belongs to science and the acuteness which is conferred by practice, mark this brief essay.' Among Dr. Bigelow's services to the public, not the least is his active participation in the establishment of the Mount Auburn Cemetery, near Boston, which, originally planned by him, owes much to his scientific taste in its improvements and decorations. He has occasionally also taken part in general literature, in his contributions to the Monthly Anthology and other journals. In 1811 he delivered a Phi Beta Kappa Poem on "Professional Life," which was published at Boston. A production, a volume of humorous poems, imitating various authors, entitled Eolopoesis, American Rejected Addresses, now first published from the original manuscripts, which appeared in New York in 1855, is attributed to him. LEONARD WITHINGTON. The Rev. Leonard Withington, a venerable clergyman of New England, and author of numerous miscellaneous writings, was born in Dorchester, Mass., August 9, 1789. He was educated at Yale College, where he graduated in 1814. He studied divinity, and in 1816 became settled over the First Church in Newbery, where he continued pastor for forty-two years, when he asked and received a colleague, in his seventieth year. His published pamphlets, sermons, lectures, and contributions to periodicals and newspapers are numerous. In the year 1836 he published in two volumes (Boston, Perkins & Marvin) a collection of papers entitled The Puritan, a Series of Essays, Political, Moral, and Miscellaneous, by John Oldbug, Esq. This book, written in a pleasing style, is a picturesque reproduction of the lights and shades of old New England life, traced by a practised moralist and cultivated reader, whose birth in the last century enabled him to speak with experience of the manners and opinions of a fast changing era. There is a healthy home flavor, which gives the work a permanent value as a contribution to the social history of the times described. It answers to the design of the author expressed in his preface: "I have attempted to remember in every page that I am an American; and to write to the wants and manners of just such a people as those among whom I was born. I have always blamed our authors for forgetting the woods, the vales, the hills and streams, the manners and minds, among which their earliest impressions were received and their first and most innocent hours were passed. A sprig of white-weed, raised in our own soil, should be more sweet than the marjoram of Idalian bowers; and the screaking of the night-hawk's wings, as he stoops in our evening sky, should make better melody in our ears than the softest warblings of a foreign nightingale. If I have sometimes verged to too much homeliness and simplicity, my only apology is, in the language of Scripture-I dwell among mine own people." In 1861 the author published in Boston (J. E. Tilton & Co.), a volume entitled Solomon's Song Translated and Explained, in three parts. This *The Atlantic Monthly, November, 1858. VOL. III.-6 book, the elaborate production of forty years' labor, is designed not to be a mere commentary on the Song, but to embody the laws of Hebrew literature, in its peculiar forms, which prevail throughout the Old Testament. Though the author of various compositions, this is the only one which Mr. Withington has published with his name. JAMES SAVAGE. James Savage was born in Boston, Mass., July 13, 1789, his ancestors having resided in that city since the arrival of the American founder of the family, Major Thomas Savage, from England, in 1635. He was educated at Harvard, a graduate of the year 1803; was admitted to the Suffolk bar in 1807; in 1812 was elected a Representative to the State Legislature, and in 1820 a delegate to the convention for amending the State Constitution, in the debates of which he took a prominent part. Mr. Savage early displayed a fondness for literature and the study of the early history of his native State. He was, for five years, associated in the editorship of the Monthly Anthology, a literary periodical, commenced in Boston in 1803, and continued till 1811. It was conducted with eminent ability, and prepared the way for the subsequent establishment of the North American Review, to which Mr. Savage was also a contributor. In 1811, he delivered a Fourth-of-July oration in Boston, at the request of the city authorities, and in 1812 the Phi Beta Kappa Oration at Cambridge. In 1825, he edited Governor Winthrop's History of New England, from the original manuscripts, enriching the work with numerous notes, learned and antiquarian, illustrating "the civil and ecclesiastical concerns, the geography, settlement, and institutions of the country, and the lives and manners of the principal planters." A second edition of this work was published in 1853. In 1832 he published, in the New England Magazine, a history of the adoption of the Constitution of Massachusetts. His main literary undertaking is a work of learned antiquarian diligence, the labor of twenty years; it is entitled, A Genealogical Dictionary of the First Settlers of New England, showing Three Generations of those who came before May, 1692, on the basis of Farmer's Register. It is in four large, closely-condensed octavo volumes, the first two of which were issued in 1860, and the last in 1862. This work, the North American Review pronounces, "considering the obscurity of most of those whose names are mentioned in it, their number, and the difficulty of obtaining information respecting them, the most stupendous work on genealogy ever compiled." JOHN H. SHEPPARD. 