his wages at night, and knows what he has done, whilst we worry ourselves to death all the year round, only to receive a few oaths in the way of thanks at the end of it," and "at best one is only a wheel of the big drilling machine"-where all sorts of men and characters are shaped to the same end, naturally the ideals fade into mere figures of speech, and men grow pessimistic if they think at all. In the story of this young Lieutenant from the time he joins the service until his downfall by debt, which came from the false standards of living prescribed by army life, the hopelessness of the struggle forces itself on us. It is written honestly and truly from the every-day military experience, and to every word there is "hung a drop of his heart's blood, joining them all together into one word, which passed sentences of death on a world of ideals, hopes and joys."

and bear it." "Grinning," she says naively, "isn't such a bad way of getting through this vale of tears.' But as one reads on, it is rather the story of many eccentric characters, chiefly of an oddity in the way of an aunt who smokes innumerable cigarettes, wears impossible clothes, and who for some reason (left to the imagination of the reader), has an insane fear of dogs. She has, however, a caustic and biting wit, and is by no means so disagreeable to read about, as she undoubtedly would be to meet.

The usual "land problems" play their share in the narrative. The pretty governess refuses an eligible parti in one chapter and marries him in the next, which leaves one a little confused. Indeed, marriage and the evident unpardonable crime of being in danger of becoming "an old maid" occupy much of the space allotted to the story. The title seems a little irrelevant, but that is a detail. The story is one that the reader follows through the intricate chapters to the very end, sometimes even going back and rereading; this often, however, to be quite certain as to "where one is at" in the story. With all its intricacies, the story has an undeniable charm, an undoubted interest, and the characters are depicted with a force so real that one constantly feels while perusing the pages that there is scarce one of them, albeit perhaps (and only perhaps) the pretty governess, whom one would care to know personally, in real life.

B. J. ROTART.

patriotic societies and organizations for being formed from time to time. The apthe preservation of sites and relics that are pearance, then, of Miss McClellan's book is quite timely. Upon a historical background, lightly sketched, connecting the early colonies with the mother country, we have a series of pictures of great value in the description of the dress of all classes of people, high and low, during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, i. e., from 1607 to 1801. There is also a short introductory chapter upon the dress of the Spanish and French settlers in America.

The costumes of these adventurers and settlers of an earlier period than the English settlements were exceedingly picturesque, as may be seen from the pictures of Murillo, Velasquez and other Spanish painters.

Miss McClellan's descriptions are most admirably set off by the skilful and beautiful illustrations by Miss Sophie B. Steel. Many of them are reproductions in color from the garments themselves, precious heirlooms lent by descendants of the original owners; others are reproductions of articles in the museums of Independence Hall, Memorial Hall, Stenton, the National Museum, Washington, and other museums in New England. Still others are copied from contemporary portraits of Colonial and Revolutionary worthies; while others represent costumes in the pictures of Sir Joshua Reynolds, Benjamin West, Copley, Hogarth and Hollar, as the styles in England would be the ones brought over for use and wear in the colonies.

It is to be noted that the costumes described and illustrated are not those only of the higher classes, but of workmen and workwomen. The dress of the clergy of all denominations, of Judges, Chief Justices of the United States, and lawyers, of the military are all depicted here, so that the volume will prove a most useful one for purposes of historical reference.

There are copious extracts from letters, journals and annals. Some of the most. interesting of these are from Washington's own letters, giving minute directions for the clothing of the Custis children, and orders for his servants' clothes, as well as those for himself and Lady Washington, showing that he had a careful regard for the decorous in all the relations of life.

Judging from the materials and the gay colors worn by the gentlemen in those days, even when the conditions of life in a new country were harder and more restrictive than now, one must conclude that the ladies were not the only ones given over to the sin of vanity. But what a loss of picturesqueness do we suffer!

In these old records we come quite frequently across the word "genteel" in such ill repute now, for some reason or other. "Quitasol" is another odd word; it is not likely to be found in the dictionary.

