Let us now recreate thee by turning to the other side, and showing his character drawn by those with whom he never conversed, and whose countenances he could not know, though turned against him. First again commencing with the high-voiced and never enough quoted MR. JOHN DENNIS, who, in his Reflections on the Essay on Criticism, thus describeth him: "A little affected hypocrite, who has nothing in his mouth but candour, truth, friendship, good-nature, humanity, and magnanimity. He is so great a lover of falsehood, that, whenever he has a mind to calumniate his cotemporaries, he brands them with some defect which is just contrary to some good quality, for which all their friends and their acquaintance commend them. He seems to have a particular pique to people of quality, and authors of that rank.-He must derive his religion from St. Omer's."-But in the Character of Mr. P. and his Writings (printed by S. Popping, 1716), he saith, "Though he is a professor of the worst religion, yet he laughs at it;" but that, "nevertheless, he is a virulent papist; and yet a pillar for the church of England." Of both which opinions MR. LEWIS THEOBALD seems also to be; declaring, in Mist's Journal of June 22, 1718, "That, if he is not shrewdly abused, he made it his practice to cackle to both parties in their own sentiments." But, as to his pique against people of quality, the same journalist doth not agree, but saith (May 8, 1728) "He had, by some means or other, the acquaintance and friendship of the whole body of our nobility." However contradictory this may appear, Mr. Dennis and Gildon, in the character last cited, make it all plain, by assuring us, "That he is a creature that reconciles all contradictions; he is a beast, and a man; a whig, and a tory; a writer (at one and the same time) of Guardians and Examiners; an assertor of liberty, and of the dispensing power of kings; a jesuitical professor of truth; a base and a foul pretender to candour." So that, upon the whole account, we must conclude him either to have been a great hypocrite, or a very honest man; a terrible imposer upon both parties, or very moderate to either. Be it as to the judicious reader shall seem good. Sure it is, he is little favoured of certain authors, whose wrath is perilous for one declares he ought to have a price set on his head, and to be hunted down as a wild beast. Another protests that he does not know what may happen; advises him to insure his person; says he has bitter enemies, and expressly declares it will be well if he escapes with his life. One desires he would cut his own throat, or hang himself. But Pasquin seemed rather inclined it should be done by the government, representing him engaged in grievous designs with a lord of parliament, then under prosecution. Mr. Dennis himself hath written to a minister, that he is one of the most dangerous per 1 The names of two weekly papers. Theobald, Letter in Mist's Journal, June 22, 1728. 3 Smedley, Pref. to Gulliveriana, p. 14, 16. 4 Gulliveriana, p. 332. 5 Anno 1723. sons in this kingdom; and assureth the public, that he is an open and mortal enemy to his country; a monster, that will, one day, show as daring a soul as a mad Indian, who runs a muck to kill the first Christian he meets". Another gives information of treason discovered in his poem. Mr. Curl boldly supplies an imperfect verse with kings and princesses. And one Matthew Concanen, yet more impudent, publishes at length the two most SACRED NAMES in this nation, as members of the Dunciad to! This is prodigious! yet it is almost as strange, that in the midst of these invectives his greatest enemies have (I know not how) borne testimony to some merit in him. MR. THEOBALD, in censuring his Shakspeare, declares, "He has so great an esteem for Mr. Pope, and so high an opinion of his genius and excellencies, that, notwithstanding he professes a veneration almost rising to idolatry for the writings of this inimitable poet, he would be very loth even to do him justice, at the expense of that other gentleman's character". MR. CHARLES GILDON, after having violently attacked him in many pieces, at last came to wish from his heart, 66 That Mr. Pope would be prevailed upon to give us Ovid's Epistles by his hand, for it is certain we see the original of Sappho to Phaon with much more life and likeness in his version, than in that of Sir Car. Scrope. And this," he adds, "is the more to be wished, because in the English tongue we have scarce any thing truly and naturally written upon love1." He also, in taxing Sir Richard Blackmore for his heterodox opinions of Homer, challengeth him to answer what Mr. Pope hath said in his preface to that poet. MR. OLDMIXON calls him a great master of our tongue; declares "the purity and perfection of the English language is to be found in his Homer; and, saying there are more good verses in Dryden's Virgil than in any other work, excepts this of our author only 13" THE AUTHOR OF A LETTER TO MR. CIBBER 14 says, "Pope was so good a versifier [once] that his predecessor, Mr. Dryden, and his cotemporary, Mr. Prior, excepted, the harmony of his numbers is equal to any body's. And, that he had all the merit that a man can have that way." And 6 Anno 1729. Preface to Rem. on the Rape of the Lock, p. 12, and in the last page of that treatise. 