11* Mr. John II. Sheppard, the librarian, since 1861, of the New England Historical and Genealogical Society, is a native of England, born at Cirencester, Gloucestershire, in 1789. His parents emigrated to America about 1793, settled in Hallowell, Maine, where the son was prepared for Harvard by Samuel Moody, the faithful pre *N. A. Review, July, 1863, Mr. Loring's Hundred Boston Orators, 853, 860. New England Historical and Genealogical Register, vol. i., pp. 81-84. ceptor of the town academy. His collegiate | found him President of the Typographical Socicourse was cut short in the junior year by lack of pecuniary means, when he eagerly engaged in the study of the law, was admitted to the bar in Maine, in 1810, and in 1817 was appointed Register of Probate for Lincoln County, Maine, an office which he held for seventeen years. In 1842 he removed to Boston, where he has since resided. Mr. Sheppard, whose legal official duties were a useful training for antiquarian pursuits, has distinguished himself by his contributions to the New England Historical and Genealogical Register, the valuable journal of the Society of which he is the librarian. An address, with an accompanying ode, which he delivered at the recent Tercentenary Celebration of the Birthday of Shakspeare by the Society at Boston, has been published. It displays his taste and reading; for the author is an accomplished belles-lettres student, and a proficient in the ancient and modern languages. He is a prominent member of the Masonic fraternity, and has delivered various orations before the lodges of Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont-including a Defence of Masonry in 1831-several of which have been published. PETER FORCE. nis gentleman, whose intelligent and longcontinued labors in a series of publications have laid the broad and permanent foundations of American historical literature, was born near the Little Falls of the Passaic, in Essex County, New Jersey, November 26, 1790. His father, William Force, was a soldier of the Revolution, and it was in the conversation of the veteran of the war at his fireside that the son acquired that fondness for the recital of the deeds of our ancestors which has stimulated the literary exertions of a long life. His parents, after residing at New Paltz, in Ulster County, settled at New York in his childhood. He was placed at school in the city, but soon quitted it, choosing to place himself in the office of a printer, W. A. Davis. There he was so skilful that at the age of sixteen he had charge of the office at Bloomingdale, in the vicinity of the city. The locality is preserved in a pleasant anecdote. Young Force was engaged in setting up the second edition of Irving's Knickerbocker, when it occurred to him to heighten the effect of the enumeration of Dutch names which occurs on one of the pages of that book, by inserting a few others in the proof, caught up from the old Dutch families of his rural neighborhood. Irving listened to the proof-reader's suggestion, and years afterward, when the humorous author had acquired new obligations to Mr. Force, in his pursuit of American history, the incident was brought to light. In these early days, Mr. Force's attention was already directed to the preservation of the story of the Revolution. He planned a book, the material of which was derived from the conversations he had listened to, which he entitled, The Unwritten History of the War in New Jersey. He made some progress in the affair, when the manuscript was lost, and the work was not resumed. At the breaking out of the war of 1812, which ety, he entered the local militia service as a volunteer; in 1815, receiving from the Governor of the State an appointment as ensign, and in 1816 as lieutenant. In the last year, he took up his residence at Washington, under an arrangement with Mr. Davis, who had obtained the contract for the printing of Congress. He there became quite distinguished in several appointments in the military service of the District, rising to the rank of colonel, and, finally, major-general of artillery, while he was engaged in various civil duties as councilman, alderman, and, from 1836 to 1840, in the mayoralty. His direct historical labors commenced with the publication, in 1821, of The National Calendar and Annals of the United States, prepared from Official Papers, and from Information obtained at the Proper Departments and Offices. The work, embraced in thirteen volumes, was continued to the year 1836. In 1823 he established the National Journal, which subsequently supported the administration