propensities," says he," consist of intra-cranial, and extra-cranial nervous systems, forming sympathetic organs; so that when the nervous systems of the propensities are in a state of action in the brain, the corresponding visceral nervous systems are in a state of sympathetic activity. In like manner, when the visceral nervous systems are excited first, their action produces sympathetic activity in the corresponding cerebral nervous systems. But as the viscera are not multiplied in proportion to the number of the propensities, we cannot say that each instinct has appropriated to it a corresponding nervous system. The propensities, then, it may be said, act upon the viscera generally; one more, another less; but each in a different peculiar manner. Thus, in all the emotions we experience, some are accompanied with some sensation of the heart; others, of the stomach; others, of the lungs, of the intestines, of the liver, and so forth." From analyses of the functions of various organs which we have made, and from others by which M. Broussais has succeeded in tracing them to their ultimate source, we have long been inclined to indulge the opinion, that the primitive function of all the organs is purely physical and corporeal, and that what are called the mental phenomena, are mere results of the physical; their sublimation producing that state of consciousness which is necessary to such a cerebral action as . will effect the discharge of the appropriate physical, or corporeal function. Thus, depress greatly the faculty of Hope, and the process of circulation, and consequently, digestion, will be impeded and imperfectly performed. On the other hand, abuse the digestive and circulating organs, and depression of spirits, despair, and suicide, are the consequence. The mental action is a mere result of the sublimation of the corporeal action, part and parcel of it exalted and refined. If a man have no Hope, he will die of imperfect circulation and digestion; if these latter cease, he has no Hope. They are, as it were, the opposite ends of the rod, but connected by continuation. What, then, becomes of all the objections of anti-phrenologists against the proposition, that the cerebellum is the organ of the propensity of Amativeness, founded upon the experiments of Flourens and Magendie, who, upon removing part of the cerebellum in rabbits and pigeons, found that the animals experienced an irresistible tendency to run, walk, or swim backwards, and thence concluded that the function of these parts was to perform muscular movements? It is contended, that as we find in nature one organ does not discharge two functions, and as the cerebellum is here monopolised in the duty of performing muscular evolutions, it cannot be the organ of a mental faculty. But if the consciousness of an emotion be nothing more than the sublimated action and result of the discharge of the corporeal function, there is nothing in this objection. The facts stated by these physiologists, are rather a corroboration of the Phrenological opinion as to the function of the cerebellum. The natural language of this organ is manifested by throwing the head backwards. Epilepsy, which is the frequent result of abuse of the propensity, uniformly throws the head back, and produces violent muscular action. M. Broussais, in the course of his professional practice, found an individual in whom the propensity was in a state of too great activity, who complained of an irresistible tendency to fall back. wards. It has been very properly said, that if the cerebellum be the organ of muscular movements, the command over, and power of these, should be greater in persons in whom it was most largely developed. But, says M. Broussais, "Jái des preuves trés positives, que des hommes á gros cervelet peuvent etre extremement maladroits."

We have already said, that this organ is as large as the aggregate of the average of six others. Its power is, of course, in proportion great, not only in the manifestation of the individual faculty, but also in the effect of the action of such a mass of brain on the rest of the cerebral convolutions. Its fibres originate in what are called the corpora restiformia of the cervical tissue, as do those also of the other animal propensities. These fibres likewise pass through the optic thalami, and connect this organ with the nerves of sight. The organs of the other propensities are also situated round the cerebellum, and when it is stimulated, partake of the excitement. This anatomical connection of the organ with the nerves of sight will explain the proposition of the poet, that "Love has eyes." It may also account for the blindness which is produced by gross sensuality. Many cases have occurred wherein the right or left hemisphere of the cerebellum alone has diminished greatly in size, and produced blindness in the corresponding eye. Mankind," says Dr. Gall," have in all ages been much struck with the singular change which takes place in the whole

character, in the sudden transition which occurs from childhood into youth. The eyes become more brilliant, the looks more expressive, the carriage possesses more confidence, and both sexes, for the first time, experience an inexplicable and infantine melancholy. They find themselves elevated by the sentiment which governs them, above the ideal and what they could have conceived of perfection." "But it has been altogether omitted to consider the brain in connection with this phenomenon, whose different organs acquire at the very same period a great additional developement and activity. This is the only reason why the young man and maiden cease to be children, and why the moral and intellectual powers are manifested with so much greater energy."

