The Quarterly Review

'Monitors' or 'Merrimacs,' or even Warriors' or cupola-ships, the progress of discovery in this respect is so rapid, that before they are completed we may find out that we have again to undertake the rather expensive process of reconstructing the Navy,' and may have to repeat that operation every ten years. If, indeed, the Merrimac' and the Monitor' are as perfect as they are assumed to be, both the 'Warrior' and the cupola pattern of ship are already superseded. It is satisfactory to think that at all events no money has yet been wasted in this last class of vessels, and there is time to adopt Captain Ericsson's invention if it should be proved as superior to Captain Coles's as it is suspected to be.

But the great fact is that there is no limit to the weight of armour which a fort will carry, or to the size of the guns that can be manœuvred on their steady platforms; while the weight of armour and of artillery which ships can carry, seems already to be very nearly reached. It may also be added that the new invention of rifling ordnance is of very questionable advantage on board ship, owing to the unstable platform from which they must be used. It requires the fixed, steady floor of a fort to enable the guns to be used with that precision which is their peculiar advantage. None of these advantages of forts have been in the smallest degree affected by the result of the American duel; and, so far as our knowledge at present extends, there seems no reason to depart from them.

It is surely unworthy of a great nation like this to say, We must stop the forts, because we want the money for ships.' If either or both are necessary for the national safety, surely the money can be easily found. At all events let the question be argued on its own merits, and let it not be said that one department is trying to abstract from the means of the other; or that sailors are clamouring for ships, because they are sailors; or soldiers asking for forts, because the forts belong to their service. But let us look at the question like men of business, and if we can discover what is right, let us set about carrying it out as far as may be practicable. The Commissioners recommended the application of one million of money to floating defences; and if that had been appropriated at the time, it would have been quite as much as ought to be applied to such a purpose in the present transitional state of naval warfare. This sum, if it were taken up now as part of the loan, ought to satisfy all reasonable demands, without infringing on the more permanent works, which are far more essentially necessary for any general and comprehensive scheme of national defence. Neither stationary forts nor floating defences will

alone

alone suffice for the purpose, but only such a combination of both as shall render the special advantages of either available. But so far as can at present be seen, the greater stress ought to be laid on the forts, not only on account of their greater economy, but because of their power of using heavier artillery than ships, and with greater accuracy of aim. Such forts, too, as it is proposed to erect at Spithead appear to be of a singularly formidable description, and being situated on the shingle banks in the middle of the sea, command the whole area of the roadstead with their fire at ranges which would now be efficient against wooden vessels, and which in all probability will be equally so against iron-plated ships with the artillery which may be prepared for them before they are completed. They have also the advantage that they can-without either materially increasing the expense or diminishing the number of guns-be plated with iron of such thickness as shall render them absolutely invulnerable against any artillery; and from this circumstance, and the peculiarity of their situation, they are at the same time impregnable by any means of attack we are acquainted with.

If not capable of being used as the sole means of defence, it must be admitted that such forts must form a very important element in any scheme of defence for an open roadstead; and that with the aid of a certain amount of floating defences they ought to render our harbours as secure as any in the world. It is, however, just this necessity of the combination of the two that renders the question so difficult to decide. The advocates for ships and the advocates for forts have both reason on their sides to a certain point, and when this is the case a little superior talent or superior energy on the side of either party can secure for it at least a temporary triumph. The true statesman sees the advantage of the combination of both, and the real man of genius is he who can appreciate exactly how much of either is necessary to effect successfully the object in view.

INDEX.

INDEX

TO THE

HUNDRED AND ELEVENTH VOLUME OF THE QUARTERLY REVIEW.