8 Pages 6 and 7, of the Preface, by Concanen, to a book intitled, A Collection of all the Letters, Essays, Verses, and Advertisements, occasioned by Pope and Swift's Miscellanies. Printed for A. Moore, octavo, 1712. 9 Key to the Dunciad, 3d edit. p. 18. 10 A list of persons, &c. at the end of the fore-mentioned collection of all the Letters, Essays, &c. 11 Introduction to his Shakspeare Restored, in 4to, p. 3. 12 Commentary on the Duke of Buckingham's Essay, 8vo. 1721, p. 97, 98. 13 In his prose Essay on Criticism. 14 Printed by J. Roberts, 1742, p. 11. MR. THOMAS COOKE, after much blemishing our author's Homer, crieth out, "But in his other works what beauties shine! While sweetest music dwells in every line, So also one who takes the name of H. STANHOPE, the maker of certain verses to Duncan Campbell 2, in that poem, which is wholly a satire on Mr. Pope, confesseth, ""Tis true, if finest notes alone could show (Tuned justly high, or regularly low) That we should fame to these mere vocals give ; MIST'S JOURNAL, JUNE 8, 1728. Although he says, "The smooth numbers of the Dunciad are all that recommend it, nor has it any other merit;" yet that same paper hath these words: "The author is allowed to be a perfect master of an easy and elegant versification. In all his works we find the most happy turns, and natural similes, wonderfully short and thick sown." The Essay on the Dunciad, p. 25, also owns, "It is very full of beautiful images." But the panegyric, which crowns all that can be said on this poem, is bestowed by our Laureate, MR. COLLEY CIBBER, who "grants it to be a better poem of its kind than ever was writ;" but adds, "it was a victory over a parcel of poor wretches, whom it was almost cowardice to conquer.-A man might as well triumph for having killed so many silly flies that offended him. Could he have let them alone, by this time, poor souls! they had all been buried in oblivion3." Here we see our excellent Laureate allows the justice of the satire on every man in it, but himself; as the great Mr. Dennis did before him. The said MR. DENNIS, AND MR. GILDON, in the most furious of all their works (the forecited character, p. 5,) do in concert confess, 1 Battle of Poets, folio, p. 15. 2 Printed under the title of the Progress of Dulness, duodecimo, 1728. 3 Cibber's Letter to Mr. Pope, p. 9, 12. 4 Hear how Mr. Dennis hath proved our mistake in this place:-" As to my writing in concert with Mr. Gildon, I declare, upon the honour and word of a gentleman, that I never wrote so much as one line in concert with any one man whatsoever. And these two letters from Mr. Gildon will plainly show that we are not writers in concert with each other. Sir,-The height of my ambition is to please men of the best judgment, and, finding that I have entertained my master agreeably, I have the extent of the reward of my labour. Sir, I had not the opportunity of hearing of your excellent pamphlet till this day. I am infinitely satisfied and pleased with it, and hope you will meet with that encou ragement your admirable performance deserves, &c. CH. GILDON. MR. LEONARD WELSTED thus wrote to the unknown author, on the first publication of the said Essay: "I must own, after the reception which the vilest and most immoral ribaldry hath lately met with, I was surprised to see what I had long despaired, a performance deserving the name of a poet. Such, sir, is your work. It is, indeed, above all commendation, and ought to have been published in an age and country more worthy of it. If my testimony be of weight anywhere, you are sure to have it in the amplest manner," &c. &c. &c. Thus we see every one of his works hath been extolled by one or other of his most inveterate enemies; and to the success of them all they do unanimously give testimony. But it is sufficient, instar omnium, to behold the great critic, Mr. Dennis, sorely lamenting it, even from the Essay on Criticism to this day of the Dunciad! most notorious instance," quoth he, "of the depravity of genius and taste, the approbation this essay meets with.-I can safely affirm, that I never attacked any of these writings, unless they had success infinitely beyond their merit.