Burying winter's ice for use in hot summer months was started by man in the early days of his history. Traversing water in boats began long before the first records of history were written.

Both functions have changed radically. Ice blocks are left for skating while manufactured refrigerants now lower our temperatures. Ships, once of wood and powered by men, are luxurious hotels and super-markets of steel.

To put these two objects together-ships and refrigerants—there is a right way and a wrong way. There is a safe way and a dangerous way. Users of the American Standard Recommended Practice for Mechanical Refrigeration Installations on Shipboard, ASA B59.1-1950, are assured of modern refrigeration on shipboard . . . not ice cubes on a galley.

Marine and Refrigerating Engineers and Manufacturers, Merchants and Consumers of Perishable Goods

Carrying refrigerated cargo, preparing and preserving foods, and cooling and dehumidifying air for circulation to or within ships' compartments are important to you.

DO YOU know approved classificatio
and methods of installing refrigera
ing equipment on shipboard?
DO YOU know how to operate, main
tain, test or inspect mechanical re
frigeration equipment aboard a me
chant ship?

WANT THE ANSWERS? Send to day for approved methods presente in the American Standard ASA B5 1-1950, sponsored by the America Society of Refrigerating Engineers ONLY $1.00 for a copy of the American Standard Recommended Practice for Mechanical Refrigeration on Shipboard, ASA B59.1-1950.

R. F. BAKER, Vice-Pres, The Texas Co-Amer Petroleum Inst

CHARLES W. BRYAN, JR, Pres, Pullman Standard Mfg Co-Amer Soc of Civil Engrs

G. B. BUTTERFIELD, Secy, Hartford Accident and Indemnity Co-Nat Safety Council

Miss ARDENIA CHAPMAN, Dean, College of Home Economics, Drexel Inst of TechnologyMember-at-Large

RICHARD A. COLGAN, JR, Exec Vice-Pres, Nat Lumber Mfrs Assn-Nat Lumber Mfrs Assn LESTER S. COREY, Pres and Gen Mgr, Utah Construction Co-Member-at-Large

E. H. EAKER, Pres, Boston Consolidated Gas Co -Amer Gas Assn

*R. M. GATES, Pres, Air Preheater Corp-Amer Soc of Mech Engrs

*R. E. GAY, Pres, The Bristol Brass Corp-Copper and Brass Research Assn

C. E. HODGES, Pres, Amer Mutual Liability Ins
Co-Nat Assn of Mutual Casualty Cos
*THOMAS D. JOLLY, Vice-Pres, Aluminum Co of
Amer-Pres, ASA

R OAKLEY KENNEDY, Formerly Vice-Pres, Cluett,
Peabody and Co, Inc-Member-at-Large
*FREDERICK R. LACK, Vice-Pres, Western Elec
Co, Inc-Past Pres, ASA

J. H. MCELHINNEY, Vice-Pres, Wheeling Steel
Corp-Amer Iron and Steel Inst

*H. S. OSBORNE, Chief Engr, Amer Tel & Tel Co -Vice-Pres, ASA

H. S. SIZER, Asst to the Dir of Design, Brown &
Sharpe Mfg Co-Nat Machine Tool Builders Assn
MAURICE STANLEY, Chmn of Bd, Fafnir Bearing
Co-Anti-Friction Bearing Mfrs Assn Inc
HOYT P. STEELE, Exec Vice-Pres, Benjamin Elect
Mfg Co-Nat Elec Mfrs Assn

Col J. G. VINCENT, Engg Consultant, Packard
Motor Car Co-Automobile Mfrs Assn

B. S. VOORHEES, Vice-Pres, New York Central System-Assn of Amer Railroads

W. C. WAGNER, Exec Dept, Philadelphia Elec Co-Chmn, ASA Council

*Members of the Executive Committee

Standards Council

W. C. WAGNER, Exec Dept, Philadelphia Elec Co, Chmn
J. R. TOWNSEND, Bell Labs, Vice-Chmn
Chairmen of Correlating Committees

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION-Theodore 1.
Coe, Tech Secy, Amer Inst of Architects, Dept
of Education and Research, Washington, D. C.
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY-J. G. Henderson, Car-
bide and Carbon Chemicals Co, Div of Union
Carbide and Carbon Corp, South Charleston,
W. Va.

CONSUMER-Mrs Elizabeth S. Herbert, Acting
Chmn, Household Equipment Editor, McCall's
Magazine, New York, N. Y.