of John Quincy Adams. In 1836, he published the first of a series of Tracts and Other Papers, relating Prin cipally to the Origin, Settlement, and Progress of the Colonies in North America, from the Discovery of the Country to 1776. Fifty-one rare and valuable historical productions, relating mainly to Virginia and New England, are included in the four volumes of this work. In 1837, Mr. Force, having five years previously given a specimen of the work, the History of the Stamp Act, in the Calendar, began the publication of his great work, The American Archives, consisting of a Collection of Authentic Records, State Papers, Debates, and Letters, and other Notices of Public Affairs, the whole forming a Documentary History of the Origin and Progress of the North American, Colonies, of the Causes and Accomplishment of the Amer ican Revolution, and of the Constitution of Government for the United States, to the final ratification thereof. It was prepared and published under authority of an act of Congress. Six series of this comprehensive collection of documents are embraced in nine folio volumes, the last of which was issued in 1853, when the support of the Government was withdrawn and the publication discontinued. The materials in this work are thus arranged: First Series, from the Discovery and Settlement of the North American Colonies to the Revolution in England, in 1688. Second Series, from the Revolution in England, in 1688, to the Cession of Canada to Great Britain, by the Treaty of Paris, in 1763. Third Series, from the Cession of Canada, in 1763, to the King's Message to Parliament of March 7, 1774, on the Proceedings in North America. Fourth Series, from the King's Message of March 7, 1774, to the Declaration of Independence by the United States, in 1776. Fifth Series, from the Declaration of Independence, in 1776, to the Definitive Treaty of Peace with Great Britain, in 1783. Sixth Series, from the Treaty of Peace, in 1783, to the Final Ratifica tion of the Constitution of Government for the United States, proposed by the Convention held at Philadelphia, 1787. This outline of the work shows its compre hensive character; and when we add that the devotion of Mr. Force to the collection of material has put him in possession of a vast library of manuscripts and original publications of the greatest value, we have only to express the wish of all intelligent persons in the country, that the sagacity of the Government may enable him to resume his undertaking, according to the scheme with which he set out. philosophy and history of inventions. His first publication, entitled A Descriptive and Historical Account of Hydraulic and other Machines for Raising Water, Ancient and Modern, with Observations on Various Subjects connected with the Mechanic Arts, including the Progressive Development of Steam Engines, &c., appeared in an octavo volume, with many engravings, in New York, in 1842. The fourteenth edition of this work, with a supplement, appeared in 1856. In 1849, Mr. Ewbank was appointed, by President Taylor, Commissioner of Patents at Washington, and was employed in the duties of this im Besides these editorial labors, Mr. Force is the author of two publications, in 1852 and the following year, discussing the claims to Arctic discovery of England and America, entitled, Grinnell Land: Remarks on the English Maps of Arc-portant office for three years. His several reports tic Discoveries in 1850 and 1851; and of a scientific paper published, in 1856, in the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, entitled, "Record of Auroral Phenomena observed in the Higher Northern Latitudes," and of an Appendix to the same.* THOMAS EWBANK, The author of several works of value on scien tific and philosophical topics, written and published in the United States within the last twenty years, is a native of England. He was born March 11, 1792, in the tower of Barnard Castle, at Durham, and at the age of thirteen was apprenticed to a tin and copper smith, plumber and shot maker. From an interesting biographical sketch published in the New York Christian Enquirer, we learn that Mr. Ewbank's employer to Congress, besides the usual statistics of the department, contained various matters of scientific discussion and suggestion. As a member of the commission to examine and report on the strength of marbles offered for the extension of the National Capitol, his proposal to substitute woollen fibre for the plates of lead usually placed between the stones, in the testing process led to the disclosure of the fact, that "lead caused the they would sustain without such an interposistones to give way at about half the pressure tion," a conclusion which established the strength of building materials to be really much greater than had previously been supposed by European and American engineers. In 1855, Mr. Ewbank published a duodecimo volume entitled The World a Workshop; or, the Physical Relation of Man to the Earth. A visit made by Mr. Ewbank to his brothers and his hands were much engaged in their work at the neighboring