thing else, therefore, that sees and hears, than the eye or the ear. When we are awake, and engaged in study, we do not hear the ordinary sounds of the busy hum of life. The watchman calls the time unheard, and we are unconscious of his measured tread, as assiduous in his rounds his heavy footsteps echo through the deserted streets, and die away as he hastens to the silent station, crowded through the day as the thoroughfare of an anxious and self-seeking population. The clock strikes the latest hour-the keystone of the arch of night-with garrulous and officious punctuality, but it reaches not our consciousness; while we yet know, by the most accurate investigations of science, that these sounds have made as distinct, powerful, and certain impressions upon the auditory nerve, as they ever did when we were least abstracted, and most alive to external impressions. If we look on the retina of a somnambulist's orbits, as he stalks forth, like a Lazarus from his bier, in the garments of the grave, staring forward, abstracted, and asleep, we can see that the image of all external objects is reflected on his pupils, as accurately as on those of the most observant, although we may perceive that there is no speculation in those eyes which glare so. The senses then give us no more idea of straightness, or roundness, or hardness, or softness, than as instruments. They act in a capacity different from, but no higher than, the round ball, or the square table, or the hard stone, or the soft down.

GENUS I.-Intellectual Faculties which perceive Existence and Physical Qualities. The primary Perceptive Organs are those which perceive the Existence and Physical Qualities of external objects. They are generally classed thus:

Of these it will remain for consideration, whether No. 22, Individuality, ought not to be classed under the order of the Faculties of Relative Perception.

GENUS II.-The Intellectual Faculties which perceive the Relations of External

There are certain phenomena connected in the mind by other relations than mere physical properties, and which may be called Associating Qualities. These are,

SECTION III.-The great Divisions of the Organs into Animal, Moral, and Intellectual.

FROM this description it will be seen, that the Propensities are all situated in contiguity with each other, at the back part of the head, and round the sides of the base of the brain. The Sentiments are likewise in the vicinity of each other, on the coronal surface, or crown of the head; and the Intellectual Faculties are also segregated and confined to the front part of the brain, the anterior lobe, or forehead. From this cerebral disposition of contiguity in the organs of each class of faculties, it will be seen, that the general character of an individual, as a moral and intellectual, or a merely instinctive or animal being, may be easily ascertained, and must depend upon the proportion in which these orders are developed in the brain. If the posterior lobe, for example, be developed in a degree relatively much larger than the anterior, the dispositions will of course partake much more of an animal than of an intellectual nature. Should the coronal surface be large, in proportion to the posterior, anterior, and basilar regions, the tendency will be more towards morality and religion than to the solicitations of the passions, or to reflection; and should the

posterior and basilar regions be deficient, in comparison to the coronal and anterior surfaces, the result will of course be a prevalent sentimental and intellectual over the merely animal nature. Where all these are in the same proportions, and equally stimulated, there will be found the most perfect character, although, of course, just on that account the least marked or determinate, and the most entirely on the verge of, and liable to, running into one or other of the marked descriptions. If the basilar and posterior regions be larger, to a very great extent, than the anterior and coronal, sensuality and crime will be the result.

What an extraordinary contrast of cranial conformation is presented, for instance, betwixt these two heads!

The first, from the collection of Vimont, is that of a monster in human shape, guillotined at Paris, for the murder of his own father, the last of a series of revolting crimes. The second, is the noble form of Francis Oberlin, pastor of five villages in the Voguesian mountains-a man round whom a celestial moral atmosphere hovered, like a glory on the head of an Evangelist-emphatically a "peace-maker," and of

his race

"The greatest, wisest, most discreetest, best."

Nor are intellectual antitheses less striking. A glance will convince the least discriminating eye of the cerebral differences betwixt the skull of a Charib (No. 1), a

member of a tribe of the lowest and wildest order of savage ferocity; and of Victor Hugo (No. 2), the greatest of modern French writers of fiction.

The size of organs depends on two conditions, length and breadth. An organ may, for the sake of illustration, be likened to a cone, of which the apex, or pointed end, originates in the bottom of the medullary, or white matter of the brain, situated about the centre of the head, opposite the hole of the ear, so that a wire passing diametrically from one ear to another, would touch the apex of the cones, of which all the organs may be conceived to consist, and which, as it were, congregate in the centre of the bottom of the brain, midway betwixt the two ears. This cone enlarges gradually in each direction, as it seeks its way to the surface of the brain, and touches the inside of the skull, which forms the resting-place of its base-the cone being imagined to be inverted. The power of an organ, estimated by its fibrile length, depends therefore upon the distance of its base, at the surface of the brain, next the inside of the skull from its apex, situated in the medullary matter opposite the hole of the ear. The power of it, determined by its breadth, depends upon the superficial, or, as it is technically called, peripheral expansion of its base, at the surface of the brain, ascertained by examining the outside of the skull. When this length and superficial expansion are combined, of course the power is greater than if the one existed without the other; so that, although a forehead were ever so broad, if the distance from its surface to the hole of the ear were little, the power of the organ would be much diminished. Besides this rule of estimation, however, there is another which will much facilitate and correct calculations of the power of the greater subdivisions of the brain.

