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men, toward Cuzco. Pizarro, confident of victory, suffered the royalists to pass all the rivers without opposition, and to advance within four leagues of the capital, flattering himself that a defeat in such a situation would render a retreat impract ticable, and at once terminate the war. He then marched out to meet the enemy. Carvajal chose his ground, and made a disposition of the troops, with the discerning eye, and profound knowledge of the art of war, which were conspicuous in all his operations.

741. As the two armies moved forward to the charge, on the 9th of April, 1548, the appearance of each was singular. Pizarro's men enriched with the spoils of the most opulent country in America; every officer, and almost all the private men, were clothed in silk stuffs, or brocade embroidered with gold and silver; and their horses, their arms, and standards, were adorned with all the pride of military pomp. That of Gasca, though not so splendid, exhibited what was no less striking. Himself, accompanied by the archbishop of Lima, the bishop of Quito, and Cuzco, and a great number of ecclesiastics, marching along the lines, blessing the men and encouraging them to a resolute discharge of their duty.

742. When both were just ready to engage, Cepeda set spurs to his horse, galloped off, and surrendered himself to the presi dent; several other officers of note followed his example. The revolt of persons of such high rank struck all with amazement. Distrust and consternation spread from rank to rank; some silently slipped away, others threw down their arms; but the greater number went over to the royalists. Carvajal, and some leaders, employed authority, threats, and entreaties, to stop them, but in vain; in less than half an hour, a body of men, which might have decided the fate of the Peruvian empire, was totally dispersed. Pizarro, seeing all lost, cried out in amazement to a few officers, who still faithfully adhered to him, "What remains for us to do?" "Let us rush," replied one of them, "upon the enemy's firmest battalion, and die like Romans."

743. Dejected with such reverse of fortune, he had not spirit to follow this soldierly counsel; and with a tameness disgraceful to his former fame, he surrendered to one of Gasca's officers; Carvajal, endeavoring to escape, was overtaken and seized. Gasca, happy in this bloodless victory, did not stain it with cruelty. Pizarro, Carvajal, and a small number of the most notorious offenders, were punished capitally. Pizarro was beheaded the day after he surrendered, on the 10th of April, 1548. He submitted to his fate with a composed dignity, and seemed

desirous to atone by repentance for the crimes which he had committed.

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744. The end of Carvajal was suitable to his life. On his trial he offered no defence. When the sentence, adjudging him to be hanged, was pronounced, he carelessly replied, "One can die but once. In the interval between the sentence and execution, he discovered no signs of remorse for the past, or solicitude about the future, scoffing at all who visited him, in his usual sarcastic vein of mirth, with the same quickness of repartee and pleasantry, as at any other period of his life. Cepeda, more criminal than either, ought to have shared the same fate, but the merit of having deserted his associates at such a critical moment, and with such decisive effect, saved him from immediate punishment. He was sent as a prisoner to Spain, and died in confinement. Thus all met the just punishment of their dreadful crimes.

745. On the death of Pizarro, the malcontents in every corner of Peru laid down their arms, and tranquillity seemed to be perfectly re-established. But two very interesting objects still remained to occupy the president's attention. The one was to find such employment for the multitude of turbulent and daring adventurers with which the country was filled, as might prevent them from exciting new commotions; the other, to reward those, to whose loyalty and valor he was indebted for his success.

746. The former of these he accomplished by appointing Pedro de Valdivia to prosecute the conquest of Chili; and by empowering Diego Centeno to undertake the discovery of the vast regions bordering on the river de Plata :-the reputation of these leaders, and the hopes of bettering their condition, allured many desperate soldiers to follow their standard, and drained Peru of a large portion of those inflammable and mutinous spirits whom Gasca dreaded. The latter was an affair great difficulty, the claimants being numerous.

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747. That he might have leisure to weigh the comparative merits of their several claims, he retired with the archbishop of Lima to a village twelve leagues from Cuzco. There he spent several days, in allotting to the claimants a district of land and a number of Indians, in proportion to his idea of their past

services.

748. But that he might get beyond the reach of the fierce storm of clamor and rage which he foresaw would burst out on the publication of his decree, he set out from Lima, leaving the instrument of partition sealed up, with orders not to open it for

some days after his departure. As he expected, so it happened, but by his prudent management the discontented were appeased, and order was established.

749. Having now accomplished every object of his mission, Gasca longed to return to a private station. He committed the government of Peru to the court of audience, and set out for Spain, on the 4th of February, 1549, where he was received with universal applause. Men less enterprising and desperate, and more accustomed to move in the path of sober and peaceable industry, settled in Peru, and the royal authority was gradually established as firmly there, as in any of the other Spanish colonies.

750. Notwithstanding the many reverses of fortune which the Peruvians had met with, their spirit of independence was not wholly subdued, for the Spanish viceroy, Toledo, was under the necessity of assembling an army in 1562, to make head against Tupac Amaru, the son of Manco Capac, who had taken refuge in the mountains. The Inca, being unable to resist successfully a regularly disciplined and numerous force, surrendered himself, with his wife and children, who were all carried prisoners to Cuzco. Tupac Amaru was brought to trial for supposed crimes, and sentenced to be beheaded, by persons who could assume no other control over his person, than what the laws of force and injustice claim over weakness. Previous to his execution, he was baptized in prison, thence led to the scaffold; and thus, amidst the tears of the people, expired the last of the Peruvian emperors. At the same time, all the sons of Indian women, by Spaniards, were put in confinement, on the charge of conspiring with Tupac Amaru to overthrow the Spanish government. Many of them were put to the torture, and others perished in exile, or in confinement.