gentlemen's country-seats and in Brazil, in 1845-6, during which he interested academies, from which occupation the youth, antiquities of the country, supplied him with the himself greatly in the products and especially the when he made his way to London, at the age of material for a book of much interest, published in twenty, carried away some lively impressions of New York in 1857, entitled Life in Brazil; or, the numerous historical places with which that the Land of the Cocoa and the Palm, with an portion of the North of England abounds, and an of ancient equally lively sense of the maladministration and appendix containing illustrations hardships of the provincial boarding-schools, the South American arts, in recently discovered immanagement of which came under his notice. plements and products of domestic industry, in When Dickens long after published his Nicholas works in stone, pottery, gold, silver, bronze, &c. Nickleby, with its portraiture of Squeers and The engravings in this work, of antiquarian obnarrative of the scenes at Dotheboys Hall, Mr. jects, were made from original sketches by the author. Besides these volumes, Mr. Ewbank is Ewbank was so impressed with the faithfulness of the sketch, that he wrote a paper recalling published in scientific and other periodicals, and the author of numerous pamphlets and essays several originals who might have sat for the pic-in connection with the proceedings of the Amer ture. At London, Mr. Ewbank pursued a course of industry and economy, which enabled him to gratify a taste for books; and he appears also to have been somewhat enlisted as a reformer in one of the political societies which sprang up at the time in the metropolis. In 1819 he came to the United States, and was engaged as a machinist at New York, occupying at the outset part of Fulton's factory at Paulus Hook, the tools and machinery of which remained as their proprietor had left them at his death, including the engine that propelled his first boat. From 1820, for some sixteen years, Mr. Ewbank was engaged in the business of manufacturing metallic tubing in New York. Retiring from this pursuit in 1837, he has since occupied himself with the * North American Review, April, 1861, Art.. "Documentary History of the Revolution." Trubner's Bibliographical Guide. + July 23, 1859. ican Ethnological Society, of which he is a prominent member. Among these, which include various papers on the practical applications of mechanics, we may notice an ingenious essay, Thoughts on Matter and Force, published in 1858, in which a theory is maintained of the generation of heat at the centre of the earth, and of every orb, by friction induced by the pressure of gravitation, which, in the author's words, "is the weight that moves the clockwork of creation, and, by its offspring heat, is ever winding it up.' In 1860 he published an essay originally read Inorganic Forces ordained to Supersede Human before the American Ethnological Society, on the Slavery, in which the general topic is treated irrespective of its political and moral relations, with a consideration of "the plenitude of the earth's store of cheap inorganic forces for superseding it, and meeting, at every stage of progressive civilization, fresh demands for agricultural and mechanical motors." Mr. Ewbank has also published an essay devoted to certain curiosities John Fanning Watson, the Annalist of Philaof science, bearing the title, Oracular and Fight-delphia and New York, read before the Historical ing Eolopiles. Society of Pennsylvania, February 11, 1861. BENJAMIN DORR. Benjamin Dorr was born in Salisbury, Essex County, Massachusetts, March 22, 1796, of a family celebrated among the early founders of New England, and which has furnished soldiers mentioned with honor in the annals of the old French war and of the Revolution. He was educated at Dartmouth College, N. H., where he graduated in 1817, passing thence to the law office of the Hon. Amasa Paine, a prominent member of the bar at Troy, New York. He continued the study of the law for about a year and a half, when he went to New York city to prepare himself for the ministry, and was one of six students who formed the first class at the organization of the General Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church. On finishing his clerical studies, he was ordained by Bishop Hobart, when he was called to the united Churches of Lansingburgh and Waterford, a charge which he held for nine years. He was then rector of Trinity Church, Utica, for six years. He next was appointed by the General Convention of 1835, General Agent of the Domestic Committee of the Board of Missions, under the new organization of the General Missionary Society of the Protestant Episcopal Church. In the discharge of this office he made a tour, visiting most of the important churches and missionary stations in the United States, from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, travelling fifteen thousand miles in a year and a half. In 1837 he was called to his present position, the rectorship of old Christ Church, Philadelphia, as successor to the venerable Bishop White. The honorary degree of doctor of divinity was conferred on him the following year by the University of Pennsylvania. In 1839 he was elected bishop of Maryland, but declined accepting the position. In 1853 he visited Europe, making the tour of Great Britain and the Continent, passing thence to Egypt and the Holy Land. His published works are mostly on Church subjects, and have had a wide circulation. They are, The Churchman's Manual, an Exposition of the Doctrines, Ministry, and Worship of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States; The History of a Pocket Prayer-Book, written by itself; the Recognition of Friends in Another World; Sunday-School Teacher's Encouragement; Prophecies and Types relative to Christ, for the use of Sunday Schools; An Affectionate Invitation to the Holy Communion. Dr. Dorr has also edited, with notes, a religious treatise on confirmation, by Bishop Daniel Wilson. In 1841 he published, in a duodecimo volume of more than four hundred pages, An Historical Account of Christ Church, Philadelphia, from its Foundation, 1695, to 1841, and of St. Peter's and St. James's until the Separation of the Churches, a work of much interest in the public and domestic annals of Philadelphia. In 1856 appeared the fruit of his foreign tour, his Notes of Travel in Egypt, the Holy Land, Turkey, and Greece. His latest production is A Memoir of JOSEPH PALMER, Born at Needham, Mass., in 1796. His father was the clergyman of the East Parish in that place for nearly twenty-nine years. The son was educated at Harvard, where he graduated. He was a proficient in Greek, and was employed for several years as a teacher at Roxbury, and the Latin School, Boston. He was, meantime, studying medicine, and in 1826 received the degree of M. D. After a residence in the Island of Cuba, 1829-30, he returned to Boston and became engaged as an editor. He has since been connected with various newspapers in Boston, among others, the Centinel and Gazette, the Transcript, and Daily Advertiser, to the last of which he has contributed, since 1851, au annual series of biographical sketches of the alumni of Harvard College deceased within the year. He first undertook this work at the request of the late Edward Everett, then, in 1851, president of the college. In 1864 these biographical sketches, from July, 1851, to July, 1863, were reprinted in an octavo volume, under the direction of a committee of the Alumni Association. Dr. Palmer has continued to prepare the necrology to the present time. The work is a highly useful one, as an illustration of the social, literary, professional, and political history of the country, and we have often had recourse to it for information in the preparation of the present Supplement. CHARLES HODGE Dr. Hodge was born in Philadelphia, December 28, 1797. He was educated at the College of New Jersey and at the Theological Seminary at Princeton, completing his course at the latter in 1819. In 1820 he was appointed Assistant Professor, and in 1822 Professor of Oriental and Biblical Literature in the Seminary. In 1840 he was made Professor of Didactic and Exegetical Theology, and, in 1852, also of Polemic Theology. He is known to the public as an author by his numerous contributions to the Biblical Repertory and Princeton Review, which he founded; two collections of which have been published, Princeton Theological Essays (2 vols., 1846-7), and Reviews and Essays (1857). In 1835 he published a Commentary on Romans, and in 1840-41, a Constitutional History of the Presbyterian Church. He has also published Commentaries on Ephesians and the Epistles to the Corinthians, and a volume entitled Way of Life. Dr. Hodge has in preparation for publication a System of Theology, the result of his profes sional labors and studies for many years. MORRIS JACOB RAPHALL Was born of Jewish parentage in Stockholm, Sweden, September, 1798. He was educated in his boyhood for the ministry, at the Jewish College at Copenhagen. At the age of fourteen he went to England and acquired a thorough mastery of the language. In 1821, having travelled previously on the Continent, he entered the University of Giessen, where he studied four years. Returning to England in 1825, he married and made that country his home. He now became known to the public by his eloquent lectures on Hebrew Biblical poetry, and in 1834 commenced the publication of The Hebrew Review, or Magazine of Rabbinical Literature, which he continued for two years. This was the first Jewish periodical ever published in Great Britain. Between 1834 and 1837 he translated into English some writings of Maimonides, the Sepher Ikkarim, or "Book of Principles," of the Rabbi Joseph Albo, and the Yain Lebanon, a work on Ethics of Rabbi Naphthali Hirtz Wessely. In 1839 he published Festivals of the Lord, a series of essays on Jewish festivals. About the year 1840 he published, jointly with the Rev. D. A. De Sola, of London, a translation of eighteen treatises of the Mishna. He was subsequently appointed rabbi preacher to the synagogue at Birmingham, where he became engaged in founding a Hebrew national school. He was also now much employed as a popular lecturer on Biblical poetry and other sacred topics. In 1849 he came to New York, and accepted a call from the First Anglo-German Hebrew Congregation of the city as their preacher. He also delivered several courses of public lectures on the Biblical history and literature, which were received with great favor. He published, in 1852, Devotional Exercises for the Daughters of Israel; in 1856, his lectures on the Post-Biblical History of the Jews, in 2 vols., 12mo; in 1859, a religious treatise, The Path to Immortality, and in 1861, a discourse entitled The Bible View of Slavery.