AFRICAN slave-trade, 262.
Agglestone, legendary origin of, 308.
Albert's(Prince)speeches, 176-qualities
of his ancestry, 178-his singleness of
object, 179-speech at Merchant Tay-
lors', 180-speech on the extinction of
the Slave-trade, 181-at the Literary
Fund dinner, 182-views for improv-
ing the condition of the labouring
classes, ib.-doctrine of Progress, 183
-attention to the welfare of servants,
185 his exposition of the English
character, 187-speech defining the
relation of the Fine Arts to a nation,
188-at Birmingham, 190-address
at Aberdeen, 192-laudation of Hum-
boldt, 193-had no speciality, 194-
versed in the principles of military
science, 195-camp of instruction at
Chobham suggested by him, ib. —
Presidency of the Commission on the
Fine Arts, ib.his Essay on Music
and his Hymns, 197-aptitude for Eng-
lish modes of public business, ib.-
equanimity of temper, 198-his cor-
respondence, ib.—his detractors, 199.
Althing, the Icelandic, 132.
Amboyna, massacre of, 505.
America, slavery not the cause of the
civil war in, 240-Republicans, De-
mocrats, and Abolitionists, ib.-Re-
publican Platform' of 1860, 241-
Mr. Lincoln's declaration against in-
terfering with slavery, ib.-fugitive-
slave law, 242-points decided in the
Dred Scott case, ib.-antagonistic in-
terests of the two geographical divi-
sions of the country, 243-relation of
the slave question to political influ-
ence, 244-the Missouri compromise,
ib.-struggle as to the admission of
Texas, ib.-the principle of 'squatter
sovereignty,' 245-struggle in Kan-
sas, ib. the cause of war political,
rather than social or commercial, 246
-protective tariffs, 247, 248-Cole-
ridge's statement of that question, 248
-exasperation caused by the Aboli-
tionists, 249-aggregate value of the
Vol. 111.-No. 222.

slaves, 250-conduct of the North
to the negro, ib.-the Federal Re-
public not homogeneous, 247, 251–
Washington's fears for the perma-
nence of the Union, ib.-Was Seces-
sion an act of rebellion? 252-Pro-
fessor Bernard and Mr. Spence on the
question, ib. -the original Congress,
253-Convention of 1787, ib.-Act
passed by the Virginia Convention
in 1788, 254-opinions of Justice
Story and Mr. Motley examined, 255-
opinions of Madison and Hamilton,
256-British Proclamation of Neu-
trality, 257-character of belliger-
ency explained, ib. — illustrated by
the revolt of Greece from Turkey, ib.
-blockade a belligerent right, 259-
must be actual, not constructive, ib.-
opinion of Lord Stowell, ib.-offensive
conduct of America towards this
country, ib.-burning of the 'Caro-
line,' 261-Lord Ashburton's mission,
ib.-Oregon territory question, ib.-
the Munroe doctrine, 262-San Juan
seized, ib.-right of search, ib.-the
"Trent' question, 263-268-sycophan-
tic tone of the North towards France,
271-attitude of Canada, ib.-Personal
Safety laws, 275-consequences of
subjugating the South, 276 — the
United States' intended recognition
of Hungary, 277-barbarism of de-
stroying Charleston harbour, 279-
suppression of liberty in America,

537.

Antwerp, saying of Napoleon respect-
ing its importance to England, 541-
Earl Russell's opinion respecting, ib.
Archipelago (Eastern) described, 484,
Armstrong guns, 573.

Arru islands described, 512.

Badbury, scene of the battle of Badan-
by rig, 307.

Barcelona, its flourishing condition in
1491, 151.

2 Q

Bankes family, the, 283-Lady Bankes's
heroic defence of Corfe Castle, ib.
Barnes's Poems in the Dorset Dialect,'
281.