Again let it be said, here is a truly notable volume, creditable to author and illustrator for their part, and to publishers for giving their work such an effective setting. M. L.

The Wars of Religion*

TH

HE third volume of the "Cambridge. Modern History," issued under this title, covers the period which extends from about the middle of the sixteenth to the end of the first quarter of the seventeenth century. It was primarily a period of strife, caused by religious unrest on the one hand and political ambition expressed in the principles of monarchy and visibly affected by the emergence of the idea of the modern State on the other. Behind the turmoil and armed conflict which made the States of Europe a camp for practically all of this time, there were in active operation certain spiritual and intellectual forces which indicate the trend of history as much as the purely military and political events. The present volume, therefore, is concerned with the various aspects of the period treated, and due attention is given to the development of society, literature and philosophy.

The book is divided into twenty-two chapters, contributed by sixteen different. authors. It is, perhaps, superfluous to say that each of these writers is an acknowledged authority in his special subject. Most of the names are well-known on this side the Atlantic, and a glance at the table of contents fills the reader with anticipations of scholarship and painstaking investigation, which a perusal of the volume will show to be well-founded. The editors announce the deaths of two of their contributors, Mr. T. G. Law and Professor S. R. Gardiner, which occurred, as the public knows, before the appearance of this volume. The loss of Professor Gardiner is especially to be regretted, as his work on the history of the seventeenth century England has been of invaluable service to students the world over.

Beginning with the first chapter, entitled "The Wars of Religion in France," written by Prof. A. J. Butler, who also is the

*THE CAMBRIDGE MODERN HISTORY. Volume III. The Wars of Religion. The Macmillan Co.

author of the chapter dealing with the close of the Italian Renaissance, the several divisions of the book are as follows: Mr. A. A. Tilley writes of "French Humanism and Montaigne;" Mr. R. Nisbet Bain of "The Catholic Reaction and the Valois and Bathory Elections in Poland;" while Dr. Moritz Brosch describes "The Height of the Ottoman Power." One of the editors, Dr. A. W. Ward, has prepared two excellent studies respectively entitled "The Empire under Ferdinand I and Maximilian II" and "The Empire under Rudolf II." Three chapters dealing with the Netherlands have been prepared by the Rev. George Edmundson and go over the ground which Motley made classic. These chapters treat of the revolt of the Netherlands, the career of William the Silent, the history of the Dutch Republic down to the death of Maurice of Orange, in 1625. The perplexing and fascinating story of Mary Stuart is ably dealt with by the late Thomas Graves Law. The days of the great Elizabeth call for three chapters, the first of of which recounts "The Elizabethan Naval War with Spain," written by J. K. Laughton, and the two last by that expert critic of literature, Mr. Sidney Lee, who writes of "The Last Years of Elizabeth" and "The Elizabethan Age of English Literature." The affairs of Tuscany and Savoy require a chapter written by E. Armstrong, of Queen's College, Oxford; while Count Ugo Balzani has prepared an excellent study of the State of Rome under Sixtus V. Martin Hume, whose wide and exact knowledge of Spanish history has made his name familiar to

two continents, contributes respective chapters on "Spain under Philip II" and "Philip III." The division occupied with the general subject of "Britain under James I" was properly entrusted to the late S. R. Gardiner, whose immense knowledge of the subject is apparent on every page that came from his pen. "Ireland to the Settlement of Ulster" is credited to Mr. R. Dunlop, and Prof. Stanley Leathes writes of the history of Henry IV of France. The concluding section is from the pen of Rev. J. Neville Figgis, and is a study of the political thought of the sixteenth century.

From the foregoing recital of the topics embraced in this volume, some idea of its nature and scope can be obtained. Another notable feature is the comprehensive and carefully arranged bibliography which accompanies the work. A glance through the list of titles shows that every authority of any value has been given a place in this very valuable list of books. The editors announce in their preface that it is the intention of the Syndics of the University Press, upon the completion of Vol. XII, to issue two more volumes, one of maps, the other containing genealogies, and other auxiliary information, together with a general index to the entire work.

