God, and condemnation from all good men. Such URUGUAY. The Oriental Republic of Uruguay, a republic in South America. Its area is about 3,375 geographical square miles, and the population in 1860, 240,965 inhabitants. The city of Montevideo had, in 1860, 37,787 inhabitants; and, in 1862, in consequence of the annexation of Cordon and Aguada, 45,765. According to the estimate of the budget for the eighteen months from July 1, 1860, to Dec. 31, 1861, the receipts amounted to 3,579,802 piastres. The amount of the importations was, in 1861, 9,642,522 piastres, and that of exportations, 7,576,257 piastres. The republic of Uruguay has been frequently a prey to civil war between the party of the colorados," and the "blancos" or "blanquillos." On April 19, 1860, a former President of Uruguay, General Venancio Flores, who was regarded as the head of the party of the "colorados," and who, having been exiled, had taken service in the Argentine army, raised again the standard of insurrection. The Legislature, at Montevideo, declared him guilty of high treason, and sent a small force against him, which, however, proved insufficient to expel him from the territory of the republic. In August, 1863, Flores advanced as far as three leagues from Montevideo, but on Aug. 16th he was defeated at Las Piedras by General Medina. Soon after Flores, in turn, defeated General Diego Lamas. In January, 1864, a new President, Mr. Aguirre, assumed the reins of government at Montevideo, and negotiations for terminating the civil war were carried on between the two belligerent parties, but they led to no result. The war between them assumed larger dimensions and a greater importance, when, toward the close of the year, the neighboring States of Brazil and Paraguay began to take part in it. At the beginning of the insurrection, the Brazilian residents in Uruguay, as well as the people of the adjoining Brazilian province of Rio Grande do Sul, had openly supported the chief of the insurgents, General Flores. This naturally produced a great irritation on the part of the people of Uruguay against the Brazilians. The complaints of the latter induced the government of Brazil to ask for indemnification and guarantees as to the future, and when the government of Montevideo hesitated to comply with these demands, Vice-Admiral Baron de Tamandaré, the commander of VERMONT. the Brazilian squadron in the Rio de la Plata, on Oct. 11, addressed a circular note to the video, informing them that in consequence of representatives of the foreign powers at Montethe non-acceptance of the Brazilian ultimatum by Uruguay, he would immediately exercise reprisals by sea, while at the same time the northern provinces of Uruguay. The repreimperial army would be marched into the sentatives of England, France, Italy, Spain, and Portugal, strongly protested against the conduct of Brazil, denied her right to declare a blockade without a previous declaration of war, and declared that they could not allow the search of their vessels by Brazilians.. insurrection, called forth a protest from the The sympathies shown by Brazil with the President of Paraguay, General Lopez. Brazil was suspected by Paraguay, as well as by the northern provinces of the Argentine republic, Uruguay to herself, and thus to obtain the sole of an intention to annex the entire territory of control of the mouth of the river La Plata. The President of Paraguay, therefore, notified Brazil that an armed Brazilian intervention in Uruguay, would be regarded by Paraguay as a case of war; and when this protest was not heeded, war was declared against Brazil. sympathized with Brazil and Gen. Flores, but The government of the Argentine republic the provinces of Corrientes and Entre Rios declared that they could not oppose the march of a Paraguaian army through their territory to the aid of Uruguay. territory of Uruguay commenced in November. The march of the Brazilian army into the At the beginning of December, the Brazilian began to lay siege to the Uruagaian fortress of forces, conjointly with those of Gen. Flores, Paysandú, which, after the resistance of a few days and after some bloody engagements, fell into the hands of Flores. Both Flores and the Brazilians then advanced against the capital of Uruguay, and it was expected it would soon fall into their hands, and that the war would be brought to a close early in 1865. guay, a strong force from Paraguay invaded the While the Brazilians were advancing in Uruadjacent provinces of Brazil, when, from want of communication with Rio de Janeiro, no resistance could be offered to them. As the war operations only commenced in December, 1864, and continued in 1865, we postpone a fuller account of them to the next volume of the AxNUAL CYCLOPEDIA. VERMONT. The number of troops furnished by Vermont to the army from the commencement of the war to October 1st, 1864, was $2,710, which showed an enlistment during the first nine months of 1864 of 14,486 men. The V an infantry and cavalry regiments of the State, The annual State election took place in September, and resulted in the choice of John Gregory Smith, Union Republican, by a majority of 19,415 over Timothy P. Redfield, Democrat, in a popular vote of 44,689. The remainder of the Republican State ticket was elected by similar majorities. In 1863 the majority for Governor Smith was 17,751. The following was the result of the election for members of the Thirty-ninth Congress: 66 Democratic. Union Republican. Dist. 1-F. E. Woodbridge, 9,449.....8. M. Wells,.....3,667 2-J. S. Morrill,.....12,409.....R. McK. Ormsby, 4,798 "8-P. Baxter,......... .9,408. .....G. Harrington,....8,281 In the succeeding November the Union Republican electors for President were chosen by a majority of 29,097 in a vote of 55,741, and cast the vote of the State for Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. From a report of the Senate Committee on Finance of the Vermont Legislature, it appears that the debt of Vermont amounts to $1,640,845, or $5.21 for each person in the State. A claim of $90,000 against the General Government, if collected and paid, will reduce the debt by that sum. The debt is principally funded, and is payable in 1871, 1874, and 1876. The total expenditures for 1864, including interest on the debt and war expenses, were $1,228,993, and the receipts were $931,853, making the increase of the State debt for the year $233,447. Upon an examination of the financial resources of the State, it appears that, in increase of population and in many of the branches of industry, Vermont is behind the other New England States. The last census shows that the ratio of increase in population is only 0.31 per cent., while the other New England States range from 2.65 to 42.10 per cent. In manufactures Vermont also compares unfavorably with the other New England States, but makes a better record in flour, meal, and lumber. The valuation of the State was increased but 32.83 per cent. In the other States the increase has been from 42 to 185 per cent. The committee attribute this unfavorable condition of affairs to the laws of Vermont, which do not encourage business enterprise. They allow the seizure of property by attachment, and afford no relief to the unsuccessful man of business by laws of insolvency. Hence many of the enterprising business men of the State have sought homes else where. On November 1st the Legislature reelected the following board of judges of the Supreme Court: Chief Justice, Luke P. Polard; Assistant Justices, Asa O. Aldis, John Pierpont, James Barrett, L. C. Kellogg, and Asahel Peck; W. G. Veavey, of Rutland, was elected reporter of the decisions of the Supreme Court. On October 19th the town of St. Albans, on the Vermont Central Railroad, about 15 miles from the Canada frontier, was the scene of a raid, accompanied by wanton bloodshed, by Southern refugees from Canada, under the leadership of one Young, a rebel officer, which for a time filled the northern part of the State with alarm. At 3 P. M. a body of between 30 and 40 rebels, well organized and armed, who had been quietly assembling during the previous week, made a combined attack on the St. Albans, Franklin County, and First National Banks. Not more than one or two persons were in any one of these institutions at the time; and these being easily overpowered, the raiders were enabled to abstract a sum in bank notes amounting in the aggregate to $211,150. They then seized upon all the horses they could find, either in the streets or in livery stables, and mounting, rode off toward Canada. The whole affair occupied less than twenty minutes. Previously to their departure they wantonly fired upon a number of unoffending and unarmed citizens, of whom several were wounded, one fatally. While robbing the banks, they stated that they were acting under orders from the rebel General Early, and were retaliating for acts committed by Federal troops in the valley of the Shenandoah. The robbery was skilfully planned for the day succeeding the market day, when the town was unusually dull; and to the unexpectedness with which it came must be attributed its success. Secret attempts had also been made to fire the town, which fortunately failed. As soon as the inhabitants had recovered from their surprise, a body of men was at once organized to pursue the raiders, who, however, being well mounted, had a considerable start. The authorities of the State were also promptly notified, and men and arms arrived in large numbers in St. Albans within a day or two. The neighboring border towns immediately took every precaution to guard against similar attacks, and for several days an active system of patrols was maintained. As a further means of arousing the vigilance of the country, the St. Albans' banks offered a reward of $10,000 for the recovery of the plunder and the capture of the raiders. These were vigorously pursued by the armed citizens, dropping by the way a considerable number of the purloined bank notes, but succeeded in escaping over the frontier into Canada, where nearly the whole gang were eventually captured either by the armed citizens of Vermont, who started in pursuit, or by the Canadian authorities. The latter, in accordance with instructions from the Governor General, Lord Monck, showed considerable activity in procuring the arrest of the raiders. Those of the latter arrested by American citizens were at once turned over to the local authorities. The legal proceedings to which the raid gave rise in Canada are described under the head of FOREIGN RELATIONS. VINTON, Mrs. CALESTA HOLMAN, an American missionary. She was born in Union, Conn., in 1809, died in Rangoon, Burmah, Dec. 20, 1864. She married Rev. Justus H. Vinton, VIRGINIA. then under appointment as a missionary to the Karens in Burmah, April 9, 1834. Her early education was obtained at the Wilbraham (Mass.) Academy, but for some months previous to sailing for Burmah, she had been studying the Karen language with a native teacher at Hamilton, N. Y., and on arriving at her field of labor she could converse intelligibly in Karen. She possessed decided talent as a writer and teacher, was a poet of fair ability, as her Karen hymn books gives