Bell's (Dr.) system of education, 76.
Belligerency, character of, explained,
257-blockade a belligerent right,

259. See America.'
Bencoolen, settlement of, 496.
Bernadotte's candidature for the French
Crown, 207-refuses to lead his army
across the French frontier, 208.
Blackmoor, forest of, 292.
Borneo, passion of the Dayaks for the
possession of human heads, 488-ex-
plored by Mr. St. John, 497-its pro-
ductions, 498-capable of supporting
a hundred millions of people, 499-
the forced trade, ib.-coal-fields, 501.
Brooke (Sir James), Rajah of Sarawak,
483 his principle of government,
500-genius and humanity of his en-
terprise, 515.

Brougham's (Lord) account of the Prin-

cess Charlotte's flight from Warwick
House, 61, 63.

'Burnt Njal' (Icelandic Saga), analysis
of, 124-Njal's conversion to Chris-
tianity, 132.

Butter, bad packing of, 288.

Canada, rebellion in, conduct of Ame-

rica in the, 260-present attitude of,
271.

Castlereagh (Lord), delusions respecting

his character and motives, 203-his
selection of Sir Arthur Wellesley, 204
-his ascendency in negotiation, 205-
conduct of the Walcheren expedition,
ib.-quarrel with Mr. Canning, ib.-
his gift of managing men, ib.-charac-
terised by Thiers as 'Angleterre elle-
même,' 210-successful resistance to
the claims of Russia and Prussia on
Poland and Saxony, ib.-his objec-
tion to foreign interventions, 214-
his intellectual composition, 227-his
speeches calculated to conceal his
ability, 228-his share in destroying
the slave-trade, 230 -no sympathy
with Absolutism, 231 - advice to
Louis XVIII., 232-his object a ba-
lance of power, securing lasting peace,
235-his style of speaking, 236-ab-
sence of showy qualities, ib.-rheto-
rical blundering, 237-influence in
the House, ib.—his courage, patience,
and sagacity, 238.

Celtic tumuli of Dorset, 281.
Ceylon, Sir Emerson Tennent's theory
respecting, 486.

Channing (Mary), post-mortem burning
of, 305.

Charles V.'s (the Emperor) advice to
Philip II., 153.

Charleston harbour, barbarism of de-
stroying, 278.

Charlotte (Queen), anecdotes of, 48.
Charlotte of Wales (Princess), her cha-

racter at seventeen, 49-description
of Warwick House, 50-meeting with
the Princess of Wales on Constitution
Hill, 51-her preceptor the Bishop of
Salisbury, 53-her tutors and gover-
ness, 54-aversion to the Prince of
Orange, 56-withdraws her consent
to marriage with him, 57-cause of
her flight from Warwick House, 58
-demeanour towards Prince Leopold,
ib.-evil influence attained over her
by her mother, 65-different versions
of her flight to Connaught House, 66
-her generosity of disposition, 70.
Cheney's (Mr.) pamphlet, • What is
Good Iron?' 573.
Chesil Bank, 296.

Chinese immigrants, character of, 510.
Clergy, anticipated failure in the supply
of English, 400-extraordinary de-
velopment of the Church, ib.-special
function of the clergy, 403- their
numbers, ib.-their functions the de-
velopment and safeguard of English
liberties, 405-qualities required in
a parochial clergyman, 409-supply
must be drawn from the highly-edu-
cated classes, 411-education of the
clergy, 413-the mother's part in it,
415-public school education neces-
sary, 417-Scriptural instruction in
schools, 425-universities and col-
leges, 428-ante-Reformation colleges
Protestant institutions, 430 - moral
preparation for Holy Orders, 435-
college testimonials, ib. university
not the place for final preparation,
436 colleges in connexion with
cathedral bodies, 439-experiments
at Wells and Exeter, 440-require-
ments of final clerical education, 443.
Clontarf, battle of, 144.
Clubmen of Dorset, rising of the, 284.
Coles's (Captain) cupolas, 569.
Confessional, Romish, 423.

Corfe Castle, heroic defence of, 283-
description, 300-murder of 'Saynt
Edward, Kynge and martyr,' 301-
the Castle gallows, ib.

Coronation oath, Fox's opinion respect-
ing the, 522.

