body. The remedies to be employed in case of threatened death, are those in a general way suitable to cases of suspended animation. Among the measures that may be resorted to are those of placing the body, if it be not already so, in a horizontal position; dashing cold water in the face; opening windows, and admitting air freely-if not too cold-to the person; employing frictions of the surface or extremities; stimulating respiration by applying ammonia, etc., to the nostrils; turning the patient on the side, to favor exhalation of the anesthetic; and performing artificial respiration, or else "insufflation"-i. e., blowing air into the lungs, either from the mouth of another person placed directly upon that of the patient, or through a tube opening in the pharynx or passed within the trachea, and blown into by the mouth or with bellows. To favor or allow of respiration, it is sometimes necessary to draw the tongue forward, and to clear the fauces of obstructing liquids, as may be done with the finger; and where the means are at hand, the action of the so-called "Faradization" current, to excite a sort of natural respiration, is advised the current to be applied, preferably, over the phrenic nerve and diaphragm, and not, as formerly, to the heart. Dr. J. Smith urges that, in dental operations under chloroform, it is not as a rule advisable to keep the tongue forward with forceps or tenaculum during the operation, since thus the spontaneous efforts at clearing the throat by swallowing may be prevented, and fluids in consequence pass into the glottis. Dr. Mott remarks that in operations in which the mouth becomes filled with blood, he formerly feared the occurrence of strangling, but his later observation has shown that deglutition, taking place-like the uterine contractions by means of reflex nervous action, can occur notwithstanding the anesthetic influence.

Dr. Maddin, of Nashville, quoted by Prof. Gross, and Dr. Chas. Kidd, find by their researches that a very large proportion of the fatal cases, under the use of anaesthetics, have occurred in minor operations, especially in dentistry, and generally in private practice or in small institutions. Prof. Gross suggests in explanation, both that the severe operations appear to establish a sort of "chloroform tolerance," and that the administration of anæsthetics has, in private hands, been frequently less judicious, and in some way in fault. At Guy's Hospital, London, chloroform was given in upwards of 12,000 cases, before any serious accident occurred from its use; and M. Flourens declares that in the Crimean war it was administered 25,000 times without a single death traceable to its use.

Dr. Arnott and others have argued that chloroform has increased, and Dr. Simpson that it has diminished, the rate of mortality, in the great surgical operations. The average of about 1,600 cases of amputation of the thigh, before the introduction of anaesthetics,

collected from several European hospitals, shows 45 deaths in every 100, 36 in 100 being the lowest rate in any of them; while in 145 such amputations, under anaesthetics, the fatal cases were only 25 to 100. The statistics of a large number of amputations performed in the cities of Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, show a greater rate of mortality in the cases under anaesthetics than in those in which they were not used; though it has been suggested that the number of cases was still not large enough to warrant a final conclusion. The question of the actual influence of anesthetic practice on the mortality of operations is, in fact, yet undecided; though even an apparent increase of mortality may consist with no such increase in reality, in view of the extension of the practice of operating, as before intimated, to a large number of cases, and mainly serious and doubtful ones, in which, but for his reliance on anæsthetic aid, the surgeon would not operate at all. From their analysis of the 77 cases already referred to, Perrin and Lallemand conclude that the mortality from chloroform diminished greatly (the year 1859 excepted) from 1847-'8 to within a few years past-most especially since 1854; and that for a few years now the mortality appears nearly stationary, although the use of the agent is continually on the increase. Dr. Kidd collected the accounts of deaths apparently from anæsthetics, in Europe, up to May, 1860; of these, 125 were from chloroform, 25 from ether, and several (it is stated) from amylene; and he remarks that the mortality had been more than twice as great among males as among females.

In regard to the employment of anaesthetics in obstetrical practice, our space will permit of no more than referring the reader to the works, journals, etc., in which the subject is treated of; and among which may be especially named Prof. G. S. Bedford's "Principles and Practice of Obstetrics," New York, 1861; the work of Perrin and Lallemand; and the papers by Profs. Barker and Elliot, with the discussion following, in the "Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine," vol. I.