evidence. Her energy, zeal, and perseverance enabled her to accomplish more than most female missionaries in the instruction of the Karens. She was very successful in teaching the Karen women, who, under her instruction, adopted the habits, dress, and refinement of manners of civilized life, and have done honor to their instructress. Mrs. Vinton visited the United States in 1848 for the restoration of her health, and remained two years, when she returned to her field of labor. In 1862 she again returned to the United States for a few months, but returned with renewed energy to her work. VIRGINIA. The questions which engrossed the attention of the authorities of Virginia related exclusively to the war; its success absorbed all their thoughts. The Legislature was urged to pass such laws as would bring into the field all the able-bodied men not necessary to the State Government. Thus far every officer had been exempt, although without any duties to perform. Between forty and fifty counties of the State were within the Federal lines, and the original State officers in these counties had fled to Richmond. The average number of officers in these counties was about sixty, and it was estimated that they would form a force of two thousand men. By the decisions of the courts they were exempt from military service, notwithstanding they had no civil duties to perform. The Governor thus viewed the subject: If all officers designated in the Constitution, and in the laws made in pursuance thereof, are to be exempted because they are State officers; if Justices of the Peace, who, by-the-bye, were never exempted until the 1st of October, 1862, having from the revolution to that period been required to perform military duty; if all sheriffs and clerks and their deputies, all commissioners of the revenue, all surveyors and Commonwealth attorneys, all constables and overseers of the poor, all county agents for supply ing soldiers' families, all salt agents, commercial agents, etc., all employés of banks, cities, towns, etc., are to be exempt, indiscriminately and without reference to their necessity, then, indeed, in the language of the decision so frequently quoted, the spectacle might be presented of a nation subjugated and destroyed at a time when it had within its limits citizens amply sufficient to defend it against all the assaults of the enemy, but whose services could not be commanded because, forsooth, Government had contracted with them that they should not be required to serve in the army. The Governor further recommended the passage of a law authorizing the issue of a proclamation warning all citizens of Virginia in foreign parts to return without delay to the State; failing in which, beside personal penalties their property of every description should be confiscated, and their families sent into the Federal lines. and in the towns, especially Richmond, they The free negroes became quite disorderly, property. It was said: "They are found coopwere guilty of many outrages on persons and erating with the enemy, and occasionally indulging in the utterance of treasonable sentiments and threats against their fellow-citizens." great discussion. It was said that the North The question of arming the slaves created openly recruited her armies on the continent had exhausted all her floating population, and of Europe. Not content with this she had seized their slaves, and in violation of all civilization had armed them against their masters. Under every disadvantage the war had been protracted deep into its fourth year, and the Southern people found themselves looking around for material to enlarge their armies. Whence was it to come? The laws of natural of men. Foreign countries were in effect closed. accretion would not furnish a sufficient supply Recruiting from the prisoners would not, except to a limited extent, supply the wants, and public attention naturally turned to the slaves as a ready and abundant stock from which to draw. institution of slavery; others declared that if Some considered this policy as giving up the the slaves were put into the ranks it would drive out the whites from them, and diffuse dissatisfaction throughout the Confederacy. In reply it was said that the policy would effectually silence the clamor of the poor man about this being the rich man's war; and that there was no purpose to mingle the two races in the same ranks, and that there could not be a reasonable objection to fighting the enemy's negroes with their slaves. said that it had been already proclaimed to be As to the abandonment of slavery, it was be so if the South was subjugated, and that by at an end by the North, and would undoubtedly making it aid in the southern defence, it would improve the chance of preserving it. using the slaves in the various menial employ- Legislature of Virginia, and adopted by the taken in 1860, with the census of 1863, showed one hundred white persons. In 1863 the number of cattle within the territory, free from the occupation and incursions of the Federal army, was 507,152, to which add 8 per cent., the usual difference between the actual and taxable numbers, and there were 547,724 cattle within Confederate control in the last-mentioned year, which is one hundred and five head of cattle to every one hundred white inhabitants. The returns show an increase of 72,336 sheep, and a loss of 156,970 hogs in the counties and corporations under the rebels. At an election for State officers William Smith was chosen as the successor of Gov. John Letcher. An address was issued to the soldiers of Virginia by the Legislature in