The effect of this organ is, when large, to stimulate the whole brain to a much greater extent by its intensity of action, than if it were dormant, and consequently, to make the character more determinate and prominent, by producing manifestations of the faculties commensurate with the size and superinduced activity of the organs. Broussais has propounded the doctrine, that the cerebellum in itself performs a mere muscular animal function; and that it produces passion, and the character of the passion, purely by stimulating the brain proper, or the other faculties, to recognise objects which are related to it, and to treat them as these faculties suggest. The activity. of this organ, therefore, is the activity of the entire brain. If the developement of the faculties be good, it makes the individual better, by bringing his virtues into action; if it be bad, it of course makes his bad passions worse, by an access of intensity.

The organs of Destructiveness, Combativeness, and Secretiveness, immediately adjoin the cerebellum, and where these are large, and the moral sentiments and intellect not in proportion, the inevitable consequence is, an excitement of these by sympathy, without the introduction of any countervailing check. Its connection with Combativeness and Destructiveness is illustrated in the actions of the lower animals. It is most largely developed in the males, and accordingly, if we compare the bull with the ox or cow, the ram with the wedder or ewe, the stag with the doe, the horse with the mare, we see that the former far exceed the latter in ferocity; while, at the season when they choose their mates, they are engaged in interminable battles. This even extends to the objects of their choice, for in their very courtships there is a mimetic war and anger. So, "nippin and scartin's Scotch folk's wooin," has become an adage. Lovers' quarrels are as common as love itself. Byron well says—

"Love was the very root of the fond rage
Which blighted their life's bloom."

Abandoned sensual characters are remarkable for their contentious spirit and ungovernable temper. Thus, Mary Macinnes was hanged for murder; and M. Gottfreide, falling in love with two other persons, poisoned her husband, to become the wife of one of them.

Nero, whom Suetonius describes as cervice obesa, wished that the Roman people had but one neck, to anihilate them with one blow. It is said, too, that

"Nero fiddled when Rome was burning."

While Caligula was admiring a beautiful lady, he at the same time experienced an irresistible desire to cut off her head. Byron describes the love-sick sultana, as “like a beautiful embodied storm." Indeed, unless there exist countervailing organs of moral sentiments, to which this organ adds new lustre, history tells us, that the effect of its activity is to make the passively bad actively criminal and cruel. It stimulates the organ of Secretiveness, and thus produces an accession of modesty, delicacy, and refinement. When bad principles have undermined this, the Secretiveness which produced modesty excites cunning.

This organ is also in the vicinity of Philoprogenitiveness, Adhesiveness, and Concentrativeness, and, by a wise provision of nature, is framed to stimulate these organs to effect the bond of marriage-to produce social attachment in the spouses, and an abiding love for the pledges of their mutual affection.

Combined in large endowment with powerful moral sentiments and domestic feelings, it becomes a noble, heroic, pure, and elevating passion. It acts, and is reacted upon by those feelings, so as by their mutual agency to exalt and refine the whole heart and to sublimate the entire character. It inspires a self-devotion and a selfsacrifice-a love of the domestic hearth and the beings that surround it, that stamps the value upon the most acred relations of life.

This organ, producing an influence on the other sentiments and feelings, exerts a quiet, insensible, unobtrusive effect upon the general intercourse betwixt the sexes in ordinary society, which is the cause of much genuine kindliness in their mutual conduct. Before it exists, the rudeness, harshness, and even cruelty of boys towards girls, is subject of easy observation. Dr. Carpenter, in his life of Rammohun Roy, who possessed a large endowment of Amativeness, combined with the utmost elevation and purity of mind, observes, "his enlarged and benignant spirit, the tenderness and purity of his own heart, the maternal love which he had experienced, and the influences of that soothing kindness which he had received from the women of Thibet, when he was separated from the endearments of home, aided, I repeat it, to produce on his mind those sentiments of respect for woman in her domestic, and social, and moral relations, which entirely raised him above the narrow and degrading views entertained of the female sex by his countrymen in general, and which led him to contribute in various ways to the just appreciation of them, and to their protection from the sordid purposes and superstitious zeal of those who degraded them by debasing rites and practices, and condemned them to self-immolation. He regarded woman, whether considered as an intellectual or a spiritual being, as fitted by natural powers and capacities to be the companion, the friend, and the helper of man." He was the principal instrument in procuring the abolition of the burning of widows. Dr. Spurzheim well remarks, that in the lower animals males are kinder to females than to those of their own sex. This is particularly the case with the horse and dog. Fathers are more commonly attached to daughters than to sons, mothers to sons than to daughters. The same remark applies to servants.