-This, though an empty, has been a popular scribbler. The epidemic madness of the times has given him reputation". If, after the cruel treatment so many extraordinary men (Spenser, Lord Bacon, Ben Jonson, Milton, Butler, Otway, and others) have received from this country for these last hundred years, I should shift the scene, and show all that penury changed at once to riot and profuseness; and more squandered away upon one object, than would have satisfied the greater part of those extraordinary men; the reader, to whom this one creature should be unknown, would fancy him a prodigy of art and nature, would believe that all the great qualities of these persons were centred in him alone.-But if I should venture to assure him, that the PEOPLE of ENGLAND had made such a choice the reader would either believe me a malicious enemy, and slanderer; or that the reign "Now is it not plain, that any one who sends such compliments to another, has not been used to write in partnership with him to whom he sends them?"-Dennis, Rem, on the Dunciad, p. 50. Mr. Dennis is therefore welcome to take this piece to himself. 5 In a letter under his hand, dated March 12, 1733. • Dennis, Pref. to his Reflect. on the Essay on Criticism. 7 Pref. to his Rem. on Homer. of the last (queen Anne's) ministry was designed by fate to encourage fools'." But it happens, that this our poet never had any place, pension, or gratuity, in any shape, from the said glorious queen, or any of her ministers. All he owed, in the whole course of his life, to any court, was a subscription for his Homer of 2001. from king George I., and 1007. from the prince and princess. However, lest we imagine our author's success was constant and universal, they acquaint us of certain works in a less degree of repute, whereof, although owned by others, yet do they assure us he is the writer. Of this sort Mr. DENNIS2 ascribes to him two farces, whose names he does not tell, but assures us that there is not one jest in them; and an imitation of Horace, whose title he does not mention, but assures us it is much more execrable than all his works3. The DAILY JOURNAL, May 11, 1728, assures us, "He is below Tom Durfey in the drama, because (as that writer thinks) the Marriage Hater Matched, and the Boarding School, are better than the What-d'yecall-it;" which is not Mr. P.'s, but Mr. Gay's. Mr. GILDON assures us, in his New Rehearsal, p. 48, "That he was writing a play of the Lady Jane Grey;" but it afterwards proved to be Mr. Rowe's. We are assured by another, "He wrote a pamphlet, called Dr. Andrew Tripe;" which proved to be one Dr. Wagstaff's. THEOBALD assures us, in Mist of the 27th of April, "That the treatise of the Profound is very dull, and that Mr. Pope is the author of it." The writer of Gulliveriana is of another opinion; and says, "the whole, or greatest part, of the merit of this treatise must and can only be ascribed to Gulliver." [Here, gentle reader, cannot I but smile at the strange blindness and positiveness of men, knowing the said treatise to appertain to none other but to me, Martinus Scriblerus.] Mr. We are assured, in Mist's Journal of June 8, "that his own plays and farces would better have adorned the Dunciad than those of Mr. Theobald; for he had neither genius for tragedy nor comedy." Which, whether true or not, is not easy to judge, inasmuch as he hath attempted neither; unless we will take it for granted, with Mr. Cibber, that his being once very angry at hearing a friend's play abused, was an infallible proof the play was his own; the said Mr. Cibber thinking it impossible for a man to be much concerned for any but himself: "Now let any man judge," saith he, "by this concern, who was the true mother of the child 6." But from all that hath been said, the discerning reader will collect, that it little availed our author to have any candour, since, when he declared he did not write for others, it was not credited; as little to have any modesty, since, when he declined writing in any way himself, the presumption of others was imputed to him. If he singly enterprised one great work, he was taxed of boldness and madness to a prodigy": if he took assistants in another, it was complained of, and represented as a great injury to the public. The loftiest heroics, the lowest ballads, treatises against the state or church, satires on lords and ladies, raillery on wits and authors, squabbles with booksellers, or even full and true accounts of monsters, poisons, and murders; of any hereof was there nothing so good, nothing so bad, which hath not at one or other season been to him ascribed. If it bore no author's name, then lay he concealed; if it did, he fathered it upon that author to be yet better concealed: if it resembled any of his styles, then was it evident; if it did not, then disguised he it on set purpose. Yea, even direct oppositions in religion, principles, and politics, have equally been supposed in him inherent. Surely a most rare and singular character! of which let the reader make what he can. Doubtless most commentators would hence take occasion to turn all to their author's