March, urging to extreme sacrifices and efforts of bravery as certain to be followed with triumphant success. The desolation which followed the track of the armies is very graphically described by one who beheld them, as follows: When we get to Hamilton Crossing the desolation of war breaks upon you. A few trees remain upon the hills near the side of the depot; but there is not a fence or an inhabited house all the way to Fredericksburg. A few cattle may be seen grazing on the rich plains, which bear now but crops of luxuriant weeds. These cattle belong to the people of Fredericksburg, who club together and hire a poor old man to attend them while grazing. There are no hands to work in the fenceless fields, no signs of animated life about the deserted houses. The drowsy crow of the cock, the neighing of horses, the cawing of crows, and the laughter of children in the yard, and the "wo-haw" of the plough-driver, are no longer heard in the blasted region. All is still as death for miles and miles under the sweet autumnal sun. Fredericksburg itself is torn by a hurricane. Much of it has been burnt, and the tall chimneys standing all alone tell a woeful tale of ruin. Part of the town is destroyed by fire caused by shell, and part by the torch. All the lower and upper portions of the town have been so shattered as to be uninhabitable; the stores have been gutted of their shelving and counters to make dry places for the countless thousands wounded at the Wilderness and Spottsylvania to lie on. The churches have been repeatedly struck, and so have most of the private dwellings. I counted thirty holes in the fine mansion of Douglas Gordon, which was nearly complete before the war broke out. A shell has passed diagonally through the house in which I stayed, and one had exploded in the parlor slept. Looking out of my bedroom window I saw naked chimneys and deserted homes in every direction. over which I went to Marye's Hill, and saw the famous stone fence which served as a rampart for our men. I walked over the wide fields which the enemy had to pass before they got within range of our rifles, and stood under the tree which Cobb leaned against when he was killed. This tree is just behind the house of a Mr. Stephens-a small frame building-which must have at least a thousand bullet holes through and through it. The stone fence is at the bottom of a hill, and on that hill is the fine old homestead of the Maryes, now gone to wreck, with countless apertures made by shot and shell, and open to all the winds that blow. Ah, it was a sad thing to tread the deserted halls and chambers of the old house, and hear only the echo of your own footsteps. I went over into Stafford County, opposite Freder icksburg, and there is a wide, wild scene of devastation-neither fences nor trees for leagues on leagues, houses deserted and burnt, and so many roads to the enormous camps of Hooker, which extended nineteen square miles, that the oldest inhabitants are in danger of losing themselves in their own country. The Lacy House is a baronial pile in the extent of its buildings, and its terraced grounds and gardeus are in keeping. Ruin reigns there also. The walls of the large oldfashioned rooms, and even the pillars of the porches, are scrawled and bescribled with obscure names and man. obscene phrases and pictures. Further back on high hills, commanding the whole country, are the walls of the Phillips House, which was burnt by StoneWhat a picture of ravaged beauty is to be seen from the heights on which this house stands! Strange to tell, Stafford County, naturally sterile and sparsely peopled, is now richer and more thickly settled than it has been since the colonial days. It is a debatable land, in which neither Confederate nor Federal rule is acknowledged, and it is filled with deserters who have grown rich by gathering and selling the immense debris of Hooker's camps to Washington or to Richmond purchasers, as happened to be most convenient; for these lawless people care little for either side. I saw in Fredericksburg, and at Hamilton Crossing, great piles of old iron and fragments of tents, blankets, and overcoats, which were just ready to be sent to Richmond. A number of refugees have returned to Fredericksburg, which contains now some 600 or 700 souls, principally women and old men. VIRGINIA, EAST. The Convention called in 1863 to assemble at Alexandria on February 13th, 1864, to amend the Constitution of the State of Virginia, was duly held. The following is a list of the members representing all the counties of Old Virginia under Federal control, but not included in West Virginia: Alexandria County-Walter L. Penn. Alexandria and Fairfax Counties-S. Ferguson Beach. Fairfax County-John Hawxhurst. Norfolk City and County-Dr. L. W. Webb and W. W. Wing. Portsmouth City, County, and Senatorial DistrictG. R. Boush, P. G. Thomas, and LeRoy G. Edwards. Loudoun County-Dr. J. J. Henshaw, James M. Downey, and Lieut. E. R. Gover. York, Warwick, and Elizabeth City Counties and City of Williamsburg, Charles City, James City, and New Kent Counties-T. S. Tennis and Robert Wood. Accomac County-Dr. A. Watson and W. Dix. Northampton County-Wm. P. Moore. An organization was effected and committees appointed, as usual with such assemblages. The Committee on Emancipation duly reported the following amendment to the Constitution of the State of Virginia, as sections to be incorporated in that instrument: 1. Slavery and involuntary servitude, except for crime, is hereby abolished and prohibited in the State forever. 