A large endowment of this organ is necessary to the poet or painter who treats of subjects of love. Indeed, it produces the sense of personal beauty. Boys and old men have a much smaller appreciation of excellence of form, than those in whom the organ is active. Portrait-painters of small Amativeness do not succeed in female portraits nearly so well as those in whom it is large. It is probable that the variation in the standard of taste on this subject, may arise from the degree of endowment wherein the other faculties are developed. The person of small Amativeness will dislike females of the description mentioned by Milton,

"Heaven in her eye,

In every gesture dignity and love."

It is singular that Milton, whose Self-Esteem was enormous, here speaks of dignity as an essential of beauty. The soft, gentle, confiding damsel," of spirit so still and quiet, that her motion blushed at herself," may be admired by the man of large Benevolence, Veneration, and Secretiveness, and so forth.

Gall notices a madness caused by this organ, which is well described by Shakspeare:

"And he, repulsed (a short tale to make),
Fell into a sadness; then into a fast;
Thence to a watch; thence into a weakness;
Thence to a lightness; and by this declension,
Into the madness wherein now he raves.'

It also produces furious mania, both in the human species and in the lower creation.
The elephant at Exeter 'Change had to be shot on this account.

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By the politeness of Baron Larrey," says Dr. Gall, "I have seen a soldier in whom antipathy to the other sex had degenerated into absolute madness. The very sight of a female threw him into violent convulsions, and drove him into rabid mania. Dr. Spurzheim saw an example of a similar phenomenon in England. In both, the cerebellum was almost wanting altogether." "It has been objected to this," says he," that the absence of an organ can never produce its opposite. But is the stomach not a case in point? It is not the organ of appetite, and yet is it not true, that a derangement of its functions produces an aversion to all kinds of food?"*

* We do not acquiesce in this reasoning. The food is rejected, not from aversion to it, but simply from inability to digest it. Aversion towards women, is not, in our opinion, produced by small Amativeness, but by the deficiency of that organ producing an absence of inclination for the sex, and a want of any countercheck to the action of antipathetic organs. This is the more evident from some of the cases mentioned by Dr. Gall, wherein persons were married and had children, who declared that they never knew what it was to experience the slightest emotions of love. Did an absence of the organ produce antipathy or mania, such results ought certainly to have occurred in these instances.

Besides the many forms of mania produced by the excessive size and activity of this organ, some are the result of its necessary sympathy with other parts of the system. Physicians are perfectly aware of the many cases of insanity, which result from the maternal state supervening. They are all accompanied by undue excitement of those organs of Secretiveness, Combativeness, Destructiveness, and Alimentiveness, which we have remarked as being excited by this organ. This is manifested by sullen disobedience, the effect of Combativeness; an inclination to injure and even kill those around them; great suspicion, especially relative to the subject of Alimentiveness, that the food is poisoned; and the direction of the Destructiveness is to the neighbouring region of Philoprogenitiveness and Adhesiveness; the hatred being greatest towards husband and children.

When all arguments of a moral kind have failed to induce persons to moderate the exercise of this organ, those of a medical and interested nature may sometimes succeed.

