1. CUSHMAN, PAUL, JR. Relationship Between Narcotic Addiction and Crime. Federal Probation, v. 38, no. 3: 38-43. September, 1974.
A study in which the criminal behavior of 269 narcotic addicted
individuals, (as reflected in their New York City police arrest
records) was examined longitudinally in relation to various stages
of narcotics use. Three phases of narcotic addiction were studied:
before the onset of addiction, during the years of illicit narcotic use,
and during methadone maintenance treatment. Background characteristics
and addiction history of the subjects are first discussed; the arrest
records of each were studied in detail. For each arrest the calendar
year, the age of each patient, and the patient's addiction status were
recorded. Arrest records of the general population in the area studied
were used as a control. Predominantly noncriminal before addiction, the
results showed that the patients had progressively increased rates of
annual arrests after addiction started. During heroin use the increased
arrests were primarily for violations of the dangerous drug laws,
prostitution, violence, property crime, and misbehavior. During Treatment
the frequencies of arrests for violations of dangerous drug laws,
prostitution, and property crime fell steeply, approaching the level
of the control population, while misbehavior and violence remained some-
what higher than the control.
2. DEPARTAMENTO DE JUSTICIA DE PUERTO RICO. Centro de Informacion de Estadistica
Criminal. Sintesis del Problema de las Drogas en Puerto Rico ano
Fiscal 1967 a 1971. (Puerto Rico -Summary of the Drug Problem,
Fiscal Year 1967 - 1971.) San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1971. 35 p.
Activities of police, courts, corrections, legislature, and agencies
of probation and rehabilitation are discussed, as well as statistics on
arrest, disposition, and incarceration. The summary focuses on the
number of drug offenders processed by the criminal justice system. It
recommends that the drug control programs of criminal justice agencies
be evaluated by a private or uninvolved government agency and that
follow-up studies be done on offenders who have undergone drug treatment.
Included are statistical findings of a study of the social character-
istics and drug consumption patterns of drug-using inmates in the
Puerto Rican correctional system. In Spanish.
3. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA SUPERIOR COURT. Operating Procedures Narcotics Pretrial Diversion Project. By John Bellassai. Washington, 1972. 7 pages.
A procedural outline of a diversion project for individuals charged with
narcotics violations is presented. Topics related to the drug treat-
ment program include eligibility, screening of applicants, selection,
supervision during treatment, and disposition following participation
in the program.
4. HELLER, DEAN. A Conflict of Laws: The Drug Possession Offense and the Fourth Amendment. Oklahoma Law Review, v. 26, no. 3: 317-341. August, 1973. (NCJ 11919)
The contention is made that drug offenses, which in most instances are
consensual, victimless crimes, lend themselves to serious procedural
and search problems. Criminal drug laws, especially those aimed at
consumption, have numerous enforcement difficulties. Both use and
possession normally occur in private, and the quantities possessed are
usually small, easily hidden, and quickly destroyed. The current con-
cern with drug use and drug-related crime, however, has pressured law
enforcers to the point where Fourth Amendment rights against illegal
searches are often ignored in these situations. The author reviews the
probable cause standard, informants and their reliability, police bias
against the young, especially those with unconventional appearances,
and the standards for obtaining search warrants. He discusses warrant-
less searches, the exceptions to the Fourth Amendment requirements which
allow them, and the frequency of incredible fact situations surrounding
drug searches that suggests police misrepresentation. In conclusion, the
article argues that, if drug laws continue to be enforced as they present-
ly are, Fourth Amendment freedoms may be the first casualty.
5. MACHATA, G. Die Anwendung der Strafrechtlichen Bestimmungen des Suchtgiftgesetzes. (Austria Application of the Criminal Provisions of the Addictive Drug Law.) Kriminalistik, v.28, no. 6: 280-281. June, 1974.
A basis is offered for defining precisely what amounts of various drugs.
exceed the limits of legitimate use and constitute trafficking as
defined by the Austrian Criminal Code. A 1971 amendment to the Code
defined the amount of drugs, the possession of which does not consti-
tute trafficking, as the weekly dosage for the use of one person. In
1972 the Federal Ministry for Health and Environmental Protection
recommended a set of standard measures of average weekly dosages for
one person. The drugs covered by the standards included hashish,
morphine, LSD, and amphetamines. The author observes that precise
specifications of the effects of various dosages are inherently limit-
ed since the effects depend on other personal and environmental factors
in addition to dosage. The article includes tables comparing the dosages
of various drugs. In German.
6. MICHIGAN OFFICE OF DRUG ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM. The Victimless Crime Study Summary. Lansing, Michigan, n.d. 41 p. MICROFICHE (NCJ 28108)
This summary confines itself to the victimless crimes of alcohol and drug abuse, presenting legislative histories of controlling legislation, methods of control, and recommendations for improvements and/or legislation. Specific attention is paid to Michigan in the Legislative History and Methods of Control sections. Cost estimates are prepared for the present method of drug and alcohol enforcement and for the future, assuming that trends continue. Alternative methods of control
are proposed, including the decriminalization and subsequent regulation of marijuana. These proposals also encompass the establishment of substance abuse treatment centers which would be staffed and equipped to treat all forms of substance abuse.
Becoming a Marijuana Dealer. Criminal Justice Monograph, v. 7, no. 3. 1976. 19 p. MICROFICHE (NCJ 39231)
The author has analyzed the social and personal factors that contribute to marijuana users becoming dealers. The data on which this study is based was derived from interviews and observational material gathered during five months of observation of the marijuana scene. Sixty dealers and users responded to questions asked of them during voluntary interviews. It was concluded that the process of becoming a marijuana dealer involves the development of external relationships which allow entrance into the marijuana-using groups and rationalizing the internal norms and goals of the larger society to those of a marijuana dealer.