2. Courts of competent jurisdiction may apprentice minors of African descent, on like conditions provided by the law apprenticing white children. 3. The General Assembly shall make no law estab lishing slavery or recognizing property in human beings. 4. This ordinance to take effect and be enforced from its passage. This was adopted, and comprised the most important business before the Convention. A session of the Legislature was held pre viously. On the evening of February 4th both Houses met in joint session to elect a Secretary of State and Treasurer. L. A. Hagans was chosen Secretary, and J. J. Henshaw, Treasurer. The total vote on joint ballot was 14, of which Henshaw received 8 and his opponent 6. Notwithstanding the election of a Governor (Pierpont) and other State officers, and the organization of a Legislature, the authority of the Government appears to have been very little respected by the military officials. The following protest of Gov. Pierpont explains one of the difficulties which occurred: EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, I have received reliable information that General F. H. PIERPONT, Governor. The election was duly held, and its result announced in an official order of Gen. Butler, as follows: HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA, IN THE FIELD, June 30, 1864. The loyal citizens of Norfolk determined, with a unanimity almost unexampled, by a vote of three hundred and thirty to sixteen, against the further trial of the experiment of a municipal government which gave as results to them only taxes and salaried officers, without any corresponding benefits. It will be observed that this vote was more than three times as large as that by which the experiment of civil government was set on foot. Some doubts upon the legal formality of this vote were attempted to be cast by interested parties, and proclamation was made that the adherents and salaried officers of the restored Government should not vote upon the question submitted. Yet that it was an overwhelming expression of the opinion of the citizens is seen from the fact that three hundred and fifty votes were cast upon the questions, while only one hundred and nine were cast by all parties for their respective candidates to fill the several civil offices. WADSWORTH, JAMES SAMUEL, a Brigadier-General of United States volunteers, born in Geneseo, Livingston County, N. Y., October 30th, 1807, killed in the battle of the Wilderness. May 6th, 1864. He was the son of James WADSWORTH, JAMES S. voted for, containing a list of some forty-five officers Now, as there were at least two sets of candidates who would have place in the civil government in cast for city officers except by those who were intereach set, it would seem that but twenty votes were ested in being elected-assuming always that the the United States to afford protection to all its citimen running for office in a city vote for each other. It is the duty and province of the Government of them, and, so far as consistent with the Constitution zens in the manner most effectual and beneficial to and laws, in such manner as they desire; and all experience has shown that, in a disorganized state of society, incident upon a state of war, and especially civil war, a military government, properly adminis tered, affords the best protection to property, liberty, and life. Whether that military government has been properly administered in the city of Norfolk, during the especially whether that military government has two years that it has been under military rule, and months, and has secured the substantial benefits of been properly administered during the past eight good government in the city of Norfolk, it is not proper for this order to state. subject with sufficient distinctness to inform the The citizens of Norfolk have spoken upon that judgment of the Commanding General. Therefore, it is ordered, That all attempts to exerelection, within the city of Norfolk and its environs, cise civil office and power under any supposed city must cease, and the persons pretending to be elected to civil offices at the late election, and those heretofore elected to municipal offices since the rebellion, must no longer attempt to exercise such functions; tary Commandant at Norfolk will see to it that the and upon any pretence or attempt so to do, the Milipersons so acting are stayed and quieted. the cases alluded to by Gov. Pierpont were to be The Judge of the Circuit Court, before whom tried, made a lengthy statement of the difficulty, with the opinion of Attorney-General Bates against the action of the military, and the promise of the President to decide the matter. But the military authorities prevailed. Many other difficulties also occurred. Virginia at the Presidential election was 33,590; VIRGINIA, WEST. The vote cast in West of which Mr. Lincoln received 23,152, and Gen. McClellan 10,438. In the Legislature there is tion took place in October. Gov. Boreman no division of parties. The regular State elecwas reelected without opposition, having received 19,098. The Republican members of Congress were also chosen with very little opposition. The State fortunately escaped from the alarming military invasions under which it had suffered in previous years, and remained comparatively settled and undisturbed. development of vast supplies of Petroleum. (See most interesting event in its history was the PETROLEUM.) W The Wadsworth, an extensive landowner and philanthropist of Geneseo, under whose care he received a thorough rudimentary education, after which he was sent to Harvard College, and thence to Yale College, where he completed his |