There is no organ which is a more frequent cause of insanity than this-none the excessive indulgence of which is so apt to superinduce idiocy, paralysis, epilepsy, and other nervous diseases, pulmonary and other complaints. Above all, as every man, with an ordinary sense of justice and humanity, is at all events bound to avert the consequences of his own conduct from others, let every one consider this, that the over-action of this organ produces an inevitable hereditary taint, which is of fatal consequence to posterity. It is unquestionable, that if the parent escape the natural results of his own vicious habits, he, at all events, imparts to his children an undue susceptibility of activity in this organ, and produces profligate sons; while upon his daughters, whose excellent education has saved them perhaps from dishonour, he has entailed much unhappiness, and produced death. Sometimes the result in these hereditary cases is epilepsy, or a recurrence so frequent of hysteria, as to produce the most fatal consequences. It is the duty of every man who has the happiness of his species at heart, to awaken his fellow-subjects to the knowledge of the fact, to implore them to investigate, and when they have done so, religiously to act upon the result which that investigation indicates. Many who have studied Phrenology, have regretted that they did not commence the inquiry more early in the history of their lives.

It has been imagined that nobody makes so good a husband as the reformed rake. It is certain, however, that he makes the very worst father. His sons emulate his example by a necessary inherent incontrollable proclivity, perhaps long but vainly resisted by powerful moral sentiments, acting against a spinal and visceral apparatus, hereditarily tainted with a liability to inflamed action, and to counter-irritation of the cerebellum. His daughters have before their eyes the fear of the world, the sense of virtue, and the support of religion. But they suffer, struggle, die of consumption, make an imprudent marriage, or break through the rules of society, and are ruined. We have watched many examples of this. We say, therefore, to every woman, never marry a rake. Let him be the most handsome, the richest, the most elegant, and the pleasantest of men, he is a bad bargain even with a coronet on his head, and a county in his rent-roll. After all, peace in the married state is only to be found in virtuous and healthy children; and if a wife would have exemplary sons, and happy, prudent, and heart-pure daughters, let her never look for this in the offspring of that man, whose life, at the time when the mind, brain, and constitution are being formed, has been passed in the profligate debaucheries of modern society. Until women remember when they are asked in marriage, that they are not only to become wives but mothers, that a poor, plain, sober, and virtuous man, possesses gifts which must produce far greater future happiness than all the wealth and rank of Croesus without these qualities, and that domestic felicity is to be found at the fireside, not in the carriage or ball-room, society will never advance in the direction best calculated to secure its ultimate improvement.

In the following portrait of a Roman gladiator, the Moral Sentiments are in small relative endowment to the Propensities, particularly Amativeness, which extends greatly from the hole of the ear backward, and Combativeness, which is developed directly upward from Amativeness. It strongly contrasts in both these respects, and in the size of the Moral region, with the profile beside it, which is that of the gentle and harmless De Schlabrendorf, who could hardly form a conception of what sensuality or strife could be, but by observation of other men's character and conduct.

SECTION II-Organ II. Philoprogenitiveness.

PHILOPROGENITIVENESS is situated in the middle of the base of the back part of the brain proper, immediately above the junction of the two organs of Amativeness; and it is easily found, being developed directly above the small nob at the base of the back part of the head, called the occipital bone. If the organ project beyond this spinous process, it is an evidence of a fair endowment of this faculty: but, from this bone often projecting considerably, the parallelism of the organ with it is not an invariable evidence of its being deficient. Its size must therefore be judged of by the general fulness and protrusion of the brain immediately above the occipital bone. Where it is large, there will be found a distinct prominence of the skull, rounded and marked out, so as to be very apparent on manipulation. In this, as in all the other organs, extent of surface is to be particularly attended to, in estimating the power of manifestation. This may consist either in breadth laterally and horizontally, or in length upwards from the occipital bone. Narrowness of shape, even where there is considerable protrusion, must be deducted from the estimate of size. In general, the principal projection is just over the occipital bone; but it sometimes does not extend outwards, until above that point perhaps half an inch. In the cranium here sketched, of a female remarkable for the manifestation of the propensity which produces love of young or of offspring, the organ is very large.

It is more considerably developed in the female head, both of the human species and of the lower animals, than in the male; in conformity with a fact of easy obser vation, that women, and brutes of the female sex, are much more attached to their young than the other gender. The female head has a greater narrowness, but also a greater proportional length, than the male, and generally extends in the region of the occiput, giving a drooping appearance to the back of the head, which is seldom observed in the cranium of the other sex. In the monkey tribe, which manifests an extreme attachment to the young, it is very large; and in the Caribs-a savage nation, the Hindoos, and the Negroes, there is also a large national endowment of the