HANGEST, a town of France, in the dept. of Somme, 7 miles north of Mondidier.

(1.) * HANGING. n. f. [from hang.] 1. Drapery hung or faftened against the walls of rooms by way of ornament.

Shak.

Like rich bangings in an homely house, So was his will in his old feeble body. --Being informed that his breakfast was ready, he drew towards the door, where the hangings were held up. Clarendon.

Now purple bangings cloath the palace walls, And fumptuous feafts are made in fplendid ha'ls. Dryden. -Lucas Van Leyden has infected all Europe with his defigns for tapestry, which, by the ignorant, are called ancient bangings. Dryden.

Rome oft has heard a cross haranguing, With prompting prieft behind the hanging.

Prior. 2. Any thing that hangs to another. Not in ufe. A storm, or robbery, call it what you will, Shook down my mellow hangings, nay, my leaves,

And left me bare to weather.

Shak.

(2.) HANGING. participial adj. [from hang.] 1. Foreboding death by the halter.-Surely, fir, a good favour you have; but that you have a hanging look. Shak.

What Æthiops lips he has ! How full a fnout, and what a hanging face! Dryden. 2. Requiring to be punished by the halter; a hanging matter.

(3.) HANGING, part. n..the method of inflicting death on criminals by fufpending them by the neck. Phyficians are not agreed as to the manner in which death is brought on by hanging. De Haen hanged three dogs, whom he afterwards opened. In one, nothing remarkable appeared in the lungs. In another, from whom half an ounce of blood was taken from the jugular vein, the dura and pia mater were of the natural appearance; but the lungs were much inflamed. In the third, the meninges were found, and there was no effufion of blood in the ventricles of the brain, but the left lobe of the lungs was turgid with blood. Wepfer, Littræus, Alberti, Bruhierius, and Boerhaave, affirm that hanged animals die apoplectic. Their arguments for this are chiefly drawn from the livid colour of the face; from the turgefcency of the veffels of the brain; the inflammation of the eyes; and from the sparks of fire which those who have furvived hanging allege they have seen before their eyes. Bonetus, Petit, Haller, and Lanfici, from obferving that death is occafioned by any fmall body falling upon the glottis, have afcribed it to the ftoppage of refpiration. Others, deeming both thefe caufes ill-founded, have afcribed it to a luxation of the vertebræ of the neck. De Haen adduces the authority of many eminent authors to prove the poffibility of recovering hanged perfons; and obferves, in general, that with bleeding in the jugular vein, and anointing the neck with warm oil, the fame remedies are to be em

(4.) HANGINGS, PAPER. See PAPER MAKING.

3.

(5.) HANGINGS, WOVE. See TAPESTRY. HANGINGSHAW LAW, a hill of Scotland, in Selkirkfh. 44 miles N of Selkirk.

HANGMAN. n. f. [hang and man.] 1. The public executioner. This monfter fat like a hangman upon a pair of gallows; in his right hand he was painted holding a crown of laurel, and in his left hand a purfe of money. Sidney.-Who makes that noise there! who are you?--Your friend, fir, the hangman: you must be so good, fir, to rife, and be put to death.-Shak. Men do not stand

In fo ill cafe, that God hath with his hand Sign'd kings black charters to kill whom they hate;

Nor are they vicars, but hangmen to fate. Donne. -I never knew a critic, who made it his business to lafh the faults of other writers, that was not guilty of greater himself; as the bangman is generally a worse malefactor than the criminal that fuffers by his hand. Addison. 2. A term of reproach, either ferious or ludicrous.

One cried, God bless us! and Amen! the other;

As they had feen me with thefe hangman's hands: Liftening their fear, I could not fay Amen, When they did fay God bless us. Shak. -He hath twice or thrice cut Cupid's bow-firing, and the little bangman dare not shoot at him. Shak. HANGMAN'S POINT, a cape of Ireland, at the entry of Kinfale harbour, 2 miles S, of Kinfale."

HANG-TAN, a town of China, in Petcheli. HANG-TCHEOU-FOU, the metropolis of the province of TCHE-KIANG in China. It is, according to the Chinese, the paradife of the earth; and may be confidered as one of the richest, best situated, and largest cities of the empire. It is 12 miles in circumference, exclufive of its suburbs; and the number of its inhabitants amounts to more than a million. It is computed that there are 10,000 workmen within its walls employed in manufacturing filk. A fmall lake, called Si-hou, washes the bottom of its walls on the W. fide; its water is pure, and its banks are covered with flowers. Halls and open galleries, fupported by pillars, and paved with large flag ftones, are erected on piles upon its banks, for the convenience of walking; caufeways, cafed with cut ftone, interfect the lake in different directions; and the openings which are left in them at intervals, for the paffage of boats, are covered by handfome bridges. "In the middle of the lake are two islands, in which a temple and several pleasure-houfes have been built. The emperor has a small palace in the neighbourhood. This city has a garrifon of 3000 Chinese, under the command of the viceroy, and 3000 Tartars, commanded by a general of the fame nation. It has under its jurisdiction 7 cities of the za and 3d clafs.