The committee some time since appointed by the Boston Society for Medical Improvement, to inquire into the alleged danger of ether inhalation, state in their report their conclusion that all anæsthetics, as shown both by their symptoms and by the results of experiments, "are depressing agents." In relation to the point specially considered by them, they say: "There is no recorded case of death known to the committee, attributed to sulphuric ether, which cannot be explained on some other ground equally plausible, or in which, if it were possible to repeat the experiment, insensibility could not have been produced and death avoided." A "Chloroform Committee," appointed by the Royal MedicoChirurgical Society, London, after more than

two years devoted to examination and experiment in connection with the anesthetics in use, reported during July, 1864 ("Lancet," July 16: "Amer. Jour. of the Med. Sciences," Oct., 1864). This committee urge the dangers attending the deeper degrees of the effect of chloroform, and they concede much in favor of ether, as that in the outset it is not so purely depressing, and that at the same degree of insensibility it does not to the same degree depress the heart's action, as chloroform. Regarding chloroform as in a degree hazardous, and ether as inconvenient, they suggest that some more eligible anæsthetic is still to be desired. In chloroform inhalation, they think that 4 per cent. of vapor, with 95 per cent. of air, is the maximum that can be required; 3 per cent. of vapor being a suitable average. They do not find that anesthetics have increased the rate of mortality.

Painful dental operations, especially the extraction of teeth, occupy in reference to the ase of anesthetics a sort of middle ground, as admitting of resort either to general or to local anesthesia. In any case, owing to the extreme sensitiveness of the dental nerves, and the excruciating pain the extraction (at least) of the teeth occasions, the anesthetic action requires to be very decided, and the state of insensibility profound; and it is certainly supposable that this circumstance constitutes an explanation in part of the comparatively greater mortality (already referred to) from chloroform and ether in dental practice. During the past fifteen years or more, resort has been had, unavailingly, to mesmerism; to the congelation or freezing of the gums, which however was found liable to be followed by rheumatic pains in the part, or other difficalties; and to the passage of an electrical current through the nerve at the moment of seizing and extracting the tooth: but these methods have in succession been laid aside; and though the two last named have been revived from time to time, almost or quite to the present date, by individual practitioners, they find no favor with the profession at large.

In the early part of the year 1863, Dr. G. Q. Colton revived the use of nitrous oxide as an anesthetic in dental operations. He states (Dec, 1864) that he has successfully administered the gas to more than 3,000 patients, and that in no instance has he known any ill effects to attend the operation. He prepares the gas by heating nitrate of ammonia in a retort, and selects it in a barrel, from which it displaces water previously contained-its purification being completed by letting it stand for some hours over a remaining portion of the water. It of the utmost importance that this gas should be perfectly pure; and it is presumed to be so when a little of it inhaled by way of test does not excite cough. The gas is inhaled through 1 tabe from a rubber bag, the contents of which only the patient respires for the time,

the nostrils and the corners of the mouth being closed. About six gallons are used for one inhalation; the anesthesia is usually induced in about one minute's time, and passes off in a like or less period. Two or more teeth may in the mean time be extracted; and after waiting a few minutes for the bleeding to subside, the dose may be repeated; and so on, several times in succession, if required. The rubber bag should in every case be emptied and cleansed before receiving a new charge. If not in all respects, still, a wholly desirable anæsthetic, it would nevertheless appear that nitrous oxide is at once the most agreeable to the patient, and the most safe (at least for the brief operations in which it has been employed) of the general anæsthetic agents now in use. Dr. A. C. Castle ("Boston Med. and Surg. Journal," March 3, 1864) mentions three cases in which its employment was followed by decidedly unpleasant symptoms, in the head, the chest, and the nervous system, respectively, and in persons previously in good health; but the general testimony of those acquainted with its use appears to show that such results are rare. The agent is already employed by many dentists in New York and New England, if not also in other parts of the country.