Courtship, Icelandic, 124.

'Cow and Calf,' landmarks in Dorset,

292.

Dasent's (G. W.) 'Burnt Njal,' 115—
an admirable translation, 117-great
value of Mr. Dasent's services to
Northern literature,118.

Dale (Mr.), entomological discoveries
of, 290.

Diplomatist's glory ephemeral, 206-on

what his victories depend, ib.
Dorset, derivation of the word, 281-
crusade of S. G. O., 285-labourers'
wages, 286-truck system, ib.-pro-
gress of agriculture, 287-farmers'
clubs, 288-hunting and fishing, 289
-zoology, ib.-extensive and peculiar
flora, 290-geological structure, 291
-fossil remains, 293-architectural
treasures, 302-mansion-houses, 304
-antiquities, 305-hill-forts and bar-
rows, 306- Roman occupation of
Dorset, and stations, 307 distin-
guished natives, 309-peculiarities of
dialect, 311-Specimens from Barnes,
the Dorset poet (see Barnes), 314-
politeness of the peasantry, 318.
Domingo (San), annexation of half the
island to Spain, 171-history of its
revolutions, 172.

Dred Scott case, points decided in the,
242, 245.

Dryness of climate caused by the de-
struction of forests, 163.
Dutch East Indies, 491-commercial
system, ib.-conduct towards England
on regaining their Eastern colonies,
492-boundaries of their possessions
in the Eastern Archipelago, 506—
colonial possessions in Asia, ib.-colo-
nial policy, 507-improbability of
their having permanent power in the
East, 514.

Eastern Archipelago, ethnology of the,

511.

Education, the training of the faculties
of the mind, 427.

(popular), statistics of, in
England, compared with France, Hol-

land, and Prussia, 74-origin of the
British and Foreign School Society
and the National Society, 75-Bell's
and Lancaster's systems, 76-failure
of the monitorial system, ib. - the
'Government system,' ib.- pupil-
teachers the sinews of primary edu-
cation,' 77-training colleges, ib.-
subject-matter of instruction, 78-
scheme of the Commissioners bor-
rowed from the Encyclopædia Bri-
tannica,' 83, 84-defects specified by
the Commissioners as justifying a
change of system, 85-calculations
reducing the estimated increase of
expenditure, 86 highest Parlia-
mentary grant the cost of two
Warriors, 88-alleged inability of
the present system to assist the poorer
districts, 89-the charge of partial
inadequacy of teaching answered, 90
-thirty-six seconds examining each
scholar' a mistake of the Commis-
sioners, 92- reading, writing, and
arithmetic taught well in 90 per cent.
of the schools, 95-defect from pres-
sure on the central office absurd, 96—
the Revised Code, 97-simplification
(meaning abolition) its key note, ib.
-cooking the registers, 99-diffi-
culties of individual examination, 100
-discouragement of religious know-
ledge, 103-effects of the Revised
Code on training colleges, 104-in-
creased number of school-inspectors,
106-cost of them, ib.-abolition of
religious examination by the new
code, 107-conscience clause, ib.-
correspondence with the National So-
ciety respecting Welsh schools, 110—
objections to the existing system not
remedied by the Revised Code, 111-
over-educated teachers, 112-effect of
the new code to drive the teachers
into some other occupation, ib.—the
Revised Code exaggerates three of
the defects and substitutes a worse
for the fourth, ib.-suggestions, 114—
night-schools, ib.

Education (public school), grand talis-
man of religious, 427.

'Edward (Saynt), Kynge and martyr,'
murder of, 301.

Eldon's (Lord) narrative of the Princess
Charlotte's flight from, Warwick
House, 61.
Elphinstone's (Miss Mercer) connection
with the Princess Charlotte, 55.
Ephraem (St.), author of hymns, 334.
Exeter's (Bishop of) noble donation for
a theological college, 444.

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The Quarterly Review, Band 111