NATIONAL COMMISSION ON MARIHUANA AND DRUG ABUSE. Drug Use in America: Problem in Perspective. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973. 481 p. (NCJ 09518)
This final report of the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug
Abuse examines the roots of the drug problem and suggests ways of
reducing its impact. The report explores the way society thinks about
drugs by analyzing the vocabulary of the drug culture and the historical
roots of contemporary attitudes. After considering the way in which the
drug problem is presently defined, the Commission redefines it by first
broadening the scope to cover the entire range of drug use in America,
then by narrowing it to that drug-using behavior which properly should
arouse social concern. The authors focus on drug usage behavior in the
context of individual and institutional supports and deterrents. Recent
trends in the incidence, prevalance, patterns, conditions, and circum-
stances of drug use are described and major classes or types of drug-
usage behavior are identified. The actual and potential impact on the
public safety, public health, and welfare of the patterns of drug abuse
are considered. The policy-making process is detailed along with
specific recommendations for implementation by governmental and private
institutions. The report concludes with a broad perspective on the
development of a long-term social response to drug abuse. The appendices
contain lists of the many sources of information for the report and an
index of the recommendations made by the Commission.
Drug Use in America: Problem in Perspective, Appendix, Volume
I - Patterns and Consequences of Drug Use. Washington, U. S. Government
Printing Office, 1973. 1258 p.
MICROFICHE (NCJ 37696)
Stock No. 5266-00004
The final report of the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug
Abuse describes the phenomena of drug use, drug-induced behavior, and
drug dependence and establishes a process for assessing their social
impact. This volume, the first in a four-part set of appendices to
the final report, contains 27 papers on the patterns and consequences
of drug use utilized by the Commission for specific information and
supporting data. Specific areas covered by the papers include drugs.
and their effects, drugs and antisocial behavior, and drug use in general
and in selected populations.
Drug Use in America: Problem in Perspective, Appendix, Volume
Social Responses to Drug Use. Washington, U. S. Government Print-
ing Office, 1973. 794 p.
MICROFICHE (NCJ 37697)
Stock No. 5266-00005
This volume is the second in a four-part set of appendixes to the final
report of the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse and
contains 23 papers on the social responses to drug use. Specific
areas covered by the papers include managing the governmental response,
drug education and the response of the educational system, the impact
of broadcast media on drug use, and central influences in American life.
Drug Use in America: Problem in Perspective, Appendix,
Volume III
The Legal System and Drug Control.
Printing Office, 1973. 973 p.
Washington, US. Government
MICROFICHE (NCJ 36082)
Stock No. 5266-00006
The final report of the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse describes the phenomena of drug use, drug-induced behavior, and drug dependence and establishes a process for assessing their social impact. The third in a four-part set of appendixes to the final report, this volume contains 20 papers on the legal system and drug control. The different areas covered by these papers are the statutory framework of the drug/narcotics control system, legal controls on the availability of psychoactive substances, and the response of the criminal justice system to drug use.
Drug Use in America: Problem in Perspective, Appendix, Volume
Treatment and Rehabilitation. Washington, U. S. Government Print-
ing Office, 1973. 876 p.
MICROFICHE (NCJ 37698)
Stock No. 5266-00007
This volume, the last in a four-part set of appendixes to the final report of the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse, contains 17 papers on the treatment and rehabilitation of the drug addict.
The specific areas covered by these papers are crisis intervention and emergency treatment, the treatment of drug dependence, drug dependence and the legal system, and the statutory framework of drug treatment laws.
13. NATIONAL COUNCIL ON CRIME AND DELINQUENCY. Narcotics Law Violations A Policy Statement. Hackensack, New Jersey, 1964. 20 p.
(NCJ 03481) Effective penal sanctions should be directed against the drug trafficker, and not the user, who is a sick person in need of medical help. A brief sketch of the legal situation and the practices of the U.S. Bureau of Narcotics is presented.
14. ROBERT, CHRISTIAN N. Delinquance Juvenile et Drogue: Limites de Quelques Idees Recues. (Juvenile Delinquency and Drugs Limits of Some Prevailing Ideas.) Revue Internationale de Criminologie et de Police Technique, v. 27, no. 2: 139-146. April-June, 1974.
This analysis of juvenile delinquency statistics in Switzerland from 1967 to 1972 is used to argue against a correlation between delinquency and drug consumption and against harsh penalties for juvenile drug offenders. Most drug consumption by juveniles is seen as a contemporary form of normal adolescent transgressive behavior. — In French.
15. SACOTTE, JACQUELINE. Mesures Accessoires de Droit Penal Francais dans la Lutte Contre la Drogue. (Subsidiary Measures in French Criminal Law in the Fight Against Drugs.) Revue de Droit Penal et de Criminologie, no. 9: 947-957. June, 1976.
A brief review is given of trends in Europe in supplementing the provi-
sions of criminal codes regarding drug offenses to provide a wider
range of sentencing and criminal justic policy alternatives. Basic
criminal code provisions are based on the situation prior to the 1960's
when the number of drug offenders was small. Supplementary laws in
response to the great increase in drug consumption have continued a
policy of repression rather than decriminalization or treatment. However,
the sanctions provided for by these laws do consist of alternatives to
the traditional fines and imprisonment and represent a more flexible and
individualized response to drug offenses. The most common measures
provided for by these laws are confiscation of property and deprivation
of certain rights, such as the right to travel, drive, carry a passport,
or practice certain professions (primarily medical). The structure of
such laws are similar among countries with the same legal or cultural
traditions. — In French.
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