The importance of the work planned by Lord Acton becomes clearer with the publication of each volume.

ment of first-class scholarship, of tireless investigation, of the combined efforts of many trained minds to search out the truth, the "Cambridge Modern History" easily takes its place in the first rank of the achievements of modern historical literaALBERT S. HENRY.

ture.

I

Imported Americans* MMIGRATION from the viewpoint of the "imported Americans" themselves is here considered in a portly volume, profusely illustrated. Attention is focused upon Italy, since that country sends to this three times more emigrants than any other community. The author and his wife investigated the "raw material" of future citizenship in New York, in the home land. Hindrances to prosin the steerage going and returning, and perity on the other side, political, social and ecclesiastical, are ventilated; the impetus given by Italian police to departing criminals is exposed; and suggestions are gleaned for the more satisfactory employment of aliens once they have passed Ellis Island. A chapter is added from official reports on our present system of legislation and its evasion.

Mr. Brandenburg's remedy is briefly put: "Last year we turned back 20,000. They should never have been allowed to

*IMPORTED AMERICANS. By Broughton Brandenburg. With 66 illustrations from photographs by the author. Frederick A. Stokes Company.

I

Thomas Moore*

T would not be true to say that Tom Moore's poems are no longer read. Many of us do read them, and with pleasure, too. But, for the most part, the poetry that the witty Irishman produced is no longer the fashion, and we do not now regard him, even for his own generation, as a star of the first magnitude. In fact, the fame of Moore now suffers from depreciation, and unjustly so, as Mr. Stephen Gwynn points out in his excellent little book on the author of "Lalla Rookh.” We have, perhaps, relegated Moore to the class of idle singers of an empty day. We remember a few sparkling lyrics; we remember also that their author once had a great vogue; was à pet of society; that Byron esteemed him highly; but after all he came before Browning.

Mr. Gwynn reminds us that Moore was something else besides a mere idol of the drawing room. He tells in an interesting fashion the story of the poet's career, showing us the man behind the veil of a dazzling popularity. Tom Moore was eminently a social animal; but he had traits of sturdy independence which amaze one, in view of Byron's celebrated saying that "Tommy dearly loved a lord." One feels grateful to Mr. Gwynn for insisting that Moore must not be looked upon as a mere fop of Georgian days, with the gift of light and luscious verse. It is well to remember that with all his fondness for

*THOMAS MOORE. By Stephen Gwynn. English Men of Letters Series. The Macmillan Co.

what is called "society" Moore had an honorable record in his domestic life; we are not required to plead "genius" for unlovely infirmities of temper, and if anything were required to keep his memory sweet and fresh with lovers of poetry, surely the pathos of his declining years will lend consecration to the name of Thomas Moore.

A last chapter of this well-written little. study is devoted by our author to a general appreciation of his subject. The criticism deals partly with Moore's personality, partly with his literary work. One can find very little to controvert in Mr. Gwynn's views. The tone throughout is sound and sane. Our author points out the mastery which Moore shows over metre, and how, in his finest lyrics, the poet has caught the peculiarity of the distinctively Irish metres, which is, says Mr. Gwynn, "the dragging, wavering cadence that half baulks the ear," and which no English poet has caught. On the other hand, Moore wrote constantly with the view of setting his verse to music, and this, in the opinion of his biographer, worked injury to his poems. The poet was forced, by this practice, to a strict economy of ideas; his method was to expand, not condense, his meaning, and, moreover, he had not the faculty of dealing with the simplest emotions freed from the taint of rhetoric. Beautiful as many of Moore's lyrics are, there can be no doubt but that the constant tricks of rhetoric employed weary the reader and give rise to a feeling of artificiality, sometimes of insincerity. Moore cannot, as Mr. Gwynn says, be put in the first rank of lyrists, but some of his work must always be included in an anthology of English poetry. His biographer notes the fact that Moore and Goldsmith appeal more strongly to the mass of the people than any of the poets.