751. Toledo, the barbarous author of these cruelties, after amassing a large fortune, returned to Spain, where he fell under the royal displeasure. His property was confiscated; his person confined, and he died of a broken heart. The royal authority was, after the death of Tupac Amaru, again established, and the general tranquillity has caused the history of the province to be barren of important incidents. During the 17th century, no event seems to have occurred worthy of commemoration. The year 1782 was marked by an insurrection of the Indians, under J. G. Condorcanqui, a descendant of Tupac Amaru, who assumed the same name. He had petitioned the Spanish court to restore to him the title of marquis of Oropesa, which had been granted to his ancestor, Sayu Tapac; but finding his re

quest neglected, he retired to the mountains, and proclaiming himself INCA, the Indians flocked to his standard, and acknow. ledged his title with every mark of profound veneration and attachment.

752. Having collected an immense army, he proclaimed vengeance against the European Spaniards, promising protection to all born in America; but his followers, mindful of the cruelties which had been perpetrated upon them, spared none but Indians. Success, at first, attended all the operations of the Indians, who made themselves masters of several provinces ; but, when the insurrection had continued about two years, Tupac Amaru was defeated and captured, with all his family: -a short time afterwards, they were all, except Diego, executed in the city of Cuzco, to the deep distress of the Indians, who thus beheld the end of the last of the children of the Sun. Diego, who had before made his escape, thought proper to sur render himself, and was allowed to live for a while unmolested with his family: but on suspicion of being concerned in a revolt that happened, some years afterwards, in Quito, he was tried and beheaded.

753. Nothing memorable occurred from this period, till the invasion of Spain by Napoleon :-in the early part of that contest, the viceroyalty of Peru was less agitated by revolutionary movements than any other part of the continent. The party in favor of adherence to Old Spain was, for some time, strong enough to prevent any change of government, and more than once aided the royalists in other provinces. When juntas were established, in 1809, in the cities of La Paz and Quito, the viceroy of Peru detached troops against them, which compelled the patriots to abandon their projects for a time.

754. In 1813, a strong force was sent from Peru against the republicans of Chili, and succeeded in reinstating the royal authority, after various engagements:-but in 1817, and the succeeding year, the tide of fortune was turned, and the victories of San Martin compelled the Peruvian army to evacuate Chili. Since that period, the Chilian republic has acquired sufficient strength to send a large military and naval force against Peru, and to compel the surrender of the capital. Lima capitu. lated to the liberating army in June, 1821; and, by a declaration published in the following month, the independence of Peru was declared to be the wish of the people. This event was soon afterwards followed by the surrender of the Spanish general, Rodill, who had strongly intrenched himself in Callao.

755. From this period, Peru remained in a state of general

tranquillity, till the battle of Tarqui, which was fought on the 27th of February, 1829, between 5000 Colombian troops, and 8000 Peruvians: the issue of it was, that the latter were defeated with considerable loss; but a convention for the cessation of hostilities was signed on the field of battle, and their mutual differences were referred to the arbitration of the United States' government.

756. On the 3d of April, the same year, general Bolivar issued a proclamation, complaining of the non-fulfilment by Peru of the convention concluded after the battle of Tarqui; and he announced his intention of reoccupying Guayaquil, and compelling the Peruvians to make peace. The war was accordingly renewed, and the Colombians gained a trifling naval advantage off the harbor of Guayaquil in May.

757. The republicans were disturbed by the intrigues of the Colombian party, and the ambitious of their own state, to such a degree, that the friends of Bolivar effected a revolution at Lima on the 6th of June, and general Gamarra was made President. On the 15th of July, a general armistice, or suspension of hostilities for seventy days, was agreed upon between the Colombians and Peruvians, at a place called Buijo, the headquarters of Bolivar; and the department of Guayaquil was placed at the disposal of the Colombian government. Since that time the Peruvians appear to have enjoyed both a physical and political tranquillity.

CHAPTER X.

REVOLUTION OF NEW GRANADA.-OF VENEZUELA.OF THE REPUBLIC OF COLOMBIA.-OF BUENOS AYRES. OF CHILI.

758. Three centuries of bad government, under which the people of New Granada had labored, drove them to an assertion of their independence in the year 1816. The country has passed through many vicissitudes of fortune since that time: the cause of freedom and that of the royalists have been alternatively triumphant; and many frightful scenes of rapine and bloodshed have occurred. In May, 1816, a decisive action was fought between the Independents and a Spanish army under Morillo, which ended in the total defeat of the former, and the dispersion of the congress. After remaining under the dominion of the royalists for three years, Granada was again emancipated by the army of Bolivar, who entered Santa Fe in August, 1819. His successes since that period have been uniform and

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