HANG-TCHING, a town of China in Chenfi.
HANHAM, a village in Gloucestershire.

HANIFAH, or HANFA, Aba, firnamed Al Nooma, the most celebrated doctor of the orthodox Muffulmans. He was the son of Thabet, and was H 2

born

born at Coufah in the 80th year of the Hegira. He founded the fect of the HANIFITES, which continues to be the most popular of the 4 principal fects among the Muffulmans. Like other teachers of new opinions, he suffered perfecution during his life, being imprisoned at Bagdad till he died, by the khalif Almanfor, for refufing to fubfcribe to the doctrine of abfolute predeftination. But his opinions were afterwards brought into fuch credit by Abou Jofeph, a sovereign judge under the khalif hadi, that to be a Hanifite was reckoned fynonymous with being a good Muffulman: and about 335 years after his death, which happened in the 150th year of the Hegira, Schaw Melick, in the 485th year of that æra, and of the Chriftian, 1092, built a magnificent monument to his memory, and a college, which he appropriated folely to the profeffors of Aba Hanifah's doctrines. The most eminent of his fucceffors were Achmed Ben Ali, Al Giaffas, and Al Razzi. A mofque in the temple of Mecca is appropriated to them.

HANIFITES. See the last article. *HANK. . . [bank, Iflandick, a chain or coil of rope.] 1. A fkein of thread. 2. A tye; a check; an influence. A low word.-Do we think we have the bank that some gallants have on their trufting merchants, that, upon peril of lofing all former fcores, we must still go on to supply. Decay of Piety.

*To HANKER. v. n. [bankeren, Dutch.] To long importunately; to have an inceffant wifh: it has commonly after before the thing defired. It is fcarcely used but in familiar language.

And now the faints began their reign, For which th' had yearn'd fo long in vain, And felt fuch bowel hankerings, To fee an empire all of kings. Hudibras. -Among women and children, care is to be taken that they get not a hankering after these juggling aftrologers and fortune-tellers. L'Efrange. -The shepherd would be a merchant, and the merchant bankers after fomething elfe. L'Estrange. -Do'st thou not banker after a greater liberty in fome things? If not, there's no better fign of a good refolution. Calamy.-The wife is an old coquette, that is always hankering after the diverfions of the town. Addifon.-The republick that fell under the fubjection of the duke of Florence, ftill retains many hankerings after its ancient li. berty.

HANKIUS, Martin, profeffor of hiftory at Breflaw, in the 17th century, was born in 1633. He was author of feveral works of crudition; the most celebrated of which is his treatife De Romanorum rerum Scriptoribus. He died in 1709, aged 76.

HANLEY; 1. a village in Derbyshire; 2. in Northamptonth. 3 and 4. two in Worcestershire. (1.) HANMER, Jonathan, M. A. a learned English divine, born at Barnstaple about 1605, and educated at Cambridge. He was minifter of Bifhop's Tawton, and lecturer of Barnstaple; but ejected for non-conformity in 1662. He wrote A Pierw of Ecclefiaftical Antiquity, and a Difcourfe on Confirmation. He died in 1687.

(2.) HANMER, Sir Thomas, an eminent English author and statesman, born in 1676, and educated at Westminster and Oxford. He was early elected

M. P. for Suffolk, and in 1713, was chofen Speak er, an office which he difcharged with great impartiality. He published a fuperb edition of Shakespeare, in 6 vols. 4to, at Oxford, in 1744, with elegant engravings by Gravelot. He died at Suffolk, April 5, 1746.

HANMORE, a fertile ifland of Ireland, in Lough Derg, between Galway and Tipperary; containing above 100 acres of well cultivated ground.

HANNA, a town of Lithuania, in Brzefk. HANNACHREEN, a town on the W. coaft of Ireland, 20 miles W. of Renvell Point.

HANNAH'S Town, a town of Pennsylvania, 4 miles NNE. of Greensburgh, and 21 E. of Pittsburgh.

HANNAS, a town of Sweden, in Smaland.

(1.) HANNEKEN, Memnon, a Lutheran divine, born at Oldenburg in 1595. He was profeffor of Oriental languages at Marpurg, and wrote a Hebrew Grammar and other works. He died in 1671.