Various forms of local application of chloroform or ether, or of their vapors, have been resorted to for the purpose of securing local anesthesia, but usually with uncertain, and often with very incomplete, success. Perhaps the most efficient of all these has been M. Richet's modification of M. Guérard's process

in its simplest form-merely letting ether fall, drop by drop, on any external part to be benumbed, and playing on it at the same time with the current of air from a common bellows. M. Fournier's "chloracetization "-application of chloroform and glacial acetic acid--has been found often to occasion too much irritation and smarting to allow of its use. Chloroform applied on lint or in test-tubes for ten or fifteen minutes sometimes produces total insensibility. The process of congelation, by applying a freezing mixture of pounded ice and salt, and which is familiar to medical men, is still earnestly recommended by many authorities, for superficial operations; though in this confidence Prof. Gross does not share. Dr. Arnott ("Med. Times and Gazette," quoted in the "Boston Med. and Surg. Journal," Oct. 1, 1863) has recently repeated his recommendation of artificial cold, both as an anaesthetic, and for the relief of inflammations; and he proposes a new method-that of cooling in a freezing mixture, and to below 0° Fahr., an iron, brass, or copper instrument of suitable form, or two such to be used alternately, and applying on the part to be benumbed. The local application of carbonic acid for the relief of pain has not been attended with success. As to passing an electric current through the nerve of a tooth at the time of extractioneffected by placing one pole of a battery of

small power in the hand of the patient, and making the forceps the other pole, insulating them at the same time from the operator's hand-the opinion finally reached by medical authorities appears to be, that pain is not in this way prevented, but that, while sometimes the patient's mind is diverted from it at the moment by the electric shock, at other times the latter in reality adds to the suffering the operation alone would occasion.

The reader may further consult Dr. C. T. Jackson's "Manual of Etherization," Boston, 1861; MM. Perrin and Lallemand's "Traité D'Anesthésie Chirurgicale," of which use has been to some extent made in the preparation of this article; and "A Treatise on Military Surgery and Hygiene," by F. H. Hamilton, M.D., New York, 1865.

Parishes.

Added.

Present

Number.

Teachers.

Scholars.

Missionary and Charitable Contributions.

124

807

157

100

558

6,889

210

1,779

18,196 2,723

1,105

China, Greek, and Japan Missions.

The 29th annual meeting of the Board of Missions was held at Cleveland, Ohio, Oct. 4th The receipts of the Domestic Committee were reported to have been $66,581, against $37,458 in 1863, and 35,223 in 1862. The receipts this year were larger than in any previous year. The receipts of the foreign committee (including $5,448 from the American Church Missionary Society) were $76,847, an increase of $22,586 over last year, and only $8,542 less than in 1860, when contributions came in from every diocese of the land.

The American Church Missionary Society held its 5th annual meeting in Boston, Oct.

19th. The Society employed forty missionaries, and its receipts were $24,864.

The receipts of the English Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts for the year ending December 31st, 1863, were £87,832, or about $439,000. The total income of the English Church Missionary Society was £134,247, or about $670,000. The number of clergymen employed by this society was 269; native and country born catechists and teachers of all classes not sent from home, 1,983; number of stations, 140; of communicants, 18,110.

The Mission of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Hayti is making progress, and the

existence of Trinity Parish, Port-au-Prince, was duly proclaimed by an official document from the Presiding Bishop of the United States, dated July 22, 1863. The Haytian Government extended a cordial reception to Bishop Lee, of Delaware, who in October, 1863, made an Episcopal visitation of the mission.

The movement for opening communication with the Russian Church actively continued, both in England and in the United States. The Rev. J. F. Young, the secretary of the Russo-Greek Committee, appointed by the General Convention of the P. E. Church of the United States, paid a visit to Russia, and conferred on this subject with the authorities of the Russian Church, who manifested the greatest interest in the objects and success of the movement. (See GREEK CHURCH.) In England the friends of the movement formed An Eastern Church Association," the objects of which were stated to be

1. To inform the English public as to the state and position of the Eastern Christians, in order gradually to better their condition through the influence of public opinion in England.

2. To make known the doctrines and principles of the Anglican Church to our Christian brethren of the East.

3. To take advantage of all opportunities which the providence of God shall afford us, for intercommunion with the Orthodox Church, and also for friendly intercourse with the other ancient churches of the East.

4. To assist, so far as our pecuniary means will permit, the bishops of the Orthodox Church, in their efforts to promote the spiritual welfare of their flocks.

