CONTENTS.

vii

CHAPTER XVIII.

FROM SHEPODY BAY TO THE BUTTERNUT RIDGE.

Page

Coal of the Memramcook.

Shepody Bay.-Its scenery and marsh-

lands.—High cliffs of gypsum.—Mineral bitumen, bed of, in

the coal-measures.—Origin of this bitumen, and its use in the

manufacture of gas. — Conglomerate hills.—Shad-fishery.

Maple-sugar manufacture.—Evils of lumbering.–Mixed oxen

and horses in farm-labour.–New Horton Settlement.-Pro-

spects of coal in New Brunswick.—Mists of the bay, their

influence in rusting the wheat.-Annexation feeling.–Tradi-

tionary recollections of the descendants of American loyalists.

-Marsh-lands of the Petitcodiac River.—French Acadians and

old Dutch settlers.—Dutch names.- Poorer lands of the poorer

Irish.—Flat grey-sandstone country.-Windfalls and the elec-

tric telegraph.—Butternut Ridge.-Relation of soils to geolo-

gical structure.—Miserable quarters,

92

CHAPTER XIX.

BUTTERNUT RIDGE TO ST ANDREWS.

Butternut tree on calcareous soils.—What land is poor in a new

country.-Windfalls.-Smith's Creek. Circumstances deter-

mine the direction of agricultural progress.—Difficult bridge.

- Remarkable gypsum pits in Sussex Vale.-Trees growing on

pure gypsum.—New Jersey loyalists.-Change within sixty

years.—Causeless grumblings in this province.—Fall of snow

attended by a purple sky.-Clearness of the moonlight.—Mil-

dew on tidal rivers.—Buckwheat bran in feeding.–Good red

land.-Scenery on the Hammond river.- General geological

structure of the country.--Imaginary section.—Interesting rela-

tion of its soils to its rocks.-Scenery on Loch Lomond.-An-

nexationists in St John.—Complaints and distress in Maine.-

Comparative condition of the State of Maine and the province

of New Brunswick. — Musquash marshes. — Value of farms.-

Plague of grubs.-A contented Irishman.-Sectarian fights at

St John.-Darkness of moonless nights.—Town of St George.

-Up the Macadavic River.-L'Etang Harbour.—Drive to St

Andrews,

115

CHAPTER XX.

ST ANDREWS TO FREDERICTON.

Town of St Andrews, its trade, climate, and prevailing winds.-

Effects of spring frosts.-Character of Charlotte County.- Bad

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farm-servants.-Oak Bay.- View of St Stephens and Calais.-

Appearance and trade of the rival towns.-Advantages of Calais.

-Stumpage in New Brunswick and Maine.—Higher taxes in

the States. - British and American Milltowns.-Execrable roads

and bad state of farming in Maine. — Marriage ceremony.-

Journey to Fredericton.-Stony farms.-Elevated swamp.-

Macadavic River.—General character of the soils.-Harvey

Settlement of Borderers.—Its early difficulties and present

prosperity.-State of the peasantry of the Scottish Border.-

Mr Grieves and Mr Pass.—Why emigrants more industrious

than their sons.-Acton and Cork settlements of Irish. - Idle-

ness and discontent.— View of the river St John.-Unacknow-

ledged obligations to my conductor,

149

CHAPTER XXI.

GENERAL REMARKS ON THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK,

Want of frankness.—Official staff.—Provincial salaries.—Tendency

to discontent. "Little Court” of Fredericton.—Cathedral and

College.—Relative numbers of religious sects.—Position of the

English Episcopal church.-State of the University.–Necessity

for positive and material instruction.—Resources of the Pro-

vince.—Quantity and quality of its several soils.—Quantity of

food it can raise.—Population it may sustain.—Supply of fossil

fuel, its influence on the possible population.--Average produce

of the different crops.-Compared with Great Britain, Ireland,

Canada West, and the States of New York, Ohio, and Michigan.

-Effect of the winter's frost.—Length of the agricultural year.

-Prices of produce, compared with Canada and Ohio.—Who

ought to, or may, emigrate to this province.-Grants of land on

condition of making the necessary roads.—Amount of immigra-

tion compared with Canada and New York.- Indirect value of

settlers to a new country.-Exports and imports of St John,

compared with those of Maine, Vermont, and New Hamp-

shire united.-Bounty to agriculture.— Improvement of the St

John River.—Railway desirable.—European and North-Ameri-

can Railway.—Timber-duty grievance.-Common school educa-

tion.—Improvement of the criminal code,

179

CHAPTER XXII.

FROM FREDERICTON IN NEW BRUNSWICK, TO ALBANY IN THE STATE OF

NEW YORK. GENERAL REMARKS ON NEW YORK STATE.

Winter at Fredericton.-Sleighing to the city of St John.-Sure-

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footed horses.-Californian fever.-Influence of ancient gold-

mines on the price of gold.—To Robinstown in Maine.—New

England forms of expression.—Breakneck driving—Ellsworth.

-Bangor.-Land-speculating, farming and lumbering.—Pine-

barrens of Georgia. - Pitch and yellow pines.-Lumber specu-

lators from Maine.-Section of the coast-line of Georgia.-

Mutual relation of its woods, soils, and rocks.--Connection

between the northern and southern States.-Westward move-

ment of the planters. — Town of Waterville.—White houses

and new towns. Portland in Maine. · St Lawrence and

Atlantic railways.- The Irish in America. Immense takes

of the Menbaden in Long-Island Sound.—Cooper's character

of the people of Connecticut.—City of Albany.-Old Dutch

houses.-Roman Catholic party.--Germans.—State Legisla-

ture.—Rarity of re-elections.—Professions of the members.

-Predominance of English blood.-Ages and weights of the

members.—Opinions upon slavery. — Equality of religious

sects.—Common-school system. — Its history. — Free-school

system of 1849.-Amount of school-tax.—What a proportion-

ate tax would be in Great Britain.—Importance of education to

a free people.—Can the voluntary principle secure it to all ?-

Duty of Governments on the matter of education.—Total

taxation in this State compared with that of Great Britain.-

Different modes of making this comparison.-Banking system.

- Usury laws and legal interest in the several States.—Moral

weight of the New-England character,

214

CHAPTER XXIII.

CITY OF ALBANY AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD.

Churches in Albany, rivalry in building and ornamenting.

Hiring of the clergy and school teachers.—Discussion at the

State Agricultural Society.–Fear of each other in the States.

--The Shakers at Watervliet. -Their numbers and peculiar

doctrines.—Slavery times on the Hudson.—Effects of emanci-

pation, and anti-slavery feeling in this State. Parallel between

Great Britain and the United States in their action as to

slavery.—Reports of the State Agricultural Society distributed

gratuitously.- Proposed agricultural college. Natural history

survey.-Revision of the code of the State.-Anti-renters.-

Canvassing for public office. Albany penitentiary.-City of

Troy.—Railway to Canada.-Annexation feeling in this State.

-Dutch and other peculiar words,

259

NOTES

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NORTH AMERICA