advantage, and from the testimony of his very enemies would affirm, that his capacity was boundless, as well as his imagination; that he was a perfect master of all styles, and all arguments; and that there was in those times no other writer, in any kind, of any degree of excellence, save he himself. But as this is not our own sentiment, we shall determine on nothing; but leave thee, gentle reader, to steer thy judgment equally between various opinions, and to choose whether thou wilt incline to the testimonies of authors avowed, or of authors concealed; of those who knew him, or of those who knew him not. MARTINUS SCRIBLERUS, OF THE POEM. THIS poem, as it celebrateth the most grave and ancient of things, Chaos, Night, and Dulness; so is it of the most grave and ancient kind. Homer, saith Aristotle, was the first who gave the form, and, saith Horace, who adapted the measure, to heroic poesy. But even before this, may be rationally presumed from what the ancients have left written, was a piece by Homer composed, of like nature and matter with this of our poet; for of epic sort it appeareth to have been, yet of matter surely not unpleasant, witness what is reported of it by the learned Archbishop Eustathius, in Odyss. x. And accordingly Aristotle, in his Poetic, chap. iv., doth further set forth, that as the Iliad and Odyssey gave example to tragedy, so did this poem to comedy its first idea. From these authors also it should seem that the hero, or chief personage of it, was no less obscure, and his understanding and sentiments no less quaint and strange (if indeed not more so) than any of the actors of our poem. MARGITES was the name of this personage, whom Antiquity recordeth to have been Dunce the first; and surely from what we hear of him, not unworthy to be the root of so spreading a tree, and so numerous a posterity. The poem therefore celebrating him, was properly and absolutely a Dunciad; which, though now unhappily lost, yet is its nature sufficiently known by the infallible tokens aforesaid. And thus it doth appear that the first Dunciad was the 8 The London and Mist's Journals, on his undertaking of the Odyssey. first epic poem, written by Homer himself, and anterior even to the Iliad or Odyssey. Now, forasmuch as our poet had translated those two famous works of Homer which are yet left, he did conceive it in some sort his duty to imitate that also which was lost; and was therefore induced to bestow on it the same form which Homer's is reported to have had, namely, that of epic poem, with a title also framed after the ancient Greek manner, to wit, that of Dunciad. Wonderful it is that so few of the moderns have been stimulated to attempt some Dunciad! since, in the opinion of the multitude, it might cost less pain and oil than an imitation of the greater epic. But possible it is also, that, on due reflection, the maker might find it easier to paint a Charlemagne, a Brute, or a Godfrey, with just pomp and dignity heroic, than a Margites, a Codrus, or a Fleckno. We shall next declare the occasion and the cause which moved our poet to this particular work. He lived in those days when (after Providence had permitted the invention of printing as a scourge for the sins of the learned) paper also became so cheap, and printers so numerous, that a deluge of authors covered the land; whereby not only the peace of the honest unwriting subject was daily molested, but unmerciful demands were made of his applause, yea, of his money, by such as would neither earn the one, nor deserve the other. At the same time the licence of the press was such, that it grew dangerous to refuse them either; for they would forthwith publish slanders unpunished, the authors being anonymous, and skulking under the wings of publishers-a set of men who never scrupled to vend either calumny or blasphemy, as long as the town would call for it. Now our author, living in those times, did conceive it an endeavour well worthy an honest satirist to dissuade the dull, and punish the wicked, the only way that was left. In that public-spirited, view he laid the plan of this poem, as the greatest | service he was capable (without much hurt, or being slain) to render his dear country. First, taking things from their original, he considereth the causes creative of such authors, namely, dulness and poverty; the one born with them, the other contracted by neglect of their proper talents, through self-conceit of greater abilities. This truth he wrappeth in an allegory, (as the construction of epic poesy requireth) and feigns that one of these goddesses had taken up her abode with the other, and that they jointly inspired all such writers and such works. He proceedeth to show the qualities they bestow on these authors, and the effects they produce; then the materials, or stock, with which they furnish them; and, above all, that self-opinion