Among the committee of this association are the Rev. T. T. Carter, the Rev. W. Denton, Prebendary Ford, the Rev. H. P. Liddon, the Rev. Dr. J. M. Neale, the Rev. George Williams, Dr. Wordsworth, the Rev. Eugene Popoff the Archimandrite Constantine Stratalia, and Mr. H. T. Parker, of Boston.

The "Christian Union Society," which was organized in New York on March 31, has a somewhat wider scope, and aims, in general, a bringing about a union of all churches holding to the doctrine of the apostolical succession of bishops. Similar societies were established in other cities of the United States, and joined by members of the Protestant Episcopal and Moravian Churches. The reports, made at the successive meetings of this society, state that Danish periodical favors more intimate relations between the Anglican and Scandinavian Churches; that in France, two periodicals, createur Catholique, and Union Chrétien, edited by Abbé Quettée, advocate this same movement; that in Northern Italy, the Exir, a paper conducted by Count Tasca, the poet laureate of Piedmont, and receiving contributions from several bishops and priests, recommend the largest circulation of the Bible in the vulgar tongue, and similar reforms;

that reformatory movements, looking toward a severance of the national Catholic Churches from Rome, were progressing in Mexico, South America, and Portugal. In England, an "Association for Promoting the Unity of Christendom," having the same object in view, has been at work for seven years. It appears from the preface to a work recently published for some members of this Society, and entitled "Sermons on the Reunion of Christendom," that it numbers seven thousand members, that of these one thousand are Roman Catholics, three hundred are Orientals, and the remainder (five thousand seven hundred) members of the Church of England. A prayer for the union of Christendom is recited daily by each member, and those who are priests bind themselves "to offer the Holy Sacrifice once in three months with intention of the same." The volume is dedicated "To the most blessed and holy father in Christ, Pius IX., by Divine Providence, Pope, Bishop of the holy Apostolic See; also to the most blessed and holy father in Christ, Sophronius, Archbishop of Constantinople, Ecumenical Patriarch of New Rome; also to the right honorable and right reverend father in Christ, Charles Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury, Primate of All England, &c." The Pope has addressed a letter to the Roman Catholic bishops of England condemning the Association, and forbidden Roman Catholics to have any connection with it.

The excitement produced by the works of Bishop Colenso, and the Essays and Reviews not only in the Anglican Churches but in the whole civilized world, continued throughout the year 1864. The interest in the case of Bishop Colenso was especially revived by his trial before a Synod of South African Bishops, commencing at Capetown, on November 17, 1863. The tribunal consisted of Dr. Gray, Bishop of Capetown and Metropolitan of South Africa, as President, and the Bishops of Grahamstown and Orange Free Town. The Bishops of St. Helena and Zambesi were absent. On the part of the accused bishop, Dr. Bleek, curator of the Grey Library, attended to protest against the proceedings, or to speak more correctly, against the jurisdiction of the court. The court found Colenso guilty of heresy on nine counts, and the Metropolitan consequently pronounced sentence, depriving Colenso of his Episcopal see, unless on or before the 4th of March, 1864, he (Colenso) should file a full, unconditional, and absolute retraction in writing of all the objectionable extracts in London, or a like retraction by April 16th in Capetown. The Bishop of Capetown proceeded to Natal, and read the decree of deposition in the cathedral. The same decree was read in all the other churches of the diocese of Natal. Nearly all the clergy of the diocese accepted the sentence as valid, and signed a declaration by which they pledged themselves not to recognize Colenso any longer as their bishop. On May 31st, Bishop Co

lenso was served in England with a copy of the decree of deposition. He had already issued a letter to his diocese, in which he disputes the power claimed by the bishops of South Africa to depose him from office. His friends in England collected a fund to enable him to plead his cause before the English courts. The first proceedings were commenced before the judicial committee of the Privy Council on June 23d. On December 14, the appeal of Bishop Colenso came on for a hearing, the judges being the Lord Chancellor, Sir Stephen Lushington, the Master of the Rolls, Lord Kingsdown, and Lord Cranworth. At the end of the year the sentence had not yet been delivered.*

