He left material for a revised edition of Shakespeare's works, which was finished by Boswell, and is among the most valuable editions of Shakespeare.

150:16. Wolsey's soliloquy. Wolsey (1471-1530) was a distinguished cardinal and statesman, prime minister of England under Henry VIII. See Shakespeare's Henry VIII., III. ii. 208, 227. 150: 16. Scene with Cromwell.

371 ff.

See Henry VIII., III. ii.

150:23. Account of the coronation. Henry VIII., IV. i. 150:25. The compliment to Queen Elizabeth. v. 16-55.

Henry VIII., V.

151:11. Homer. The Iliad and the Odyssey and certain hymns to the gods are assigned by very ancient tradition to the authorship of Homer. But modern criticism has cast doubt upon this authorship, believing them to be of a composite character, the product of various authors and ages. The derivation of the poet's name is interesting in this connection, —”Oμŋpos, one who puts together.

151:11. Chaucer, Geoffrey (1340 ?-1400). Sometimes called "The Father of English Poetry." His most celebrated work is The Canterbury Tales, material for which, like much of his other work, is very freely borrowed.

151:12. Saadi (1190–1291 ?). A Persian poet. Among his best-known works are collections of odes, Gulistan (Rose Garden), Bustan (Tree Garden), and Pandaman, or Book of Counsel. Gulistan is the most finished, and is a moral work in verse and prose, consisting of eight chapters on kings, contentment, love, youth, old age, duties to society, etc. Emerson has borrowed from Saadi. Like Osman, he uses the term to express the ideal, not the actual, self.

151:17. Presenting Thebes, etc.

From Milton's Il Penseroso,

lines 99-100. These lines suggest the favorite subjects of Greek tragedy, viz. the house of Edipus in Thebes, the descendants of Pelops Agamemnon and his family, and the various heroes of the Trojan War.

151:19. Pope, Alexander (1688-1744). The central figure of the eighteenth-century English poets.

151:19. Dryden, John (1631-1700). Poet and prose writer. Called "The Father of English Prose," because of his efforts to simplify and popularize prose.

151:24. Lydgate, John (1370-1451). His metrical version, The Troy Book, was probably written too late for Chaucer's use. The dates would seem to indicate that the relation suggested by Emerson could not have existed.

151:24. Caxton, William (1422-1491). His Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye was written in 1471. Chaucer undoubtedly drew from the fictitious Dares, mentioned in the next line, or from Guido da Colonna. This is an illustration of Emerson's inaccuracy.

151:25. Guido da Colonna. A Sicilian poet and historian of the thirteenth century.

151 26. Dares Phrygius. A Latin translation of the sixth century of our era claims for its original an account of the Trojan War by Dares of Phrygia, whom tradition reports a participator in the war. 151:27. Ovid, Publius Ovidius Naso (43 B.c.-17 A.D.?). One of the leading Roman poets of the Augustan age. His Metamorphoses and Heroides are based on classical legends.

151:27. Statius, Publius Papinius (45 A.D.–96). A Roman poet, the author of Thebais and Achilleis,

151:27. Petrarch (1304-1374). One of the greatest of Italian poets. In the Monkes Tale, line 335, Chaucer says, "Let him unto my master Petrark go." The influence of these Italian poets was chiefly a spiritual one.

151:27. Boccaccio, Giovanni (1313-1375). Italian novelist and poet. Many claim that his Decameron, a collection of one hundred stories, suggested to Chaucer the plan of his Canterbury Tales, but later criticism seems to doubt that Chaucer was familiar with the book. It is certain, however, that Boccaccio's Il Filostrato was the source of Chaucer's Troilus and Cressida and his Teseide of the Knight's Tale.

151:28. Provençal poets. Poets of the south of France. See note on Troubadours, under American Scholar, 185:7.

151:29-32. Romaunt of the Rose. Troilus and Cressida, House of Fame, and The Cock and the Fox are poems by Chaucer. 151:30. William of Lorris (died about 1240 or 1260). A French trouvère, author of the first part of the Roman de la Rose.

151:30. John of Meung (1250-1305). A poet who is best known by his completion of Lorris' Roman de la Rose.

15131. Lollius of Urbino. An unknown author, to whom Chaucer claims indebtedness. See note above on Boccaccio. 151:32. Lais of Marie. Marie de France, a French poet of the twelfth century.

