68. Corrupt state of the government, 69. Arbitrary pro-
ceedings-lettres de cachet, &c. ib. Suppression of the
spirit of inquiry, and restrictions on the liberty of the press,
70. Pernicious consequences of this, 71. Liberal spirit of
the British constitution becomes the envy of France, 72.
Prevalence of the Anglomania, 73. Influence of the Ame-
rican revolution on France, ib. Unwise conduct of the
French government in meddling with the American war,
74, note. Louis XVI. averse to that war, but overruled,
75. The soldiers on their return from America, brought
with them revolutionary principles, 76. State of parties
when the revolution broke out, ib. Weak and impolitic
measures of the government, 78. Administration of M. de
Calonne, ib. He resigns and retires to England, 79. Re-
marks on his financial plans, ib. Administration of Necker,
and estimate of his plans, 80. Banishment of the parlia
ment of Paris, ib. Its recall, and bickerings with the court,
81. Remonstrances of the parliaments of Bourdeaux,
Rennes, &c. ib. A convocation of the states-general
demanded, ib. The king complies and they assemble,
May 1st, 1789, ib. Jarring pretensions of the classes com-
posing it, 82. Pamphlet of the Abbé Siéyes, ib. The
assembly of the states-general removed to the Salle des
Etats, and surrounded by soldiers, ib. Dismissal of Necker,
83. Imbecility of the existing government, ib. The
states-general issue a "declaration of rights," 84. The
court assembles an army round Paris and Versailles, ib.
Mirabeau remonstrates, ib. The citizens of Paris irritated
and inflamed, ib. The French guards range themselves
under the popular banner, ib. Tumultuous state of Paris,
85. The volcano bursts, and the Bastille attacked, ib. Per-
fidious conduct of the governor, ib. The assault renewed,
and the assailants enter, 86. The governor put to death,
and the state prisoners liberated, ib. Intelligence of the
event, how received at Versailles, 87. Fall of the absolute
monarchy of France, ib. Paris divided into sections, and
La Fayette takes the command of the national guard, ib.
Consternation of the king and his ministers, 88. Louis
dismisses his ministers, and recalls Necker, ib. The king
visits Paris, ib. His reception by M. Bailly, the mayor of
the city, ib. He returns to Versailles, 89. The national
assembly vote the abolition of the feudal system, ib. Form
the basis of a new constitution for France, which is even-
tually promulgated, ib. A scarcity of bread produces a
fresh insurrection in Paris, ib. The mob proceeds to Ver-
sailles, 90. The king and queen escorted to Paris by the
national guard, and placed in the Tuileries, ib. Proceed-
ings of the national assembly, ib. Obsequiousness of the
monarch, 91. Disturbed state of the provinces, ib. Ques-
tion proposed in the assembly, 92. Obnoxious decree
passed in the assembly, ib. Reflections, ib. Collision of
parties, 93. Preparations for celebrating the anniversary
of the destruction of the Bastille, 94. Organization of the
judicial system, ib. Pressure of financial difficulties, and
Necker's resignation, ib. The clergy become refractory,
95. Origin of the jacobin club, ib. Its progress and mis-
chievous effects, 96. Reflections, ib. France divided into
factions, 97. Fatal consequences of this state of things, ib.
The assembly decrees the issue of assignats, 98. Mira-
beau, his talents, character, and death, 99. The king
escapes from Paris with his family, 100. He is recognised
at St. Menehould, and his advance arrested, ib. They are
brought back to Paris, 101. Effect of his flight and arrest
on the populace, ib. The factions all up in arms, ib. At-
tempts to depose the king, and establish a republican
government, defeated, 102. A general amnesty takes
place, ib. Louis swears to maintain the new constitution,
ib. The constituent assembly terminates its labours, and
is dissolved, ib. Reflections, 103. See further under the
word France.
Richmond, duke of, exerts himself to avert the American
war, i. 111. Recommends a peace with the colonies, 157.
Proposes to fortify the dockyards of Plymouth and Ports-
mouth, 340.
Riots, in London, in the case of Wilkes, i. 52; and of lord
George Gordon, 187. At Birmingham and other places, ii.
