 Hun, 417, 32 N. Y. Supp. 377; In re Keymer, 12 Misc. 615, 34 N. Y. Supp. 447; Id., 148 N. Y. 219, 42 N. E. 667, 35 L. R. A. 447; People v. Trustees of Ballston Spa, 19 App. Div. 567, 46 N. Y. Supp. 564. Under New York Laws 1896, c. 821, if the application of a Union soldier for an office is denied, he is entitled by mandamus to a trial on the question of his qualifications. People v. Cram, 34 App. Div. 313, 54 N. Y. Supp. 355; People v. Common Council of Syracuse, 26 Misc. 522, 57 N. Y. Supp. 617; In re Balcom, 28 Misc. 1, 58 N. Y. Supp. 1097, construing Laws of New York 1899, c. 370, and Const. art. 5, § 9, and holding that where an appointment to a municipal office is to be made from a list to be ascertained by competitive ex

amination, where the list of eligible names contains more than one veteran, the one standing highest on the list is entitled to preference as against the others. In re Allaire, 168 N. Y. 642, 61 N. E. 1127, affirming 62 App. Div. 29, 70 N. Y. Supp. 845; People v. Scannell, 62 App. Div. 249, 70 N. Y. Supp. 983; People v. Lathrop, 142 N. Y. 113, 36 N. E. 805, affirming 71 Hun, 202, 24 N. Y. Supp. 754; People v. Morton, 148 N. Y. 156, 42 N. E. 538; People v. Board of Health of Troy, 153 N. Y. 513, 47 N. E. 785.

671 In re Ostrander, 12 Misc. 476, 34 N. Y. Supp. 295; People v. Dalton, 160 N. Y. 686, 55 N. E. 1099, affirming 41 App. Div. 458, 58 N. Y. Supp. 929; People v. Palmer, 152 N. Y. 217, 46 N. E. 328; People v. Lyman, 157 N. Y. 368, 52 N. E. 132; People v. Gardner, 157 N. Y. 520, 52 N. E. 564; People v. Coler, 157 N. Y. 676, 51 N. E. 1093.

672 State v. Miller, 66 Minn. 90, 68 N. W. 732; State v. Barrows, 71 Minn. 178, 73 N. W. 704; Lewis v. Public Works, 51 N. J. Law, 240, 17 Atl. 112; Stockton v. Regan, 54 N. J. Law, 167, 23 Atl. 1012. The veterans act does not apply to the of fice of county collector. Townsend v. Boughner, 55 N. J. Law, 380, 26 Atl. 808; Rowe v. Chosen Freeholders of Hudson County, 61 N. J. Law, 120, 38 Atl. 818; Stewart v. Chosen Freeholders of Hudson County, 61 N. J. Law, 117, 38 Atl. 842; Gilhooly v. Chosen Freeholders of Hud

son County (N. J. Law) 43 Atl. 569; Hardy v. City of Orange, 61 N. J. Law, 620, 42 Atl. 581; People v. Trustees of Saratoga Springs, 159 N. Y. 568, 54 N. E. 1093; Nuttall v. Simis, 31 App. Div. 503, 52 N. Y. Supp. 308. An employment at daily wages is not necessarily a transitory one. People v. Clarke, 54 App. Div. 588, 66 N. Y. Supp. 1068. A county detective is not an employe coming within the protection of legislation in favor of wrongfully discharged veterans. People v. Trustees of Albion, 61 App. Div. 71, 70 N. Y. Supp. 21; People v. Constable, 65 App. Div. 176, 72 N. Y. Supp. 535; Pratt v. Phelan, 67 App. Div. 349, 73 N. Y. Supp. 823.

673 Beirne V. Street & Water Com'rs, 60 N. J. Law, 109, 36 Atl. 778. If the dismissal of a veteran results from a discontinuance of old methods in the administration of public affairs and the adoption of new ones, it does not violate the veteran act if such a change is not a mere pretext for the removal of employes. Womsley v. Jersey City, 61 N. J. Law, 499, 39 Atl. 710; Sutherland V. Street & Water Com'rs, 61 N. J. Law, 436, 39 Atl. 710. An office which is held by an honorably discharged Union soldier can be legally abolished for pur

poses of economy. People v. Durston, 3 N. Y. Supp. 522; People v. Adams, 51 Hun, 583, 4 N. Y. Supp. 522; People v. Lathrop, 71 Hun, 202, 24 N. Y. Supp. 754; People v. City of Brooklyn, 91 Hun, 308, 36 N. Y. Supp. 172; People v. Waring, 7 App. Div. 247, 40 N. Y. Supp. 35. Employes in the street cleaning department are not entitled to the protection of the veteran act, Laws of 1892, c. 577. People v. King, 13 App. Div. 400, 42 N. Y. Supp. 961; People v. Simis, 18 App. Div. 199, 45 N. Y. Supp. 940; People v. Morton, 24 App. Div. 563, 49 N. Y. Supp. 760. Where economy requires reduction of the force of laborers, a Union veteran should be the last to be discharged, other conditions being equal. People v. Scannell, 25 Misc. 619, 56 N. Y. Supp. 117; Id., 48 App. Div. 445, 62 N. Y. Supp. 930, affirmed 163 N. Y. 599, 57 N. E. 1121; People v. Clausen, 29 Misc. 701, 61 N. Y. Supp. 579; People v. Waring, 62 N. Y. Supp. 966; People v. Feitner, 58 App. Div. 594, 69 N. Y. Supp. 141; People v. City of Brooklyn, 149 N. Y. 215, 43 N. E. 554; In re Breckenridge, 160 N. Y. 103, 54 N. E. 670. But see Stutzbach v. Coler, 168 N. Y. 416, 61 N. E. 697, affirming 62 App. Div. 219, 70 N. Y. Supp. 901.