151:33. Gower, John (1325-1408). This English poet's chief work is the Confessio Amantis.

152:20. Sir Robert Peel (1788-1850). An eminent statesman, member of Parliament, and Prime Minister of England.

152:20. Webster, Daniel (1782-1852). American statesman and orator.

152:20. Locke, John (1632-1704). An English philosopher. His principal works are the great Essay on the Human Understanding and the Treatise on Government.

152:21. Rousseau, Jean Jacques (1712-1778). A renowned Swiss-French philosopher.

152:22. Menu, or Manu.

The law books of the Manavans, formerly regarded as the work of one writer, but now viewed as a compilation.

152: 22. Milton, John (1608-1674). Often ranked as the greatest of English non-dramatic poets.

152: 28. Delphi. The seat of the oracle of Apollo, the most renowned oracle of antiquity.

1539. Liturgy. An appointed form for the service used in the Christian church.

153 14. Grotius, Hugo (1583-1645). A Dutch jurist and theologian.

153:29. Vedas. The name of the sacred book of the Brahmins, supposed to contain the fountain and sum of all knowledge.

153:29. Æsop. A Greek fabulist of the sixth century B.C. Tradition represents him as a dwarf and originally a slave.

153:29. Pilpay, or Bidpai. Title of fables of an Arabic translation of a Sanskrit original. La Fontaine acknowledges his indebtedness to these fables.

153:29. Arabian Nights. A very ancient collection of Oriental tales.

153:29. Cid, Romances of the. Written by an unknown author about 1200 A.D.

153:30. Iliad.

line 11.

See note on Homer in this essay, page 151,

153:30. Robin Hood. A traditionary English outlaw of about 1100. See Pyle's Robin Hood and His Merry Men.

153 30. Scottish Minstrelsy. minstrels.

1546. Shakespeare Society. Halliwell, and their friends.

Early poetry or songs of the

Founded in 1841 by Collin, They published some forty-eight volumes before its dissolution in 1853. The New Shakspere Society was founded in 1874.

1547. Mysteries. See preceding table on Development of English Drama.

154 10. Ferrex and Porrex, Gammer Gurton's Needle. See table on Development of English Drama.

154:24. Queen Elizabeth. Queen of England from 1558-1603. Her reign is called "The Golden Age of English Literature." 154:24. King James. James VI. of Scotland and James I. of England. His reign covered the years 1603-1625.

154:25. Essexes, Leicesters, Burleighs, and Buckinghams. Names of counties in England renowned in the time of Elizabeth and James. For further information see Green's Short History of England. Scott's Kenilworth gives a vivid picture of life in Elizabeth's reign and introduces some of these counties.

155:1. Bacon, Francis (1561-1626). An English statesman, philosopher, and writer. His best-known works are The Advancement of Learning and his Essays.

155:3. Ben Jonson. See Table on Development of English

Drama.

155: 4. Jonson's words of regard and panegyric. Jonson admired and loved Shakespeare, though he complains that he "wanted art" because he broke the dramatic unities. In his Timber, he says: "He was indeed honest and of an open and free nature; had an excellent fancy, brave notions, and gentle expressions, wherein he flowed with that facility that sometimes it was necessary he should be stopped. . . . His wit was in his own power: would the rule of it had been so too. But he redeemed his vices with his virtues. There was ever more in him to be praised than to be pardoned."

155:14. Theodore Beza (1519-1605). A noted theologian of France.

155:14. Isaac Casaubon (1559-1614). A classical scholar and theologian of French origin.

155:14. Sir Philip Sidney (1554-1586). An English author and general. His Sonnets, Arcadia, and Defence of Poesy are his most important contributions to literature.

155:15. Sir Walter Raleigh (1552–1618). An English courtier, officer, colonizer, historian, and poet.

155:16. Sir Henry Vane (1612-1662). An English Puritan statesman.

155:16. Isaac Walton (1593-1683). An English author whose fame rests on The Complete Angler.

155 16. Donne, John (1573-1631). English poet and divine. 155 17. Cowley, Abraham (1618-1667). An English poet of high rank during his lifetime, but his fame was extraordinarily brief.

155:17. Bellarmine, Roberto (1542-1621). A noted Italian cardinal.