39. In London and the manufacturing districts, iv. 467.
Robespierre, Maximilian, an efficient member of the jacobin
club in Paris, ii. 172. Hesitates whether he should not
raise the duke of Orleans to the throne, 182. Finds him-
self threatened, and commences the reign of terror, 218.
Dreadful atrocities committed under his authority, 219.
He is denounced by Tallien, 221. Violent struggle to
maintain his power, 222. Fall of the tyrant, 223. Sketch
of his person and character, ib.
Rockingham administration formed, i. 39. Its want of effici-
ency, 43. Is broken up, 44.
Rockingham, marquis, complaints against, i. 44. His motion
for an inquiry into the state of the nation, 62. His death
and character, 282.
Rostopchin, governor of Moscow, sets fire to his villa to de-
prive the French of possessing it, iv. 337.
Russia, marches an army into Moravia, iv. 95. Her army
under Korsakow and Suwarrow, operations of, 97. Joins
the Austrians against France, 327. Battle of Austerlitz,
ib. Her army crosses the Vistula, 378. Engages the French
in the battle of Eylau, 379. Details of the battle, and
losses, 380. The Russians claim the victory, ib. Are de-
feated in the battle of Friedland, 383. Their retreat to-
wards Koningberg, ib. Conduct of, towards England in
1811, 289. Gets dissatisfied with the Berlin decrees, 326.
Negotiates with Sweden and England, ib. Prepares for
war with France, 328. Her plan of the campaign, 332.
Her army retires to Moscow, 335. Pursues the French,
and annihilates their army, 340. See Alexander.
SARAGOSSA, siege of, iv. 188. Gallantly defended, ib.
Sardinia, the king of, abdicates the throne, iii. 230.
Savoy, Valais of. See Piedmont.
Shelburne, earl of, made secretary of state in the Rockingham
ministry, i. 254. Is chosen by the king to succeed lord
Rockingham, 283. Explains his conduct, 285; and vindi-
cates the king, 286. Facts elicited by his explanation, ib.
He concludes preliminaries of peace with all the belligerent
powers, 288. The country dissatisfied, and he resigns, 294.
Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, enters parliament, i. 208. His
speech on the police of Westminster, 210. His compara-
tive statement of the India bills of Fox and Pitt, 330. His
humorous speech on fortifying the dockyards, 341. His
celebrated speech on the Begum charge, 365. How ap-
plauded by Burke, Fox, and Pitt, 366. Its overwhelming
impression on the hearers, ib. note. Defends himself and
Mr. Fox against Burke, ii. 12. Avows his approbation of
the French revolution, 13. Rupture between him and
Burke, 14. His speech in reply to lord Mornington, 196.
His patriotic conduct on the mutiny at the Nore, iii. 67.
His speech on the conduct of the first consul, 260.
Sidmouth, lord, president of the council, opposes the cabinet
on the catholic question, iii. 392. His interview with the
king, 393. Recommends to his colleagues to modify the
bill, ib. His bill for amending the toleration act, iv. 303.
Smith, sir Sydney, his gallant defence of Acre, iii. 108. Sends
Bonaparte a file of English newspapers, 118. Attempts
the destruction of the flotilla at Flushing, 305. Assists the
court of Naples, 355.
Spain, her interference with the concerns of England resented
by Mr. Pitt, i. 9. At war with England, 17. Invades
Portugal, ib. Arms against revolutionary France, ii. 238.
The war commences auspiciously, ib. Their armies defeat-
ed by Dugomier, ib. Attack on the Spanish camp at Figue-
ras, 239. Loss of general L'Union, ib. The republican
armies pursue a victorious career, 240. The government
attempts to raise the people in a mass, but fails in it, ib.
Peace concluded with the French republic, 241. She
enters into the treaty of St. Ildefonso, 300. Stipulations
of that treaty regarding France, ib. Complained of by the
British ambassador, ib. Great Britain threatens her with
hostilities, 302. Seizure of her bullion frigates by captain
Moore, 306. Afflicting calamity attending it, 307. Nego-
tiates with Great Britain, 308. Failure of the negotiation,
and war declared with England, ib. Her negotiation with
France, 309. Napoleon's determination to place his bro-
ther Joseph on the throne of, iv. 3. Description of the
country, its population, government, &c. 5. Its high situ
ation under the Austrian princes, 6. Causes of the decline
of its greatness, ib. Evil tendency of the inquisition, 7.
Increase of its population previous to the French revolu-
tion, 8. Consequences of the French revolution on her, 9.
Character of Charles IV. and his queen, 10. The royal
family distracted with domestic quarrels, ib. The queen's
attachment to Manuel Godoy, 11. Character of that mi-
nister, ib. Hated by Ferdinand, prince of the Asturias,
ib. The king projects a removal to his South American
dominions, 15. Insurrection at Madrid, and the house
of Godoy sacked, 16. Abdication of Charles IV., and
Ferdinand declared king, ib. Charles quits Spain, and
throws himself into the hands of the emperor of France, 17.
Insurrections take place in various parts, 18. Tumultuous
state of Madrid, and attack on the French soldiers, 19.
Murat threatens vengeance, but is pacified, 20. This event
the forerunner of insurrections in every part of Spain, ib.
Progress of the French army, 24. The spirit of patriotism
bursts forth, 25. Application to England for assistance, ib.
Proceedings of the council of Seville, ib. Publishes an
appeal to the Spanish nation, and declares war against
France, 26. The hostile armies commence operations, ib.
Defeat of the French troops at Valencia, 27. They are re-
pulsed in an assault on Saragossa, ib. Defeat of general
Cuesta at Benevente, 28. Military operations in Andalu-
sia, ib. Defeat of general Dupont at the battle of Baylen,
34. A convention signed, which includes the divisions of
Vedel and Dufour, 39. Remarks on the Spanish war, 77.
Was an important school of discipline for the British armies,
80. Established the British character as a military power,
81. View of her military force when united with the
British, 89. Ferdinand again proclaimed king, 91. State
of Madrid, ib. Insurrection in Biscay ill conducted, 92.
Bilboa taken by the French, and the insurgents massacred
by their troops, 93. A council of the Spanish generals held
at Madrid, 94. Prevalence of jealousy amongst them, ib.
They apply to England for pecuniary aid, ib. Conduct of
the government of Seville, 95. Scarcity of arms, &c., ih.
Mismanagement of their military affairs, 96. Dissensions
among the juntas, ib. A call for convoking the cortes
general, and found necessary, 97. Review of the state of
affairs in 1808, 112. Reflections on the Spanish insurrec-
tion, 180. It disappointed Bonaparte of a march to Lis-
bon, 181. State of matters between Napoleon and Joseph,
182. Napoleon mistakes the Spanish character, 183. Hos-
tility of the priests to him, 184, note. Declaration of his
sentiments respecting Spain, 185. Obsequiousness of the
higher ranks in Madrid, ib. Address of the council of
state, 186.
Fall of Saragossa, 188. Disastrous state of
affairs, 189. Suffers from the want of a regular system of
cooperation, 204. The conduct of her generals disgusts
lord Wellington, ib. Bad conduct of the juntas, 205.
Exertions of the marquis Romana, 206. The revival of
the cortes loudly called for, ib. Noble defence of the
fortress of Gerona, 207. The place capitulates after a
siege of four months, 208. The French defeat the army of
La Mancha, 209. State of Spain at the end of the second
campaign, 245. Malaga taken by the French, 246. Se-
ville capitulates to the French, 247. Conduct of the junta,
ib. Appointment of a regency, 248. Necessity of a cen-
tral government, 249. Insurrection in Murcia, 261. As-
sembling of the cortes, 271. Conduct of the supreme junta
respecting the colonies, 272. Fall of Tortosa and Olivenza,
274. Battle of Barossa, ib. Military operations in Cata-
lonia, 281. Investment of Taragona by the French, ib.
Butchering of its garrison and inhabitants by the enemy,
282. Military operations in Valencia, ib. Proclamation
of the cortes, 283. Military operations in Andalusia, 313.
Campaign of 1813, 350. Expulsion of the French armies
from the peninsula, ib. See Wellington.
Spoliations of Italy, reflections on the, ii. 340.
Stamp act sets the American colonies in a flame, i. 39. Is
repealed by the British parliament, 42.
Stewart, sir John, defeats the French at Maida, iii. 355.
Surinam capitulates to the British forces, iii. 304.
Sweden, her alliance with Great Britain in 1808, iv. 86.
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