(1.) HANNEKEN, Philip Lewis, fon of the preceding, was profeffor of Hebrew and rhetoric at Gieffen, and wrote feveral learned works. He died in 1706.

HANNIBAL, the son of Hamilcar, a famous Carthaginian general. Sɛɛ AMILCAR; CARTHAGE, $5,6; and ROME, N° 26. After having loft a fea-fight, with the Rhodians, through the cowar dice of Appollonius, one of the admirals of Antiochu, the Great, he fled into Crete, to avoid falling into the hands of the Romans. On his arrival in this island, he took fanctuary among the Gortynii; but as he had brought great treasure along with him, and knew the avarice of the Crétans, be fecured his riches by the following ftratagem. He filled feveral veffels with melted lead, juft covering them over with gold and filver. These he des pofited in the temple of Diana, in prefence of the Gortynii, with whom, he faid, he trusted all his treasure: Juftin tells us, that he left this with them as a fecurity for his good behaviour, and lived for fome time very quietly in thefe parts. He took care, however, to conceal his riches in hollow ftatues of brafs, which he left, expofed as things of little value. At last he retired to the court of Prufias king of Bithynia, where he found means to unite feveral of the neighbouring states with that prince into a confederacy against Eumenes king of Pergamus, an ally of the Romans; and during the fubfequent war gave Eumenes feveral defeats, more through the force of his own genius than the valour of his troops. The Romans hearing of thefe important fervices, difpatched T. Quinctius Flaminius as an ambaffador to Prufias, in order to procure his deftruction. At his firft audience, he complained of the protection given to that famous general, reprefenting him "as the moft inveterate and implacable enemy the Romans ever had; as one who had ruined both his own country and Antiochus, by drawing them into a destructive war with Rome."-Prufias, to ingratiate himself with the Romans, immediately fent a party of fol diers to furround Hannibal's houfe. The Cartha ginian had contrived feven fecret paffages from his houfe, to evade the machinations of his enemies. But guards being pofted at all thefe, be

could

could not Ay. Perceiving, therefore, no poffibility of efcaping, he had recourfe to poifon, which he had long referved for fuch a melancholy occafion. Then taking it in his hand, “Let us (faid he) deliver the Romans from the disquietude with which they have long been tortured, fince they have not patience to wait for an old man's death. Flaminius will not acquire any glory by a victory gained over a betrayed and defenceless perfon. This fingle day will be a lafting teftimony of the degeneracy of the Romans. Their ancestors gave Pyrrhus intelligence of a defign to poifon him, that he might guard against the impending dan ger, even when he was at the head of a powerful army in Italy; but they have deputed a perfon of confular dignity to excite Prufias impiously to murder one who has taken refuge in his dominions, in violation of the laws of hofpitality." Then having denounced dreadful imprecations against Pruftas, he drunk the poison, and expired at the age of 10 years. Cornelius Nepos fays, that he put an end to his life by a fubtile poifon which he kept in a ring. With refpect to his character, it appears to have been in military affairs abfolutely perfect. Rollin has contrafted his character with that of Scipio Africanus. He enumerates the qualities which make a complete general; and having then given a fummary of what hiftorians have related of both commanders, is inclined to give the preference to Hannibal. "There are, however, (he fays) two difficulties which hinder him from deciding; one drawn from the characters of the generals whom Hannibal vanquished; the other from the errors be committed." Thefe have been anfwered by Mr Hooke, who has taken fome pains to vindicate Hannibal's character, by fully and fairly comparing it with that of Scipio Áfricanus, and other Roman commanders. He shows, that Hannibal was not guilty of any of the faults laid to his charge as a general; and having compared the moral characters of the two generals, makes it evident, that as a man, as well as a ge. neral, Hannibal had greatly the advantage of his rival. See Hooke's Rom. Hift. vol. p. 251. & feq.

HANNIBALIANUS, Flavius Claudius, nephew of Conftantine the Great, was by him ap pointed king of Pontus, Cappadocia, and Arme. nia Minor; but was murdered by Conftantius II. A. D. 338.

HANNIGSDORF, a town of Silefia. (1.) HANNO, a general of the Carthaginians, who failed round Africa. He entered the ocean through the Straits of Gibraltar, and difcovered feveral countries. He would have continued his navigation, had he not run fhort of provifions. He wrote an account of his voyage, which Sigifmund Gelenius published in Greek at Bafil, in 1533. He lived, according to Pliny, when the affairs of the Carthaginians were in the moft flourishing condition.

