session of Mackinac until December 24, 1814, when peace was concluded.

Questions - During the war of the Revolution, what was done by the Indians of Michigan? What is said in relation to the treaty of peace? Of Michigan and the Northwestern Territory? Of Indiana ? State some of the chief causes of the war of 1812. When and to whom did Gen. Hull surrender Detroit? State the particulars and result of Gen. Winchester's campaign. When, by whom, and with what result was the battle of Lake Erie fought? Battle of the Thames? What is said of Tecumseh ?

The government of the Territory of Michigan, until 1823, was vested in the Governor and Judges, who, in addition to the powers usually exercised by such officers, exercised legislative functions.

In 1817, the Governor and Judges passed an act for the establishment of what was styled the Catholepestemiad, or University of Michigan; although it was not until shortly after the Territory had been admitted as a State, that the present University was really established.

In 1818, all the territory lying north of Illinois and Indiana was annexed to Michigan.

In 1819, General Cass, who was then Governo. of the Territory, effected a treaty with the Indians, at Saginaw, by

which they relinquished their claim to 6,000,000 acres of land in the eastern part of the Territory.

In 1821, a treaty was made at Chicago, by which the Indian title to all the lands in the Territory, south of the Grand river, was relinquished. By the treaty of Greenville, concluded in 1795, the Indians had agreed that all the lands which they had granted to the French or English should be transferred to the United States.

In 1823, Congress abolished the act conferring legislative power upon the Governor and Judges, and provided for the establishment of a Legislative Council, to consist of nine members. The members of the Council were appointed by the President of the United States, who selected them from eighteen persons chosen by the people. In 1825, the Council was made to consist of thirteen members. In 1827, the Council was made elective by the people.

In 1831, General Cass was appointed Secretary of War, and George B. Porter of Pennsylvania, was appointed Governor of the Territory. He died in 1834, whereupon Stevens T. Mason, Secretary of the Territory, became acting Governor.

Questions - What is said of the government of the Territory prior to 1823? What was done by the Governor and Judges in 1817? What Territory was annexed to Michigan in 1818? What is said of the treaty of 1819? Of 1821? Of 1795? What is said of the Legislative Council? To what office was General Cass appointed in 1831? Who succeeded him as Governor? Who succeeded Governor Porter ?

CHAPTER V.

THE TOLEDO WAR

SETTLEMENT OF THE DIFFICULTY BY
CONGRESS.

By the Ordinance of 1787, it was contemplated that a line due east and west through the southern extremity of Lake Michigan should be the dividing line between the two tiers of States to be erected out of the Northwestern Territory. By the act of Congress establishing the Territory of Michigan, this line was designated as its southern boundary. Ohio, however, desired and claimed a strip of land about fifteen miles wide, north of this line; and in 1812, Congress recognized the line as claimed by Ohio, and in 1816 a survey was authorized to be made accordingly. Michigan was about to apply for admission as a State, and insisted on the line as originally established, and made preparations to resist a party of surveyors sent by the authorities of Ohio to re-survey the line. The surveyors were driven off by a party of Michigan men. Believing that Ohio would send troops to take possession of the disputed territory, acting Governor Mason called out the militia of the Territory, and as Commander-in-Chief, placed himself at their head, and marched "to the front." No enemy appearing, the troops were allowed to disperse and return to their homes. Congress finally decided the controversy in favor of Ohio, and gave to Michigan, in lieu of the strip in dispute, about twenty-five thousand square miles of country in what is now known as the Upper Peninsula.

Questions - What was the line originally contemplated as the dividing line between the present State of Michigan, and the territory

south of it? What public acts recognized this as the line? What was the occasion for the controversy between Ohio and Michigan? State what was done by Michigan in relation to the matter. How was the difficulty finally settled?

CHAPTER VI.

MICHIGAN AS A STATE

-BANKING

INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS.

In the spring of 1835, a convention called for that purpose framed a constitution for a State Government, and application was made to Congress for the admission of the Territory as a State. In June, 1836, an act was passed admitting her upon condition that she should accept the boundary line as claimed by Ohio. On the 15th of December the convention convened to decide the question, voted to accept the proposition. January 26th, 1837, Congress passed an act recognizing Michigan as a State of the Union.

The population of the State in 1837, was estimated at two hundred thousand; and its territory embraced about forty thousand square miles, which was divided into thirty-six counties.

In 1837, the Legislature made provision for free banking, and in less than eight months, forty-five banks were established. With the fifteen banks that had been previously chartered, the banking capital of the State amounted to $10,115,000. With the immense amount of currency thus issued, money was very cheap, and speculation ran high. Of course the inflation soon collapsed, and thousands who had imagined themselves rich, found their currency almost worthless.

In 1837, the Legislature established a Board of Commis

sioners on Internal Improvement, with authority to construct three railroads across the State: The Southern from Monroe to New Buffalo; the Central from Detroit to St. Joseph; and the Northern from Port Huron to Grand Haven. Also, three canals The St. Mary's Ship canal; the Clinton and Kalamazoo canal, to extend from Mt. Clemens to the mouth of the Kalamazoo river; and the Saginaw or Northern canal, to extend from Bad river to Maple river, so as to secure water communication between Saginaw and Grand Haven. The estimated cost of these improvements was over $10,000,000. To raise this sum, it was provided that the surplus revenue of the State, and five per cent. of the proceeds from the sale of lands belonging to the State, should be appropriated, and to effect a loan not to exceed $5,000,000, payable in twenty-five years, with interest at six per cent. per annum.

The bonds were sold, and a large proportion of the money realized was expended on the proposed works, but it was soon found that the interests of the State required that these works should be disposed of, and be carried on by private enterprise. The Central and Southern roads, on which most of the money had been expended, were sold by the State in 1846. The Clinton and Kalamazoo, and the Saginaw or Northern canals were abandoned, and the Northern road upon which some work had been done was converted into a wagon road.

J. E. Scripps, Esq., of Detroit, has prepared and published in the "Michigan State Gazetteer," a brief outline history of Michigan, in which is found some very valuable information concerning the Internal Improvement scheme, an extract from which is copied in a note to this chapter.

Questions-In what year was the State Constitution adopted? State what action was taken by Congress in regard to the admission of Michigan. What was the population of the State in 1837? Square