which causeth it to seem to themselves vastly greater than it is, and is the prime motive of their setting up in this sad and sorry merchandise. The great power of these goddesses acting in alliance (whereof as the one is the mother of industry, so is the other of plodding) was to be exemplified in some one great and remarkable action; and none could be more so than that which our poet hath chosen, viz. the restoration of the reign of Chaos and Night, by the ministry of Dulness, their daughter, in the removal of her imperial seat from the city to the polite world; as the action of the Eneid is the restoration of the empire of Troy, by the removal of the race from thence to Latium. But as Homer singing only the wrath of Achilles, yet includes in his poem the whole history of the Trojan war, in like manner our author hath drawn into this single action the whole history of Dulness and her children. A person must next be fixed upon to support this action. This phantom in the poet's mind must have a names: he finds it to be - and he becomes of course the hero of the poem. The fable being thus, according to the best example, one and entire, as contained in the proposition; the machinery is a continued chain of allegories, setting forth the whole power, ministry, and empire of Dulness, extended through her subordinate instruments, in all her various operations. This is branched into episodes, each of which hath its moral apart, though all conducive to the main end. The crowd assembled in the second book demonstrates the design to be more extensive than to bad poets only, and that we may expect other episodes of the patrons, encouragers, or paymasters of such authors, as occasion shall bring them forth. And the third book, if well considered, seemeth to embrace the whole world. Each of the games relateth to some or other vile class of writers. The first concerneth the Plagiary, to whom he giveth the name of Moore; the second, the libellous Novellist, whom he styleth Eliza ; the third, the flattering Dedicator; the fourth, the bawling Critic, or noisy Poet; the fifth, the dark and dirty Party-writer; and so of the rest: assigning to each some proper name or other, such as he could find. As for the characters, the public hath already acknowledged how justly they are drawn: the manners are so depicted, and the sentiments so peculiar to those to whom applied, that surely to transfer them to any other or wiser personages, would be exceeding difficult: and certain it is, that every person concerned, being consulted apart, hath readily owned the resemblance of every portrait, his own excepted. So Mr. Cibber calls them, "a parcel of poor wretches, so many silly flies ":" but adds, "our author's wit is remarkably more bare and barren, whenever it would fall foul on Cibber, than upon any other person whatever." The descriptions are singular, the comparisons very quaint, the narration various, yet of one colour: the purity and chastity of diction is so preserved, that in the places most suspicious, not the words, but only the images have been censured, and yet are those images no other than have been sanctified by ancient and classical authority, (though, as was the manner of those good times, not so curiously wrapped up) yea, and commented upon by most grave doctors, and approved critics. As it beareth the name of epic, it is thereby subjected to such severe indispensable rules as 8 Bossu, chap. viii. Vide Aristot. Poetic, cap. ix. 9 Cibber's Letter to Mr. P. pag. 9, 12, 41. are laid on all neoterics, a strict imitation of the ancients; insomuch, that any deviation, accompanied with whatever poetic beauties, hath always been censured by the sound critic. How exact that imitation hath been in this piece, appeareth not only by its general structure, but by particular allusions infinite, many whereof have escaped both the commentator and poet himself; yea, divers by his exceeding diligence are so altered and interwoven with the rest, that several have already been, and more will be, by the ignorant abused, as altogether and originally his own, In a word, the whole poem proveth itself to be the work of our Author, when his faculties were in fall vigour and perfection; at that exact time when years have ripened the judgment, without diminishing the imagination: which, by good critics, is held to be punctually at forty. For at that season it was that Virgil finished his Georgies; and Sir Richard Blackmore at the like age composing his Arthurs, declared the same to be the very acme and pitch of life for epic poesy: though since he hath altered it to sixty, the year in which he published his Alfred1. True it is, that the talents for criticism, namely, smartness, quick censure, vivacity of remark, certainty of asseveration; indeed, all but acerbity, seem rather the gifts of youth than of riper age. But it is far otherwise