(2, 3.) HANNO was alfo the name of other two Carthaginian generals. See CARTHAGE, N°I. 4, One of them tamed a lion fo effectually, that It followed him like a dog: for which the jealous republicans banished him, fearing left his power, united with that of fuch allies, might prove dan. gerous to the state.

HANNONIA, the ancient name of HENAULT.

HANNONVILLE, a town of France in the dept. of Meufe, 12 miles SE. of Verdun, HANNOYS, an inlet in the English Channel, half a mile W. of Guernsey.

HANNUYE, or HANUYE, a town of the French empire, in the dep. of the Dyie, and ci-devant province of Auftrian Brabant; 20 miles SE. of Louvain, and 20 miles W. of Liege. Lon. 5. 16. W. Lat. 50. 41. N.

HANOSFALVA, a town of Hungary.

(1.) HANOVER, an electoral state of Germany, of which the king of Great Britain is elector. Though the house of Hanover is the last that has been raised to the electoral dignity in the empire, it may vie with any in Germany for the antiquity and noblenefs of its family. It is likewife very confiderable for the extent of its territories, which at prefent are, The duchy of Calenberg, in which are the cities of Hanover, Calenberg, Hamelen, Neuftadt, Gottingen, &c. ; the duchy of Grubenhagen, the county of Diepholt, the county of Iloga, in the bishoprick of Hildesheim; the bailiages of Coldingen, Luther, Badenburg, and Wefterfhoven, with the right of protection of the city of Hildesheim; and the county of Danneberg, ceded by the dukes of Wolfenbuttle to the dukes of Lunenburg, as an equivalent for their pretenfions on the city of Brunswick. The elector poffeffes likewife the county of Delmenhorst, and the duchies of Bremen and Verden, fold by the king of Denmark in 1715: the right of poffeffing alternatively the bishopric of Ofnabruck belongs folely to the electoral branch: but if it shall happen to fail, the dukes of Wolfenbuttle are to enjoy the fame right. This electorate has no navy, but a confiderable marine on the great rivers Elbe and Wefer. In confideration of the great fervices performed by Erneft Auguftus, duke of Brunswick Lunenburg, in the wars which the emperor Leopold had with Lewis XIV. that emperor conferred the dignity of an elector of the holy Roman empire upon him and his heirs male, of which he received the inveftiture on the 19th of December 1692. This new creation met with great oppofition both in the electoral college and the college of princes; at last, by a conclufion of the three colleges on the 30th of Jan. 1708, it was unanimously determined that the electoral dignity should be confirmed to the duke of Hanover and his heirs male; but it was added, that if, while that electoral dignity subsisted, the Palatine electorate fhould fall into the hands of a Proteftant prince, the firft Catholic ele&tor fhould have a fupernumerary vote. The princes of this house have their feat in the college of princes, immediately after thofe of the electoral houses; each branch having a vote. The elector, befides his feat in the electoral college, was invefted with the office of arch standard-bearer of the empire; but this being disputed with him by the duke of Wir temberg, the elector Palatine having obtained the office of arch-fteward, yielded that of arch-treafurer to the elector of Hanover, who was confirmed in this dignity by a decree of the diet of the 13th of January 1710. The fovereign power is administered by the lords of the regency appointed by the elector. Throughout all the provinces they poffefs a confiderable fhare of freedom, the people being reprefented in the affemblies of the

ftates

(to.) HANOVER, NEW, a county of N. Caroli na, in Wilmington diftrict, extending from Cape Fear river NE. along the Atlantic. It contained 3093 citizens and 3738 naves in 1795. Wilmington is the capital.

(11.) HANOVER, New, a township of New Jerfey, in Burlington county, containing 20,000 acres of improved land, befides a great deal uncultivated. The chief town is New-Mills; 13 miles from Burlington, and 27 from Philadelphia.

(12.) HANOVER, NEw, a township of Pennfylvania, in Morgan county.

(13.) HANOVER, NORTH, a town of New Jerfey, 4 miles, NE. of Morristown.

(14.) HANOVER, SOUTH, a town of New Jerfey, 3 miles SE. of Morristown.

HANROW, a town of Holstein, E. of Meldorp.
HANS. See HANSE.

HANSBACH, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Leitmeritz, with manufactures of paper, cotton, &c. 12 miles N. of Kamnitz.

(1.) HANSE, an ancient name for a society or company of merchants; particularly that of certain cities in Germany, &c. hence called HANSE TOWNS. See $ 2. The word is obfolete High Dutch or Teutonic; and fignifies alliance, confederacy, or affociation. Some derive it from the German words, am fee, that is, on the fea; as the firft hanfe towns were all fituated on the fea-coaft: whence they are faid to have been firft called am zee fienen, i. e. cities on the fea; and afterwards, by abbreviation, banfee and banfe.

