ernacde "prayer acc. and gen. I 14, 12 [Ò.Ir. ernaighte, N.Ğ. úr. nuigh; Zimmer gives air-con-iyas roots ig Lat egeo]. es "is ;" [N.G. is, O.Ir. is: Lat. est; Eng. is.] I4; V 4 is. = escop bishop" [O.Ir. epscop, N.G. easbuig from Lat. episcopus (Eng. bishop)] III 5, 6. etar "between "[N.G. eadar, O.Ir. eter Lat. inter]. V 24: edar II 22. étdanin, place name, II, 23. éte prop. name, fem. "Eta." III. 1. éua, prop. name, fem. "Eve." VI4. fa 66 was "in fallán. A form of ba q.v. [M. G. and M. Ir. fa: Stokes assigns ba to root gva, in Lat. venio, Eng. come: hence ba or fa.] fallán " was full" I 7; for ba and lán q.v. (f)alseg "revealed," 3d. sing. past. ind. In marroalseg, I 2 [O.Ir. foilsigim, N.G. foillsich; from svalastic-, whence solus, soillsich; Lat. sol (Eng. solar.)] fer " man," III 10 [N.G. fear; Lat, vir.] ferleginn "reader," see leginn. feradac, prop. name, Feradachus ; IV 2. ferdomnac, prop. name, gen. case; Ferdomnachus. D.C. Cf "Dominican.' (f)iaidnaisse "witness" [O.Ir. fiadnisse, N.G. fianuis, apparently borrowed from Eng. witness.] VI 33: V 10, aienasi. fib, "Fife "; D.C. finguni, prop. name, gen.: Fingonius. Hence "Mackinnon." V 9. fius? Is it Pius? V. 24: infius. foracaib "left": 3d. sing. past. ind; I 16 [O.Ir. foácbaim, N.G. fág: from fo-ath-gab-; that is fo=Lat. sub; ath = Lat. et; gab = Lat. habeo]. See gab. fri "with"; I 18[N.G. ri and frith-; Lat. versus; Eng. wards]. See ri. furene, a place name: II I. gab "took," 3d. sing. past. ind.; I 9 [N.G. gabh; Lat. habeo]. galár "disease;" I 9, acc. [N.G. galar; Gr. xoλépa (Eng. cholera)]. | garnáit, prop. name, gen.; "Garnet." I 14; II 3. Gartnait, a person's name; III 1; IV 1; VI 4. It is a common ge name in Pictland. "who" I 17 [O.Ir. cia, N.G. ge and co; Lat. quis; Eng. who] gebe "whoever" 1, 17 [Made of ge and be, which see; N.G. ge b'e whoever]. gille "servaut," used passim in proper names; gille being first and the St's name after. [N.G. gille; Eng. child; root gan.] gillebrite, Gillbride, count of Angus, D. C. See brigte. gillecolline, a prop. name at IV 2. gillecolaim, a prop. name, at III 10; "Gilliecalum." gillecomded, a pr. name; "the Lord's gille." D.C. gillecrist, a pr. name, III 8, V 9; "Gilcrist;""Christ's servant." gillemicel, a prop. name; III 1 and IV I; "Michael's servant." gillendrias, pr. name in D.C.; "St. Andrew's servant;" now Gilland ers. gillipetair, pr. name; VI 32; "St. Peter's servant." giric, pr. name, gen. II6: girc IV 2. go "to" [O.Ir. co(n), N.G. gu: Gr. καTά.] I 5, II 26, V 7, 24. See cu. gobraith. See brath. goderad. See derad. gobróig, prop. name, gen. II 12. See cobroig. gon "that," a conj. [O.1r. co(n), N.G. gun, spelt mistakenly gu'n; from prep. con.] I 3, 9, 11, 12; II 22; V 14. 22. gondastabrad, I 2 for gondas-tabrad hon; "to wit]". hi, "Iona;" I 2. lesin "by the," for lat-santan. lie? At V. 23; is it lia, leac stone [Eng. plank]? or read with gort as gortlie? cf. Gartly. i. contraction for idón. [N.G. ead- | luloig, “Lulach," King of Scotland; iar "after," a prep. [O.I. and here iar n-, N.G. iar; skt. aparam; cf af-ter of Eng.] I 10, 11, 15. iarfallan for ar-fa-làn (?) q.v. iarnere, for iarn-ére, q.v. ibbidbin, for in-bidbin q.v. ic, ice" may come," 3rd sing. pres. subj. [O.I. ici, N.G. (r)uige; rt. anc, in Eng. nigh.] See gonice. hidid, prop. name, gen.; V 2. imacc henceforward, out;" I 19. [O.I. immach, N.G. a