CONTENTS. vii CHAPTER XVIII. FROM SHEPODY BAY TO THE BUTTERNUT RIDGE. Coal of the Memramcook.-Shepody Bay. Its scenery and marshlands. High cliffs of gypsum.-Mineral bitumen, bed of, in the coal-measures.—Origin of this bitumen, and its use in the manufacture of gas. — Conglomerate hills.—Shad-fishery.— Maple-sugar manufacture.-Evils of lumbering.-Mixed oxen and horses in farm-labour.-New Horton Settlement.-Prospects of coal in New Brunswick.-Mists of the bay, their influence in rusting the wheat.-Annexation feeling.-Traditionary recollections of the descendants of American loyalists. -Marsh-lands of the Petitcodiac River.-French Acadians and old Dutch settlers.-Dutch names.-Poorer lands of the poorer Irish.-Flat grey-sandstone country.-Windfalls and the electric telegraph.-Butternut Ridge.-Relation of soils to geological structure.-Miserable quarters, CHAPTER XIX. BUTTERNUT RIDGE TO ST ANDREWS. Butternut tree on calcareous soils.-What land is poor in a new country.-Windfalls.-Smith's Creek. - Circumstances determine the direction of agricultural progress.-Difficult bridge. —Remarkable gypsum pits in Sussex Vale.—Trees growing on pure gypsum.-New Jersey loyalists.-Change within sixty years.-Causeless grumblings in this province.-Fall of snow attended by a purple sky.-Clearness of the moonlight.-Mildew on tidal rivers.-Buckwheat bran in feeding.-Good red land.-Scenery on the Hammond river.-General geologicalTM structure of the country.-Imaginary section. Interesting relation of its soils to its rocks.-Scenery on Loch Lomond.-Annexationists in St John.-Complaints and distress in Maine.Comparative condition of the State of Maine and the province of New Brunswick.-Musquash marshes. — Value of farms.— Plague of grubs.-A contented Irishman.-Sectarian fights at St John.-Darkness of moonless nights.-Town of St George. -Up the Macadavic River.-L'Etang Harbour.-Drive to St Andrews, Page 92 115 CHAPTER XX. ST ANDREWS TO FREDERICTON. Town of St Andrews, its trade, climate, and prevailing winds.— farm-servants.-Oak Bay.-View of St Stephens and Calais.— CHAPTER XXI. GENERAL REMARKS ON THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK. Page Want of frankness.-Official staff.-Provincial salaries.-Tendency to discontent.-"Little Court" of Fredericton.-Cathedral and College. Relative numbers of religious sects.-Position of the English Episcopal church.-State of the University.-Necessity for positive and material instruction.-Resources of the Province. Quantity and quality of its several soils.-Quantity of food it can raise.-Population it may sustain.-Supply of fossil fuel, its influence on the possible population.-Average produce of the different crops.-Compared with Great Britain, Ireland, Canada West, and the States of New York, Ohio, and Michigan. -Effect of the winter's frost.-Length of the agricultural year. -Prices of produce, compared with Canada and Ohio.-Who ought to, or may, emigrate to this province.-Grants of land on condition of making the necessary roads.—Amount of immigration compared with Canada and New York.-Indirect value of settlers to a new country.-Exports and imports of St John, compared with those of Maine, Vermont, and New Hampshire united.—Bounty to agriculture.-Improvement of the St John River.-Railway desirable.-European and North-American Railway.-Timber-duty grievance.-Common school education.-Improvement of the criminal code, CHAPTER XXII. 149 179 FROM FREDERICTON IN NEW BRUNSWICK, TO ALBANY IN THE STATE OF NEW YORK. GENERAL REMARKS ON NEW YORK STATE. Winter at Fredericton.-Sleighing to the city of St John.-Sure CONTENTS. footed horses.-Californian fever.-Influence of ancient goldmines on the price of gold.-To Robinstown in Maine.-New England forms of expression.-Breakneck driving—Ellsworth. —Bangor.—Land-speculating, farming and lumbering.—Pinebarrens of Georgia.—Pitch and yellow pines.-Lumber speculators from Maine.-Section of the coast-line of Georgia.Mutual relation of its woods, soils, and rocks.-Connection between the northern and southern States.-Westward movement of the planters. - Town of Waterville.-White houses and new towns. Portland in Maine. St Lawrence and Atlantic railways.-The Irish in America.-Immense takes of the Menhaden in Long-Island Sound.-Cooper's character of the people of Connecticut.-City of Albany.-Old Dutch houses.-Roman Catholic party.--Germans.