Two of them, more particularly, David Pollard, and Wright, (both mechanics,) spoke to vast assemblies in Richmond, and many other places, with striking results. Wright was somewhat cultivated, and had a pleasing voice and manner. Pollard was unlettered and unpolished, and by the rough, deep cuts he gave, reminded us of John Randolph's likening Ben Hardin to "a kitchen knife whetted on a brick-bat." Both portrayed in such lively colors the miseries of drunkenness, the practices which led to it, the perfect safety and superior charms of cold water, the artifices of liquor-dealers to ensnare the temperate or draw back the reclaimed, the crimes and woes which the traffic occasions, and all its black criminality, that multitudes were either convinced or alarmed. No other ten men, it is believed, had ever induced so many to sign the pledge, or so many dealers to renounce the traffic. They were, however, sometimes opposed, and roughly used by men whom their ridicule, or their graphic descriptions, excited and enraged.

In 1841, or '2, we believe, a legislative Temperance Society was formed; but it was not joined by many members of the Houses; and we have heard nothing of it for some time.

In 1844, a Temperance Convention was held in Richmond, at which Governor McDowell presided; opening the session with an address of rare force and beauty. We must mention this gentleman with honor, as the only Governor of Virginia, who, while he filled the Chair of State, has had the moral courage to avow the principles of totalabstinence, and steadily to banish, not only ardent spirits, but wine, and all other intoxicating drinks from his table and sideboard.

In 1844, and again in 1845, a great sensation was produced in our State by the public addresses of John B.

Gough, a young Englishman, (the son of an old soldier, a Chelsea pensioner,) who had come over to this country at the early age of twelve, where he had afterwards been joined by his mother; upon whose death, some years later, he had fallen into bad habits of deep and frequent intoxication. By the kind attentions, however, of some humane persons in Massachusetts, he had been reclaimed, and had become a travelling speaker upon Intemperance. Here his thorough knowledge of human nature and life, his rich imagination, his ready flow of the happiest language, uttered in a sweet and distinct voice, accompanied with the most expressive gestures, and his wonderful command over the laughter and tears of his auditors, made him, in our thoughts, the most eloquent man we had ever heard. It was really no wonder, therefore, that he wrought such mighty effects on the public mind.

In the mean time, a new form of the Temperance movement had been introduced into our State, hardly observed at first, but now manifest in its progress, and worthy of special notice. We refer here to the organization of the SONS OF TEMPERANCE. This institution was first formed by sixteen gentlemen in the city of New York, in September, 1842, and aimed to bind men by a closer tie, and to enlist their interests and affections more warmly and effectively than the old societies had done. The plan was, to have Divisions in villages and neighborhoods, meeting once a week. Delegates from these, meeting once in three months, form in each State a GRAND DIVISION, which has legislative and judicial control over the subordinate Divisions, and is itself controlled by the NATIONAL DIVISION, composed of delegates from the various Grand Divisions, and meeting once a year. The National Division is the supreme legislature of the whole system for the United States; prescribes constitutions for the grand and subordinate Divisions, (which

may make By-Laws not inconsistent with the Constitutions) and decides, by appeal, all controversies in or between the Divisions.

This order of the Sons of Temperance began in Virginia by the opening of "Washington Division" in Norfolk, in April 1843. "Howard Division," in Portsmouth, followed in May. "We had," says an accurate narrator, "many difficulties to encounter, and many hostile prejudices to remove. Nearly two years elapsed before the sixth division was chartered.* This was "Charity Division," in Staunton, instituted in 1845, soon followed by the establishment of "Marshall Division" in Harrisonburg, and others in other parts of the State. Every succeeding year saw the Order extending its branches until the Divisions in Virginia are now about 310, comprising about 15000 members, and still increasing.

This institution has produced great and happy effects. It has attracted and kept firm those whom the old formal tie could not attach or hold; giving strength for self-preservation to weaklings who were continually falling into temptation; and has thus reclaimed hundreds of intemperate men, and broken up not a few drinking-houses and distilleries. But its attractions have so much drawn off the regards of its members from the old societies, that many of these have been dissolved; leaving that great number of people who cannot, or will not join the "Sons," no longer covered by the panoply of a pledge. To recover this lost ground, some Divisions have sent out speaking men to hold meetings and deliver speeches throughout their counties or towns: in order to keep the public attention awake to the evils of intemperance.

Females, and boys, not being regularly admissible among

* Evans' Digest and History of the Sons of Temperance.

the "Sons," a sisterhood has been formed, called "The Daughters of Temperance;" and a junior fraternity, called "The Cadets of Temperance." Cadets may be boys from ten to eighteen years old. Their local societies are called "Sections." Several of these exist in Virginia, filled with zealous and energetic young warriors against the common enemy. We know of no "Sisters of Temperance" in the State except a Division in Richmond.

In 1846, a new body, styled a Temperance General Assembly for the State, was organized in Richmond, and adopted a Constitution which, if published, has never met our eyes. It met again in 1847; adopted on each occasion some salutary resolutions and measures, which failed however to produce much effect, from the smallness of the numbers present to pass them, and from the omission to give them proper publicity. In December 1848, the body held a third meeting, when, among other resolves, it requested its President to prepare a Memorial to the Legislature, praying that, at the next general election, the proper officers might be required to take the sense of the voters on a separate poll, upon the question whether the sale of intoxicating liquors should continue to be licensed by law; and that, if a majority should be found to be against the system, in the whole State, or in any counties or towns, such laws might be passed as would become the wisdom, dignity and virtue of the Legislature to enact. The Memorial was accordingly prepared, and presented to the House of Delegates, where it was referred to a Committee who reported against the prayer of the Petition, and the House concurred in the report. Here the action of this

body rests for the present.

And here also we suspend our sketch of the Temperance Reform, for the present, and most probably for some time.

N. R.

INDIAN RELICS.-No. III.

A GRAVE.

My two last numbers were taken up with some brief notices of Indian Relics, which are yet visible in the mountains of our State; and I purpose to continue the subject in two or three more.

The situation is in the Close on the east, the

In passing, not long since, down the Cowpasture river, I was informed that there was an Indian Grave close on my road, and I turned aside of course to view it. This grave is evidently a very old one. Its location is in Bath County, about 12 miles below Millsboro, on the east bank of the river. Just after fording the river, you ascend through a narrow ravine to a high bluff, and turning to the right, a short walk brings you to it. midst of nature's lovely scenery. view is bounded by the "Rough Mountains." This is perhaps one of the most singular mountains in the State. It may be truly said to set all law and order at defiance. Most of our mountains have regularly swelling ridges running like ribs from the bottom to the top, at regular intervals, presenting great uniformity. But this mountain follows no rule. Its ridges are very uneven, often branching off midway up its sides; one rib will run straight, while another takes a serpentine course, and perhaps the next comes down with the bend of the rainbow. Here it swells out to an enormous protuberance, and there it draws back to a deep recess; here it starts as if to make a deep cut through, and then abruptly fills up the rear; while along the top, every here and there a lofty cone lifts up its head. On the west of the grave runs Watson's, or what is sometimes called Beard's mountain; not so bold or high as the former, but filling up with a pleasing variety this side of the pic