* EMORY WASHBURN Was born February 14, 1800, in Leicester, Mass. He was educated at Williams College, Mass., where he graduated in 1817; studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1821, and practised the profession for the next seven years in Leicester. He then removed to Worcester, Mass. In June, 1844, he was appointed Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, and held the office till 1847, when he resigned. In the autumn of 1853, he was elected Governor of Massachusetts, and held the office for one year. In 1855, he was appointed lecturer, and the same year professor in Harvard Law School in the university. Since 1856 he has resided at Cambridge, and continued to discharge the duties of his professorship. The publications of Dr. Washburn (he received the honorary degree of LL. D. from Harvard University and from Williams College in 1854) are numerous. Several of them are occasional addresses delivered at various times before the Worcester Agricultural Society, the Massachusetts Temperance Society, and other public associations; a number are legal or political pamphlets, discussing questions involving important principles. The following are of an historical character: An Address Commemorative of the Part taken by the Inhabitants of Leicester, Mass., in the Events of the Revolution, delivered July 4, 1849 (8vo, pp. 48); Address at * Appleton's New American Cyclopedia. the Social Festival of the Bar of Worcester County, February 7, 1856, containing a history of the bar, and notices of its members for twenty-five years (8vo, pp 73); Brief Sketch of the History of Leicester Academy (1860, 8vo, pp. 158); Historical Sketches of the Town of Leicester, Mass., during the first century from its settlement (1860, 8vo, pp. 467); Sketches of the Judicial History of Massachusetts from 1730 to the Revolution in 1775 (1840, 8vo, pp. 407), a work the result of several years' research, and often referred to as an authority upon the topics of which it treats; and an Address at the Celebration of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Incorporation of Bridgewater, Mass., June 3, 1856 (8vo, pp. 63). Dr. Washburn's most important contribution to the literature of his profession is A Treatise on the American Law of Real Property, published in two volumes, 8vo, 1860-61. FRANCIS BRINLEY. Francis Brinley was born at Boston, November 10, 1800. He was educated at Harvard College, graduating in 1818, when he become a law student in the office of the Hon. William Sulli van. He was admitted to the bar before he attained his majority. He early took an interest in public affairs, advocating railway and other internal improvements, the abolition of imprisonwell-regulated militia, in which he held various ment for debt, and was a firm supporter of a commissions, being thrice elected captain of "The Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company." He was a member of the Common Council of Boston for several years, and its president in 1850 and 1951. He was a representative from Boston to the Massachusetts Legislature in 1832, 1850, and 1854. In 1852 and 1853 he was in the Senate, and in 1853 a member of the convention for revising the State Constitution. In 1857 he removed to Tyngsborough, in the County of Middlesex, and in 1863 was a member of the State Senate from that county. 66 Mr. Brinley was an early contributor to Hunt's Merchants' Magazine and to the American Jurist. His legal articles were elaborate, and those on Dower" were cited by Chancellor Kent in his "Commentaries." He has also been a frequent contributor to the newspaper press, and has lectured with much success. In 1830 he delivered an address before the Franklin Debating Society of Boston, which was published. He is the author of a Life of his brother-in-law, William T. Porter, the founder of the New York Spirit of the Times, which was published by Messrs. Appleton of that city in 1860-a well-prepared work, which was favorably received by the public. Mr. Brinley's reports as a legislator are numerous and thorough. His continual interest in the cause of popular education is shown in his annual reports (1864-5) as chairman of the school committee of Tyngsborough. JONATHAN B. BRIGHT, The author of a work of rare value and interest, tracing the genealogy of his family in England, is of the fifth generation of the descendants of |