(2.) The HANSE Towns, or The HANSEATIC SOCIETY, were feveral maritime cities of Germany, who entered into a league for the mutual protection of their commerce. Bremen and Amfterdam were the two first that formed it; whofe trade received fuch advantage by their fitting out two men of war in each to convoy their fhips, that more cities continually entered into the league: even kings and princes made treaties with them, and were often glad of their affiftance and protection; by which ineans they grew fo powerful both by fea and land, that they raised armies as well as navies, enjoyed countries in fovereignty, and made peace or war, though always in defence of their trade, as if they had been an united state or commonwealth.-At this time alfo many cities, though they had no great interest in trade, or intercourfe with the ocean, came into their alliance for the prefervation of their liberties: fo that in 1200, we find no less than 72 cities in the lift of the Hanfe Towns; particularly Bremen, Amfterdam, Antwerp, Rotterdam, Dort, Bruges, Oftend, Dunkirk, Middleburgh, Calais, Rouen, Rochelle, Bourdeaux, St Malo, Bayonne, Bilboa, Lisbon, Seville, Cadiz, Carthagena, Barcelona, Marfeilles, Leg. horn, Naples, Meflina, London, Lubec, Roftock, Stralfund, Stetin, Wifmar, Konigsberg, Dantzig, Elbing, and Marienburg.

(3.) HANSE TOWNS, HISTORY OF THE. The alliance was now fo powerful, that their fhips of war were often hired by other princes to affift them against their enemies. They not only awed, but often defeated, all that oppofed their commerce; and, particularly in 1358, they took fuch revenge of the Danish fleet in the Sound, for having interrupted their commerce, that Waldemar

III. king of Denmark, for the fake of peace, gave them up all Schonen for 16 years; by which they commanded the paffage of the Sound in their own right.-In 1428 they made war on Erick IX. king of Denmark with 250 fail, carrying on board 12,000 men. Thefe fo ravaged the coast of Jutland, that the king was glad to make peace with them. Many privileges were bestowed upon the hanfe towns by Lewis XI. Charles VIII. Lewis XII. and Francis I. kings of France; as well as by the emperor Charles V. who had divers loans of money from them; and by king Henry III. who also incorporated them into a trading body, in acknowledgment for money which they advan ced to him, as well as for the good services they did him by their naval forces in 1206. Thefe towns exercised a jurifdiction among themfelves; for which purpose they were divided into 4 colleges or provinces, diftinguished by the names of their four principal cities, viz. Lubec, Cologne, Brunfwic, and Dantzic, wherein were held their courts of judicature. They had a common stock or treasury at Lubec, and power to call an affembly as often as neceffary. They kept warehouses for the fale of their merchandises in London, Bruges, Antwerp, Bergen in Norway, Revel in Livonia, and Novogorod in Muscovy; which were exported to moft parts of Europe, in English, Dutch, and Flemish bottoms. One of their principal magazines was at London, where a fociety of German merchants was formed, called the feel-yard company. To this company great privileges were granted by Edward I. but revoked by act of parliament in 1552, in the reign of Edward VI. on a complaint of the English merchants that this company had fo engroffed the cloth trade, that in 1551 they had exported 50,000 pieces, while all the English together had shipped off but 1100. Q. Mary I. who afcended the throne the year fol lowing, having refolved to marry Philip the emperor's fon, fufpended the execution of the act for three years: but after that term, whether by reafon of fome new ftatute, or in pursuance of that of king Edward, the privileges of that company were no longer regarded, and all efforts of the hanfe towns to recover this lofs were in vain. Another accident that happened to their mortification was while Q. Elizabeth was at war with the Spaniards. Sir Francis Drake happening to meet 60 fhips in the Tagus, loaded with corn, belonging to the hanfe towns, took out all the corn a contraband goods which they were forbid to carry by their original patent. The hanfe towns having complained of this to the diet of the empire, the queen fent an ambaffador thither to declare her reafons. The king of Poland likewife interefted himself in the affair, because the city of Dantzic was under his protection. At last, though the queen ftrove hard to preferve the commerce of the English in Germany, the emperor excluded the English company of merchant adventurers, who had confiderable factories at Stade, Embden, Bremen, Hamburg, and Elbing, from all trade in the empire. In fhort, the hanfe towns, in Ger many in particular, were not only in fo flourishing, but in fo formidable a state, from the 14th to the 16th centuries, that they gave umbrage to all the neighbouring princes, who threatened a

Strong