mach; im= in, prep., mach=magh, a plain; rt. mag, great.] in 66 to, into," prep. [O.Ir. i and i nN.G. ann or an or ann an (Lat. indu); Lat. and Eng. in]. I 5, 13; II 5, 12; VI 33; also is in issére II 26 V 25; eclipsing at ib-bidbin II 12, ig-ginn V 23. inthe," the article [O.Ir. in, N.G. 66 an: from santas, roots sa (Eng. she) and ta (Eng. the)]. Occurs 17 times. ingen, daughter" [N.G. nighean; Old Celtic andegena; cf. Lat. indigena; root gan: Lat. gigno]. III 1, IV 1, VI 4. inna "in its " : innaienasi "in witness of it," V 10. ipair, place name: IV 1. is "is "V 24. See es. laboir "said in rolaboir, I 19 [O Ir. labraim, N.G. labhair; rootin Lat. labrum; Eng. lip]. laithi "day," acc. case, II 26 [O.Ir. lathe, N.G. lá. Root unknown]. lán "full" I 7 [N.G. làn plenus; Eng. full.] leginn reading;" III 10, gen. [Now lenghadh: legenn is legendum.] 66 Lat. leot, proper name : "Leod." Hence Macleod. le "by," prep. I 12 [O.Ir. la, N.G. le; from leth (side); Lat. latus (Eng. lateral.)] II 14, gen. Hence Maculloch. lurchari, place name, but cf._luir. chaire of O.Ir., "a foal." V 24, ó dubuci go lurchari; is cattle also granted? mac son," gen. meic and mec, II 15, II 20; V 1, 2; III 2. [Old Celtic maquas, Welsh map, Ñ.G. mac : Eng. maid.] mad "if" [O. Ir. mad=ma-ta lif be, si sit); N.G. ma.] I 10. madbec "if little." I 10, See bec. madchor in achad-madchor, V 4. [N. G. machair; M. Ir. machaire ; Lat maceria; is it borrowed ?] maer "steward," in mormaer passim. [N.G. maor, from Lat. major.] mal "tonsured one-priest, slave;" it appears in personal names. [N.G. maol, O. Îr. mael, Welsh moel (bald.)] malbrigte slave of Bridget:" II 1; moilbrigte (gen.) II 13. maluricin, Mal-bricin: IV 2. malaechin, Mal-aechin VI 32. malcolaim "Malcolm" [Columba's slave.] II 10, 13: Malcoloum II 11; Malcolaim (gen.) III 11; Malcoluim V 11. malduib: Mael-duib "Malduff," or MacDuff? Melechi, Malechi V 7. maledonni, pr. name, III 7; compare Maelduin. malgirc, Mal-giric, IV 2 mallact" curse;" V 26. [O.I. maldacht, N.G. mallachd; from Lat. maledictio.] 66 malmori, Mary's slave." D.C. malpetir, "Peter's slave." III 9. malsnecte, Malsnectan, King of Scotland, II 14. mandaidib "residences." [O.I. mennat and mendat: cf. nansion.] VI. 22. marb "dead" [N.G. marbh; Lat. mors; Eng. murder]. V 10, mareb. marr, "Mar," district name: III 8, gen. matadin, pr. name, III 8. Matain, pr. name, II 4. mathe "nobles." [O. Ir. maith, N. 3. math, Welsh mad, Gaulish matos. Root uncertain.] matni, pr. naine, gen. case VI 32. mec. gen. of mac. g.v. merlec " 'thief" [. Ir. merlech, N.G. meirleach; Gг. μаρπтw.] 15, gen. pl. V molini pr. name., gen. V 12. mór "great." [O. Ir. and N.G. mór, Welsh mawr; for magros; Lat. magnus.] It appears with mormaer q.v., and also at V 23. morcunn, pr. name, gen. II 2; morcunt II 8; morgunn (nom.) VI 31; morgainn (gen.) VI 10. [Compare Welsh Morgan and old Celtic Moricantus "sea bright " (Stokes.)] The surname Morgan still exists in Aberdeenshire. mori "Mariae" (gen.) Mary; D.C. Moridac, pr. name. nom. II2; muredig (gen.) III 10. Now "Murdoch." mormaer grand steward.” [From mor and maer, q.v.] It appears passim mormar (nom.) III 8; mormoir (gen.) II 5. mulenn "mill," III 10. [N.G. muileann: from Lat. molendinum; Eng. mill.] na "the," dat. and acc. pl.; nahule, II 16: II 25; II 4: VI 11, 17; na glerec for nan-clerec I 10, 11; II, 9. ná" not," in