The anterior lobe is the depository of the Intellectual Faculties. It occupies all the cerebral mass from the organ of Constructiveness (No. 9), forward, and from the base of the brain to the organ of Comparison (34), upward. By a reference to the diagram of the side view of the brain, the frontal lobe will be seen to be indicated by the mass in front of that part, where, at the base, it goes suddenly up, and becomes less deep than the middle lobe. The quantity of brain in front of these points, indicates the length of the anterior region. The relative length of the organs of the Intellect, will, of course, be detected by their respective superficial protrusion. The extent of the breadth and height of the forehead proper, or, in other words, the amount of the superficial expansion, indicating the character of the base of the cone, and showing a greater amount of cerebral matter, also forms one measure of the organic power. From this it will be perceived, that a broad, or even a high forehead, will not alone be evidence of great intellectual capacity. If the anterior lobe be shallow, that is, if the extension of the brain forwards, from the organ of Constructiveness, be very short, the organs will be deficient in length, and consequently in power. Neither will a forehead, which is somewhat narrow, be necessarily indicative of great intellectual deficiency. If the anterior lobe be very long, there will be a proportionate increase of power, to balance the inferiority of superficial expansion. The common notions also which are entertained as to the appearance of what is called a retreating forehead, are to be studiously corrected by this rule. The Knowing Faculties, as they are called, are situated at the base of the forehead, immediately over the nose and eyes. The Reflecting Faculties are placed at the top of the forehead proper, immediately below Benevolence, or upper surface of the anterior lobe. Should the Perceptive Faculties be very largely developed, and the Reflective in a considerable absolute, but inferior relative, degree, of course the base of the forehead will protrude much beyond the upper part, and thus give the brow a retreating appearance, when, in point of fact, it ought more properly to be said that the former projects. Were the Knowing organs smaller, they would, of course, not project; the forehead would not appear to retreat, but would assume a more perpendicular appearance, while the amount of intellect would be absolutely less. Thus, in the two profiles here given, of the same individual, that which represents a retreating forehead (No. 1), actually indicates a better intellect than the other (No. 2), because there is a greater amount of brain in the anterior lobe.

Although Phrenologists have been in the habit of estimating the amount of cerebral matter in the intellectual region, by the quantity of brain in front of the organ of Constructiveness, a more unfailing index in practice is the quantity in front of the corner, or bony angle, at the outer edge of the eye-brow, which is easily distinguishable. We have found, that when the brain is shallow in front of this point, the intellect is in a corresponding degree defective, however fine the front view may be. There is always less intensity, activity, and energy, with a corresponding want of what may be called reflecting perspective, or that quality of mind which manifests a lengthened and far-seeing view of any one subject. In an infant's skull, the forehead in general appears fine; but on applying this test to it, the quantity of brain in front of this corner is very shallow indeed. In men of a brilliant intellect, on the contrary, the brain presents great depth at this part.

The coronal surface is that portion of the brain which is assigned to the organs of the moral and other sentiments. They cover the whole superficies of the top of the head. The points at which they exhibit their size, commence in front at the organ of Causality, at the top of the anterior lobe, and behind at the organ of Cautiousness. The height of brain above these organs, indicates the depth of the cineritious, or thinking matter of the organs of sentiment, and forms, therefore, the principal rule of estimating their power. The organs of Veneration and Hope, situated in the centre of the coronal surface, may also be estimated by their height above the cornered bony ridge, which runs along the top of each side of the head. The height is sometimes very small at this portion of the skull, even where the front and back parts of the coronal surface are high, and there appears to be no sensible sinking at the organs of Veneration and Hope, along the top of the head. Superficial or peripheral expansion, indicates, to a certain extent, the size of the base of the cone of each organ, and, as in the case of the Intellect, is an element in the estimation of. power in the Moral region also. The coronal surface is sometimes high above Causality and Cautiousness, while, at the same time, the coronal surface is narrow across, and very short when measured from the organ of Firmness the posterior, to Benevolence the anterior organ of the coronal region and moral sentiments. Of course, all these circumstances must be carefully included in every estimate of the size of an

organ.