-State Legislature.-Rarity of re-elections.-Professions of the members. -Predominance of English blood.-Ages and weights of the members.-Opinions upon slavery. Equality of religious sects.-Common-school system. - Its history.-Free-school system of 1849.-Amount of school-tax.-What a proportionate tax would be in Great Britain.-Importance of education to a free people.-Can the voluntary principle secure it to all?— Duty of Governments on the matter of education.-Total taxation in this State compared with that of Great Britain.Different modes of making this comparison.-Banking system. -Usury laws and legal interest in the several States.-Moral weight of the New-England character, ix Page 214 CHAPTER XXIII. CITY OF ALBANY AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD. Churches in Albany, rivalry in building and ornamenting. Hiring of the clergy and school teachers.-Discussion at the State Agricultural Society.-Fear of each other in the States. --The Shakers at Watervliet. Their numbers and peculiar doctrines.-Slavery times on the Hudson.-Effects of emancipation, and anti-slavery feeling in this State.-Parallel between Great Britain and the United States in their action as to slavery. Reports of the State Agricultural Society distributed gratuitously.—Proposed agricultural college.—Natural history survey.-Revision of the code of the State.-Anti-renters.Canvassing for public office. Albany penitentiary.-City of Troy.-Railway to Canada.-Annexation feeling in this State. -Dutch and other peculiar words, 259 FROM NEW YORK TO WASHINGTON. Page New York to Philadelphia.-Red lands of New Jersey.-Peach orchards. Enemies and short life of the peach-tree. – Philadelphia, its attractions, hospitality, and public buildings. -Religious denominations.-Salt-water terrapin.—Fertilising properties of the Green sand.—Their supposed source.—Dis- covery of phosphate of lime in large quantity. Geological survey of Pennsylvania. German population. — Common schools compared with those of New York.-State of agricul- ture and price of land. - Free coloured population, their increase, condition, and migrations.-Soil on the Susque- hannah.—City of Baltimore.-Free-schools.-State agricultural chemist.—Transit trade of Baltimore.—Canvass-backed duck. City of Washington. Obstacles to its rapid growth.- Mileage.- Mr Calhoun. - President Taylor. — Agricultural bureau. Alleged wheat-exporting power of the United States.-Exagge- rated estimates.—Real surplus wheat.—Quantity exported.- Influence of the United States upon Great Britain, social and political.—Real greatness, and great prospects of the States.- Assimilation of institutions.—Dissolution of the Union, effects and chances of.—Dangers from the side of the Pacific.—An- nexation of Canada and Cuba.–Obstacles to, and consequences of.- Natural bias of talent and ambition in the colonies.- Advantages of a more close union with them.—Why few rich CHAPTER XXVI. VIRGINIA AND SLAVERY. City of Alexandria.—Natural advantages of Virginia.—Comparative position now, and at the Revolution.—Effect of slavery on CONTENTS. America. Sugar culture in Louisiana. Slave labour in fac- tories.-Effect of this on slavery and on the condition of free New York.—Its rapid growth.—Interesting physiological problem. -Comparative growth of New York, Glasgow, and Birming- ham.-Inferences.-Modesty of the New York journalists.— Collins' line. British workshops in American cities. "Bunkum" of the Illustrated London News. American Institute.-Exhibition of 1851. - Schools and colleges in the city. Universities and Board of Regents of the State of New York.――Staten Island, its soil and farmers.-Sunday travel- ling in New England.-Stoppage of trains.-Boston.-Lowell Institute. Benefits of a rotation of office.-Public hotels.- Prevalence of diseases of the digestive organs.-Protestant Episcopal churches.-Changes in the English liturgy.-Num- bers of each religious denomination in the State and city. Predominance of Congregationalists.-Tendency to Unitarian- ism.-King's Chapel and its liturgy.-Universalism, its extent and growth.-Freedom of speech on religious subjects.-Epis- copal Methodists, their strength.-Roman Catholics, compara- tive numbers in Great Britain and the United States.-Alleged greater harmony of sects a consequence of civil and religious xi 351 Professions of members of Legislature.-Majority law.-Visit to - |