The famous case of the "Essays and Reviews was ultimately decided by the judicial committee of the Privy Council. The case came up upon an appeal of Dr. Williams and Mr. Wilson, two of the writers of the "Essays and Reviews," from the sentence of the Court of Arches, by which they had been deprived for one year of their benefices. The Privy Council, the highest judicial court of the country, declared the holding and publishing of the views contained in the essays of Dr. Williams and Mr. Wilson not to be inconsistent with the rule of faith in the Church of England, and therefore reversed the sentence of the Court of Arches. The judgment was delivered by the Lord Chancellor, who stated that the Archbishops of Canterbury and York differed from the rest of the committee as to the charge with reference to the inspiration of Scripture. In order to neutralize the decision of the Privy Council, on the 25th of February a committee of leading theologians of both the High and Low Church parties issued the "Oxford Declaration," declaring their belief that the Church of England teaches that the Bible not only contains but is the Word of God, and that the punishment of the wicked is, equally with the life of the righteous, everlasting. declaration was signed by more than 11,000 clergymen of the Established Church, and called forth similar declarations from the bishops and clergy of the Anglican churches in the British provinces of North America and the United States.

The latter is as follows:

The

We, the undersigned, Bishops and Clergymen of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America, hold it to be our bounden duty to the Church of England and Ireland, and to the souls of men, to declare our firm belief that the said Church, in common with our own and the whole Catholic Church, maintains, without reserve or qualification, the Inspiration and Divine Authority of the whole Canonical Scriptures, as not only containing but being the Word of God; and further teaches, in the words of our Blessed Lord, that the "punish ment" of the "cursed," equally with the "life" of the "righteous," is everlasting.

This declaration was signed by the Bishops of Connecticut, Vermont, Kentucky, Ohio,

*See Annual Cyclopedia for 1863, p. 12.

Wisconsin, Michigan, Western New York, Delaware, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, New York, New Jersey, Minnesota, the Northwest, the Assistant Bishops of Connecticut and Ohio, and Bishop Southgate, demissionary Bishop.

The Convocation of Canterbury, in the session commencing on the 21st of June, passed a "synodical" condemnation of the volume of the "Essays and Reviews," as containing teachings contrary to the doctrine received by the united Church of England and Ireland, in common with the whole Catholic Church of Christ. The resolution was adopted in the House of Bishops by all votes against two, and in the lower house by 39 to 19.

This act of "synodical" condemnation called forth a very interesting debate in the English Parliament, in the course of which the Lord Chancellor was very severe upon rights of the Convocation. He called the synodical condemnation a violation of the law of England, according to which "the crown is the fountain of all jurisdiction, ecclesiastical and spiritual as well as temporal, and he warned the bishop not to trespass in future upon the prerogatives of the crown.'

In December, an address signed by 187,000 lay members of the Church of England, was presented to the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, for their pastoral letters in support of the doctrines involved in the decision of the judicial committee of the Privy Council.

The attempted establishment of the Benedictine Order in the Church of England, by Brother Ignatius,* continued to produce great excitement. Brother Ignatius during the year preached and lectured in London, York, Leeds, Newcastle, and other large cities, and found in all these places a great deal of sympathy. He also made his appearance at the Church Congress of Bristol, where it required, however, an appeal from the President to the Congress to secure him a hearing. The practices of this new Anglican Order are entirely in conformity with those of Roman Catholic monasteries. The holy water is used at the entrance into the church: the entire mass is reestablished; the the veneration of the Virgin Mary, including the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception, is adopted; and pilgrimages are revived. The number of monks has not considerably increased, and most of the bishops have forbidden the clergy of their dioceses to admit brother Ignatius to their pulpits. Toward the close of the year another attempt of establishing a monastic order was made at Leeds.

Annual" Church Congresses" may now be regarded as permanent institutions in the Church of England, like the German and Scandinavian Church Diets, and the Catholic Congresses of Germany, Switzerland and Belgium. That of 1864 was held at Bristol, and it seems to have rivalled the success of the preceding meetings

* See Annual Cyclopædia for 1863, p. 18.