Besides these general divisions of the organs, there are others which seem to have a real existence in nature. The pure system of induction whereby Phrenology was discovered, precludes all idea of theory or hypothesis in the discoverers. Gall found out first an organ of perception in the front, then one of instinct in the rear, afterwards a moral sentiment on the top; so that, by this detached, fitful, chance-medley mode of discovery, he proved that he had no regular or designed theory of grouping the organs; but, on the contrary, chose their place and situation exactly in the order of the series of their discovery. The arrangement being, therefore, incontestibly made without design, and in the absence of hypothesis, while Gall was ignorant of the effect of the mutual stimulus of the faculties, and of the fact afterwards discovered, that the activity of one group of organs, abstracted the sanguiferous

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SYMPATHETIC STIMULUS OF CONTIGUOUS ORGANS.

stimulus from the rest, and left them in a state of consequent inactivity, it is in our mind one of the very strongest psychological and physiological proofs of the truth of his system, that by this undesigned mode of discovery, it has so turned out that those organs which bear a more peculiar mutual relation than the rest, are accidentally found to be placed beside each other. Thus, how beautiful is it to find, that Amativeness, which is given to the sexes that they may love each other, ay, even unto death, whereby, with a mutual and exalted heroism, the husband and the wife centre so their souls in each other, that they would willingly lay down their lives that so the apple of their eye might be saved-how beautiful is it to find, that that organ is immediately surmounted by, and from its own action directly stimulates, Philoprogenitiveness, that instinct, whereby they love above all else but each other, the tender pledges of their mutual affection, the offspring of that very love so devoted and so enthusiastic! how admirable, too, is it to observe, that when Philoprogenitiveness is stimulated, it is surmounted by, and excites, the organ of Concentrativeness, the instinct whereby the state of marriage is produced, and fidelity to the marriage vows is not left to the care of a cold sense of duty, but to a pleasurable instinct stronger and more fervent! On each side, too, it stimulates the organ of Combativeness, whereby the timidity of the woman vanishes before danger which threatens her offspring; and the cowardly hen, which, at all other times flies before the least threat of danger, is animated, as if by a miracle, to withstand and attack all who dare but approach her brood. Lest the regards of the domestic hearth should too exclusively engross the affections, or devotion to the young sacrifice attention to the rest, Concentrativeness and Philoprogenitiveness stimulate the neighbouring organs of Adhesiveness, and the patriarchal state gives rise to the social, so as to combine the duties of the parent with those of the friend and citizen. That no defect may exist in the discharge of this latter office, the organ which affects society is surmounted by Love of Approbation, which animates us to desire the good opinion of our fellow men, and to practise all those external amenities which render social life agreeable, and that Self-Denial and Love of Glory, which, in the solicitude to stand well with the community, incites us to those acts which best promote its interest. But lest in our care for others, we should forget our own welfare, Love of Approbation and Adhesiveness stimulate the neighbouring organ of Self-Esteem, leading us to put a proper value on ourselves and our own interest, checked by our anxiety for the good opinion of others, and checking it when it leads to improper self-sacrifice. But the Love of Fame leads to rashness, and its organ, therefore, stimulates the organ of circumspection and foresight; that fear which would despair, did not its very action stimulate the neighbouring organ of Hope-Hope that would brighten the prospect into a hue too sanguine, did not its action react upon and stimulate Cautiousness to beget a temperate judgment. That which often commences with mere fear of consequences, ends with a desire to discharge our trust from a sense of duty. The terror which the evil effects of our offences on our happiness is to produce, often incites us to repentance and newness of life; and thus stimulated, Cautiousness results in the activity of its adjoining organ, Conscientiousness; and then, when we have proved all things, and have resolved to hold fast that which is good, Conscientiousness, which animates us to form the resolution, stimulates the organ which enables us to keep it, and Firmness completes what Conscientiousness began.

The tiger, which has slept in his den for a long period after a surfeit, awakens, and Alimentiveness is hungry. His cubs are also around him clamouring for food, and Philoprogenitiveness hears with pity their deep but plaintive cries. What, if next to these organs were placed those of Cautiousness and Benevolence? Palsied with fear, and overcome with universal love, how would he have the courage to attack the deer, and the cruel heart to kill him, as, within his sight, the big tears "Course each other down his innocent nose"?

Nature has provided a better plan. Alimentiveness is placed immediately next to Destructiveness, which its action highly stimulates. Combativeness is roused by its neighbours, Destructiveness on the one side, and Philoprogenitiveness on the other; and thus Alimentiveness and Philoprogenitiveness are supplied with the very weapons which minister to their wants. Had any of these organs been placed betwixt those of Causality and Comparison, whenever we began to reason, we would begin to murder, to fight, or to be hungry; and thus the intellect would for ever be clouded