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curred the resentment of the provincials. In the mean time, a scheme was formed by colonel Conolly, a Pennsylvanian, at. tached to the cause of Britain; the first step of which was to enter into a league with the Ohio Indians.

251. This he communicated to lord Dunmore, and it received his approbation, upon which Conolly set out and actually succeeded in his design. On his return, he was dispatched to general Gage, from whom he received a colonel's commission, and set out to accomplish the remainder of his scheme. The general plan was, that he should return to the Ohio, where, by the assistance of the British and Indians in these parts, he was to penetrate through the back settlements into Virginia, and join lord Dunmore at Alexandria. But an accident, naturally to be expected, happened; he was discovered, taken prisoner, and confined.

252. After the retreat of lord Dunmore from Norfolk, that place was taken possession of by the provincials, who greatly distressed those on board lord Dunmore's fleet, by refusing to supply them with provisions. This proceeding drew from his lordship a remonstrance, in which he insisted that the fleet should be furnished with necessaries; but this request being denied, a resolution was taken to set fire to the town; after giving the inhabitants proper warning, a party landed, under cover of the men-of-war, and set fire to that part which lay nearest the shore; but the flames were observed, at the same time, to break forth in every other part of the town, and the whole was soon reduced to ashes.

253. This destruction occasioned a loss of more than three hundred thousand pounds sterling; and was extremely impolitic, as a great part of the property belonged to those who had manifested a warm attachment to the cause of Britain. In the southern colonies of Carolina, the governors were expelled and obliged to take refuge on board of men-of-war, as lord Dunmore had been; as was likewise governor Martin of North Carolina, on a charge of attempting to raise the back settlers, chiefly Scots highlanders, against the colony.

254. Having secured themselves from any attempt of these enemies, they proceeded to regulate their internal concerns, in the same manner as the rest of the colonies; and by the end of the year 1775, the whole of America was united against Great Britain, in the most determined opposition; and of all her vast possessions known by the name of the thirteen United Provinces, she possessed only the single town of Boston, in which her forces were besieged by an enemy with whom they

were not able to cope, and by whom they expected, in a short time, to be expelled.

255. The situation of the inhabitants of Boston, was peculiarly unhappy. After having failed in their attempts to leave the town, general Gage had consented to allow them to retire with their effects, but afterwards refused to fulfil his promise. When he resigned his place to general Howe in October, 1775, the latter, apprehensive that they might give intelligence of the situation of the British troops, strictly prohibited any person from leaving the place under pain of military execution. Thus matters continued until March, 1776, when the town was evac. uated.

256. On the second of that month, general Washington opened a battery on the west side of the town, from whence it was bombarded, with a heavy fire of cannon at the same time; and three days after, it was attacked by another battery from the eastern shore; this continued for fourteen days without intermission: when general Howe, finding the place no longer tenable, determined, if possible, to drive the enemy from their works. Preparations were therefore made for a most vigorous attack, on a hill called Dorchester-Neck, which the Americans had fortified in such a manner, as would have rendered the enterprise next to desperate.

257. No difficulties, however, were sufficient to daunt the spirit of the general; and every thing was in readiness, when a sudden storm prevented an exertion, which must have been productive of a dreadful waste of blood. Next day, upon a more close examination of the works, it was thought advisable to desist from the attack; the fortifications being very strong, and well provided with artillery.

258. Nothing now remained for the British but to retreat; and to effect this, there appeared great difficulty and danger. But the Americans, knowing that it was in the power of the enemy to reduce the town to ashes, which could not have been repaired in many years, did not think proper to give the least molestation; and for the space of a fortnight the troops were employed in the evacuation of the place, from whence they carried with them two thousand of the inhabitants, who durst not stay on account of their attachment to the British cause.

259. From Boston they sailed to Halifax, but all their vigilance could not prevent a number of valuable ships from falling into the hands of the provincials. A considerable quantity of cannon and ammunition had also been left at Bunker Hill and Boston Neck; and in the town an immense variety of

goods, principally of woollen and linen, of which the provincials stood very much in need. The estates of those who fled to Halifax were confiscated, as also of those who had remained in the town, and who had shown a decided attachment to the British government.

260. An attack being expected as soon as the British forces should arrive, every method was employed to render the fortifications impregnable. For this purpose some foreign engineers were employed, who had arrived at Boston; and so eager were the people of all ranks to accomplish this business, that every able-bodied man in the place, without distinction of rank, set apart two days in the week to complete it the sooner.

CHAPTER IV.

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE ARMAMENT SENT AGAINST CHARLESTON.-BATTLES OF LONG-ISLAND AND WHITE PLAINS. -ALSO AT PRINCETON.AT BRANDYWINE.

261. The Americans, exasperated by the proceedings of parliament, which placed them out of the royal protection, and engaged foreign mercenaries in the plan of subduing them, now formally renounced all connexion with Britain, and declared themselves independent. This celebrated declaration was published on the fourth of July, 1776, and the preamble was as follows:

"When in the course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

REASON I. "We hold these truths to be self-evident-that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

REASON II. "That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers

in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness.

REASON III. "Prudence, indeed, will dictate, that governments long established, should not be changed for light and transient causes; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design. to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security.

REASON IV. "Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having for a direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.

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FACT 1. "He has refused his assent to laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.

2. "He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation, till his assent should be obtained; and when so suspended,, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.

3. "He has refused to pass other laws, for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the Legislature-a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only.

4. "He has called together legislative bodies, at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.

5. "He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the People.

6. "He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large, for their exercise: the State remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the danger of invasion from without, and convulsions from within.

7. "He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the laws for naturalization

of foreigners; refusing to pass others, to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands.

8. "He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing Judiciary Powers.

9. "He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.

10. "He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers, to harass our people, and eat out their substance.

11. "He has kept among us, in time of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our Legislature.

12. "He has affected to render the military independent of the civil power, and superior to it.

13. "He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction, foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation.

14. "For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 15. "For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States:

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16. "For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world :17. "For imposing taxes on us without our consent :— 18. "For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury :—

19." For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pretended offences :

20. "For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries so as to render it, at once, an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies ::

21. "For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our governments:

22. "For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.

23. “He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, and waging war against us.

24. “He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.

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