negative command [N. G. na; Lat. ne]. nabad, I 17, "let not be." 66 ní thing, res;" VI 21, do nithissad; now do na thig (of what comes) [O.Ir. ní, N.G: ní for aní, neuter of article and í a locative of e.] nice, for gonice q.v. nolloce,christmas" II 19 [N.G. nollaig, O.Ir. notlaic; from Lat. natalicia.] ó" from." It occurs passim as ó or ua [N.G. o and bho; skt. ava; Lat. au-fero.] ocmad "eighth ;" III 5. [O.Ir. ochtmad, N.G. ochdamh; for actan. atus; Eng. eigh-th;.] óhunn; see o and sunn. orti, place name; Gorti? II. 1. pet, a portion: only in place names and in Pictland [No N.G. unless cuid; Welsh peth; Lat. petium (Eng. piece); but whence? Note there is no connection between pet and the English and Gaelic pit, borrowed from Lat. puteus]. Pas sim. petar, "Peter;' VI 15 dat; petair VI 32 gen.; petir (gen.) III. 3, 9. proinn (phroinn ?), "diuner" [N.G. proinn; from Lat. prandium], II 19. MS. has a mark over p which may mean aspiration. pústa "wedded" VI 6 [N.G. pósda; from Lat. sponsata (Eng. spouse)]. rath" grace" I7 [N.G. rath; Welsh rhad.] ri "with," prep. I 7; II 24; III 2; VI 12, 13, 15. See fri. ria "to, with " VI 14. See fri. riig, "king," gen. sing. II 12 [O.Ir. ri, N.G. righ; Lat. rex] rigi "kingship, regnum;" III 5. [See riig.] 66 : III ris against it " I 17 [ri and se q. v] ro, tense particle, denoting past time [Lat. pro]. Many cases of it: roalseg, ro-bo, ro-laboir, &c., &c. rosabard, place name, II. 13. ruadri, person's name; II 9, gen 7, nom. Modern "Rory." s, infixed pronoun at I 16, ro-s-benact. This s is same as Eng. she in root. sacart, "priest " IV 2. [N.G. sagart; from Lat. sacerdos (Eng. sacerdotal.)] saere, "freedom." I 5; sere II 26; sér III 4; sóre V 7; saeri V 25. [N.G. saor; root, so-fear (good man); Skt. suvira.] sain, "that.' See sen. scali, "hut?": V 14. "Scali merlech" is now Skillymarno, a mile N. of Auchnachar. scarthain "separating," gerund: I 18. [N.G. sgar; Lat. cerno; Eng. crisis from Grk.] se, "he;" in esse? 14. [se-Eng. she.] "that." [N.G. sin; root of Eng. sen she.] I 6, 11, 15, 16; sain I 5. sér at III 4. See saere. si, "she;" I 7. [N.G. si; root of Eng. she.] sil" seed, race;" p V 2. [N.G. siol; Eng. seed.] sithig, pr. name, gen: Sithech. V 3. slante, health," I 12, 15. [N.G. slainte; Lat. salvus; Eng. silly.] sliab, "hill," V 24 [N.G. sliab; Lat. silva (wood)]. sóre; V 7. See saere. sunn, "here;" I 19 ó húnn [O.Ir. sund; root in sen and d-as.] tabart," 'giving," a gerund; II 17 [O.Ir. tabraim, N.G. tabhair; from do-binr (bear to)]: I 9 tabrad, 3d sing. pres. secondary, " might give." tánic, came" 3d sing. pastind.; I 14 [N.G. thainig; from do-ananc, reduplicated form of Eng. root nigh]: 3d pl. tangator. testus (testimonium ?) testimony," [N.G. teisteas; from Lat.] ticfa, "shall come." Future of tanic; for do-ic-fa; roots to, nigh (anc), be]. thidnaig 66 bequeath;" I 4 [N.G. thiodhlaic; from do-ad(ath)-nac-; rt-nac; Lat. nactus; Eng. nigh.] tipra "well" 1 13 tiprat (gen.) [N.G. tobair: from do-od-bur; Eng. to, out, burn. See dobor.] tisad, "should come," future conditional, I 17; VI 21; disad I 12. [Root in Eng. stair.] toche, place name; what is it? tosec, "chief, thane" [N.G. toiseach; from tós=tovastu-, root tu (to increase.)] Variously spelt and used passim. tralin, prop. name IV 2 turbruad, "Turriff;" II1 10; VI 27. ua, prep. "from," see 6. uactair upper part;" hence topographical" Auchter;" II 13 [N.G. uachdair: from root ōx, seen in Eng. wax Lat. auxilium; Welsh uch (above), Gaelic úas.] tethé; II 21? húle "all" [N.G. h-uile; Eng. all.] II 16; á húle II 17; hulib (dat.) III 4; VI 17: huli VI 11 33. 