Brief as this biography is, it will be of service to students of literature who wish a scholarly introduction to a poet who now seems old-fashioned, and who presents few, if any, "problems" for the enthusiast to solve. For the general reader, the volume will be found excellent in matter and manner. In writing of Moore, Mr. Gwynn has chosen a subject for which he is peculiarly adapted by sympathy, insight and knowledge. ALBERT S. HENRY.

I'

The Soil*

T has been said that if man were fed scientifically the length of his life would be greatly increased. To do this, however, the soil must first be developed to its utmost, and so we have our agricultural schools and colleges. "The Soil," a book by A. D. Hall, of England, is a practical study of the soil, and the development of crops. It is designed especially for use in schools and colleges as a textbook, but is not too scientific to be understood by the average farmer, and would prove useful to gardeners as well.

Although treating particularly of English soil, there is but little in the book that cannot be applied, with equal advantage, to American soil. There is a history of the origin of soil from rocks, which is very interesting. There are also chapters treating of the testing of soils and their fertilizing for certain crops.

There is much to be learned from the book, and it will prove invaluable to the farmer or gardener who feels that acres should yield far better crops, both in quantity and quality. C. E. B.

IT

Pathfinders of the West+ T grows easy in these days of documentary research for us to learn to reconstruct considerable sections of our historical knowledge. "Pathfinders of the West," by Agnes Č. Laut, is a revision of American history somewhat large in its import the author asks us to substitute for three names of encyclopædic authenticity Marquette, Jolliet and La Sallethe names of two others, forgotten up to twenty years ago, discredited, unrewarded, yet discoverers of the great Northwest,Sieur Pierre Esprit Radisson and Sieur Medard Chouart Groseillers.

The author of the book defends with some heat the honor of these names, and offers as evidence of her claims the rather

astonishing results of her assuredly painstaking research. Her authorities are the journals of Radisson himself, in the possession of the library of the British Mu

*THE SOIL. By A. D. Hall, M. A. Illustrated. E. P. Dutton & Co., New York. PATHFINDERS OF THE WEST. By Agnes C. Laut. Illustrated. The Macmillian Co.

The date of Radisson's and Groseiller's passage of the Upper Mississippi, "now for the first time seen by white men," is established as 1659, ten years before the date of Jolliet and Pere Marquette, twenty before that of La Salle. As the evidence thereof is difficult to controvert, one is obliged, with the author, to fall back upon tales of personal jealousy, of national cupidity and fraud, to account for such blackening and obliterating of pioneer fame.

Radisson made five voyages of exploration; on the third of these it was that, accompanied by his brother-in-law, Groseillers, he crossed the Mississippi. The narrative of these voyages, from the explorer's youth to his obscure death, is quite fully related, and is of undoubted interest to more minds than that of the trained historian. This relation is not, however, the complete scope of the book, whose latter half covers the amazing journey of La Verendrye to the Rockies, the voyage of Samuel Hearne to the Arctic Circle, and the crossing of the Rockies, to the northward by Alexander Mackenzie, in the Columbia region by Lewis and Clark. It is, of course, the first half of the book that has for its object a change in our textbooks of American history. H. T. P.

The Garden of Years*

G

ENERAL readers scarcely remember, perhaps, that the late Guy Wetmore Carryl was a poet as well as a novelist. As Mr. Stedman, who writes the very appreciative introduction to this volume, seems to think, Carryl would probably have been a poet had he never tried his hand and that with success, at writing fiction. His humorous verse met with popularity during his lifetime; it is safe to say that the verses of more serious character, which he contributed from time to time to the magazines, met with little

*THE GARDEN OF YEARS AND OTHER POEMS. By Guy Wetmore Carryl. With a frontispiece by Maxfield Parrish. G. P. Putnam's Sons.