in poetry; witness the works of Mr. Rymer and Mr. Dennis, who, beginning with criticism, became afterwards such poets as no age hath paralleled. With good reason, therefore, did our author choose to write his Essay on that subject at twenty, and reserve for his maturer years this great and wonderful work of the Dunciad. RICARDUS ARISTARCHUS OF THE HERO OF THE POEM. Of the nature of Dunciad in general, whence derived, and on what authority founded, as well as of the art and conduct of this our poem in particular, the learned and laborious Scriblerus hath, according to his manner, and with tolerable share of judgment, dissertated. But when he cometh to speak of the person of the hero fitted for such poem; in truth he miserably halts and hallucinates. For misled by one Monsieur Bossu, a Gallic critic, he prateth of I cannot tell what phantom of a hero, only raised up to support the fable. A putrid conceit! as if Homer and Virgil, like modern undertakers, who first build their house and then seek out for a tenant, had contrived the story of a war and a wandering, before they once thought either of Achilles or Æneas. We shall therefore set our good brother and the world also right in this particular, by giving our word, that in the greater epic, the prime invention of the muse is to exalt heroic virtue, in order to propagate the love of it among the children of men; and consequently that the poet's first thought must needs be turned upon a real subject meet for laud and celebration; not one whom he is to make, but one whom he may find, truly il lustrious. This is the primum mobile of his poetic 1 See his Essays. world, whence every thing is to receive life and motion. For this subject being found, he is immediately ordained, or rather acknowledged, a hero, and put upon such action as befitteth the dignity of his character. But the muse ceases not here her eagle-flight. Sometimes, satiated with the contemplation of these suns of glory, she turneth downward on her wing, and darts like lightning on the goose and serpent kind. For we may apply to the muse in her various moods, what an ancient master of wisdom affirmeth of the gods in general: Si dii non irascuntur impiis et injustis, nec pios utique justosque diligunt. In rebus enim diversis, aut in utramque partem moveri necesse est, aut in neutram. Itaque qui bonos diligit, et malos odit; et qui malos non odit, nec bonos diligit. Quia et diligere bonos ex odio malorum venit; et malos odisse ex bonorum caritate descendit. Which in the vernacular idiom may be thus interpreted: "If the gods be not provoked at evil men, neither are they delighted with the good and just. For contrary objects must either excite contrary affections, or no affections at all. So that he who loveth good men, must at the same time hate the bad; and he who hateth not bad men, cannot love the good; because to love good men proceedeth from an aversion to evil, and to hate evil men from a tenderness to the good." From this delicacy of the muse arose the little epic, (more lively and choleric than her elder sister, whose bulk and complexion incline her to the flegmatic) and for this some notorious vehicle of vice and folly was sought out, to make thereof an example. An early instance of which, (nor could it escape the accurate Scriblerus) the father of epic poem himself affordeth us. From him the practice descended to the Greek dramatic poets, his offspring; who, in the composition of their tetralogy, or set of four pieces, were wont to make the last a satiric tragedy. Happily one of these ancient Dunciads (as we may well term it) is come down to us amongst the tragedies of Euripides. And what doth the reader think may be the subject? Why truly, and it is worth his observation, the unequal contention of an old, dull, debauched, buffoon Cyclops, with the heaven-directed favourite of Minerva; who after having quietly borne all the monster's obscene and impious ribaldry, endeth the farce in punishing him with the mark of an indelible brand in his forehead. May we not then be excused, if for the future we consider the epics of Homer, Virgil, and Milton, together with this last worthily holdeth the place or station of the our poem, as a complete tetralogy, in which the satiric piece? Proceed we therefore in our subject. It hath been long, and, alas for pity! still remaineth a question, whether the hero of the greater epic should be an honest man? or, as the French critics express it, un honnête homme 2; but it never admitted of any doubt but that the hero of the little epic should not be so. Hence, to the advantage of our Dunciad, we may observe how much juster the moral of that poem must needs be, where so important a question is previously decided. But then it is not every knave, nor (let me add) 2 Si un héros poëtique doit être un honnéte homme. Bossu, du Poème Epique, liv. v. ch. 5. |