11TH FEBRUARY 1885. At the meeting on this date, Mr William Mackay, solicitor, Honorary Secretary to the Society, read a paper on the Celtic Derivation of English River Names, by Dr A. H. F. Cameron, late of Lakefield, now of Liverpool. Dr Cameron's paper was as follows: ON THE CELTIC DERIVATION OF ENGLISH RIVER NAMES. "Books in the running brooks."-Shakespeare. Many interesting points present themselves for consideration in studying the rivers of any country. Generally speaking, one name is recognised from the time a stream assumes any considerable size, till it reaches the sea; sometimes, however, when two streams join and form a larger one, the inhabitants of the two banks designate the resulting stream by different names-each by that tributary of their own side. This is exemplified in the Rivers Bug and Narew, in Poland.* Again, when the course of one tributary is more in a straight line with the main stream than that of the other, the resulting river is called by that name, though it may not be the longer, as in the case of the Missouri and Mississippi, the Rhine, and the Aar, &c. As a rule, however, one name prevails over a long course and through many districts. This name is probably more enduring than any other topographical distinctions. Cities may rise and fall, or their names may be changed, but rivers flowing through a long stretch of country, and having many and varied races frequently inhabiting their banks, it would be a matter of difficulty to induce those interested-all to combine--to alter the name of the stream on whose banks they live, and a matter of extreme inconvenience should the inhabitants of different regions designate it by a variety of names. Thence we may generally look for a record of the early inhabitants of a country to its rivers. Some years ago, sailing up the Gironde in company with a learned Irish scholar, he pointed out to me that the names of the French rivers were of Celtic origin. Thus we have the Garonne, Old Celtic Garumna, the rough river as Siegfried pointed out, the root being garbh, with stem in man; the Dordogne; the Rhone, anciently the Rhodanus, the rushing river, from Gaulish rheda, and our ruith; the Saone, and the Seine, the Sequana of old, the gentle flowing river; clearly showing that in a country in which the language has become Latinised the Celtic names of the rivers have outlived all political and social changes. It is my object to show that a similar condition exists in England, and that while Saxon, Norman, and Scandinavian influences have changed the population and modified the language, as a rule the rivers maintain their Celtic designations. The first name which we should feel inclined to look for would be that word which, under the various forms-Avon, Afon, Abhainn,‡ &c., seems common to * "What to Observe," by J. R. Jackson, page 17. + In some interesting articles on Rivers Geographically Considered. Penny Magazine," 1842. It may be mentioned for the information of those unacquainted with Gaelic, that the pronunciation of this word is Aoun, the consonants bh not being sounded. This word in combination assumes a protean form. |