DRAWINGS AND SYMBOLS-H. P. Westman,
Editor, Elec Communications, New York, N. Y.

ELECTRICAL-C. R. Harte, Connecticut Company, New Haven, Conn.

HIGHWAY-S. J. Williams, Asst to Pres, Nat Safety Council, Chicago, III.

MECHANICAL-F. T. Ward, Wilton, Conn. MINING-Lucien Eaton, Consulting Engr, Milton, Massachusetts

MISCELLANEOUS-G. H. Harnden, Standards Div, Exec Dept, Gen Elec Co, Schenectady, N. Y. PHOTOGRAPHIC-Paul Arnold, Ansco, Binghamton, N. Y.

SAFETY-Myron Park Davis, Yonkers, N. Y.

ASA Member-Bodies Elec Light and Power Group: Assn of Edison Illum Cos Edison Elec Inst Fire Protection_Group: Associated Factory Mutual Fire Ins Cos

Nat Bd of Fire Underwriters Nat Fire Protection Assn Underwriters' Labs, Inc Gas Appliance Mfrs Assn Grinding Wheel Inst Gypsum Assn

Heating, Piping and Air Condiitoning

Assn

Contractors

Industrial Fasteners Inst Inst of Radio Engrs

Nat

Mfrs Stdzn Soc of the Valve
and Fittings Industry
Metal Cutting Tool Inst
Motion Picture Research Coun-
cil, Inc

Nat Aircraft Stds Com
Nat Assn of Hosiery Mfrs
Nat Assn of Mutual Casualty
Cos

Nat Assn of Purchasing Agents
Nat Coal Assn

Nat Elec Mfrs Assn
Nat Lumber Mfrs Assn
Nat Machine Tool Builders'
Assn

Associate Members

Assn of Roller and Silent Chain
Mfrs

Business Forms Inst
Cer'ified Ballast Mfrs
Compressed Gas Assn, Inc
Douglas Fir Plywood Assn
Heat Exchange Inst
I'lum Engg Soc
Indiana Limestone Inst
Indust Safety Equip Assn
Instrument Soc of Amer
Insulated Power Cable Engrs
Assn

Insulation Board Inst
Internat Acetylene Assn
Marble Inst of Amer
Metal Lath Mfrs Assn
Metal Window Inst

Nat Assn of Finishers of Textile Fabrics

Company Members-More than 2000 companies hold membership either directly or by

group arrangement through their respective trade associations.

Marginal notes

Standards on Television

As far as we know, the discussion of rayon standards on the Kathi Norris show (page 276) is the first appearance of standardization on anv commercial television station. Un derstandably enough, the two women and three men who represented the American Standards Association were noticeably nervous before their per formance. Most of them were ap pearing on television for the first time and in an unrehearsed, "ad lib" show. They were not too sure what to expect, although questions and answers and general approach had been discussed carefully in ad

about Life's article; "Headache: Standardization" points out.

Progress has been made, however, on the standardization of aircraft bombs and release equipment for use by British and American forces. As early as 1941, an inter-service committee was established to standardize aviation ordnance. Even in 1936, a need for standardizing US Army and Navy ordnance was recognized, and efforts, on a small scale, were made to that purpose. In his article, Some Adventures in Military Standardization (page 277), Rear Admiral M. F. Schoeffel relates his experiences with these committees.

The results of standardization in industry are well presented in IH Cashes In (page 269). How standards were introduced, how they are applied, what they have saved the company in time, dollars and convenience, makes a story of true ingenuity in business.

Our Front Cover

The flight deck of the USS Princeton is an excellent example of Standardization. The planes themselves, lined up for take-off, are standard and made up of standard parts— from the tiniest nuts and bolts to the powerful propellers. Laden with bombs, made to standard specifications, the sky-raiders are directed into position by the nimble-footed flight deck crew.

These men, using standard directional signals, lead the planes from station to station toward the launching spot. Long before planes and bombs reached the deck of this carrier, men were hard at work to determine the standards to be met in their construction. How they did it is discussed by Rear Admiral M. F. Schoeffel, U. S. Navy, Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance, Navy Department, in his article, Some Adventures in Military Standardization, Page 277. Our cover is an Official U.S. Navy Photo

Opinions expressed by authors in STANDARDIZATION are not neces sarily those of the American Standards Association.

Some Adventures in Military Standardization.