whofe gorge is in form of a crefcent, whence the name. See FORTIFICATION, Part I. Se&t. V.

*HALF-PENNY. n.s. plur. half-fence. [half and penny.] 1. A copper coin, of which two make a penny.-Bardolph ftole a lute-cafe, bore it twelve leagues, and fold it for three half-pence. Shak.I thank you; and fure, dear friend, my thanks are too dear of a half-penny. Shak.

He cheats for half-pence, and he doffs his coat To fave a farthing in a ferryboat. Dryden. -Never admit this pernicious coin, no, not fo much as one fingle half-penny. Swift. 2. It has the force of an adjective conjoined with any thing of which it denotes the price.-There fhall be in England feven half-penny loaves fold for a penny. Spas. You will wonder how Wood could get his majetty's broad feal for fo great a fum of bad money, and that the nobility here could not obtain the fame favour, and make our own half-pence as we ufed to do. Swift.

*HALF-PIKE. n.. [half and pike.] The fmall pike carried by officers.-The various ways of paying the falute with the half-pike. Tatler. *HALF-PINT... [half and pint.] The fourth part of a quart.

One half-pint bottle ferves them both to dine; And is at once their vinegar and wine. Pope. HALF SCHOLAR. n. f. One imperfectly learned.-We have many half-fcholars now-a-days, and there is much confufion and inconfiftency in the notions and opinions of fome perfons. Watts. A proverbial expreffion for any one far advanced. It is commonly used

HALF-SEAS OVER.

of one half drunk.

I am half-feas o'er to death; And fince I muft die once, I would be loth To make a double work of what's half finish'd. Dryden. *HALF-SIGHTED. adj. [half and fight.] Seeing imperfectly; having weak difcernment.-The of ficers of the king's houfhold had need be provident, both for his honour and thrift: they muft look both ways, elfe they are but half-fighted. Bacon.

* HALF-SPHERE. n. f. [half and Sphere.] mifphere.

He

Let night grow blacker with thy plots; and day,

At fhewing but thy head forth, start away
From this balf-fphere.
Ben Jonfon.
HALF-STRAINED. adj. [half and rain.] Half

bred; imperfect.

I find I'm but a half-frain'd villain yet, But mungrel mifchievous; for my blood boil'd To view this brutal act. Dryden. *HALF-SWORD. n. f. Clofe fight; within half the length of a fword.-I am a rogue, if I were hot at half-fword with a dozen of them two hours together. Shak.

#HALF-WAY.adv.[belfand way.]In the middle. Fearless he fees, who is with virtue crown'd, The tempeft rage, and hears the thunder found; Ever the fame, let fortune fmile or frown; Serenely as he liv'd, refigns his breath; Meets deftiny half away, nor fhrinks at death. Granville. HALF-WIT... [balfand wit.] A blockhead; a foolish fellow.

Half-wits are fleas, fo little and so light, We fcarce could know they live, but that they bite. Dryden *HALF-WITTED. adj. [from half-awit.] Imperfectly furnished with understanding.-I would rather have trufted the refinement of our language, as to found, to the judgment of the women than of half-witted poets. Savift.-Jack had paffed for a poor, well-meaning, half-witted, crack-brained fellow people were ftrangely surprised to find Lim in fuch a roguery. Arbuthnot.-When half is added to any word noting perfonal qualities, it commonly notes contempt.

HALI ETOS. See FALCO, N° 9.

HALI-BEIGH, firft dragoman or interpreter at the Grand Signior's court in the 17th century, was born of Chriftian parents in Poland; but having been taken by the Tartars when a boy, they fold him to the Turks, who brought him up in their religion in the feraglio. His original name was Bobowski. He learnt many languages, and Sir Paul Ricaut owns he was indebted to him for feve ral things, which he relates in his Prefent flate of the Ottoman empire. He held a great correspondence with the English, and intended to return into the Chriftian church, but died in 1675, before he could accomplish his defign. Dr Hyde published his book Of the liturgy of the Turks, their pilgrimages to Mecca, &c. at Oxford, 1691. He tranflated the catechifm of the church of England, and the bible, into the Turkish language. The MS. is lodged in the library of Leyden. He wrote likewife a Turkish grammar and dictionary.

*HALIBUT. n. f. A fort of fish. Ainsworth. HALIBUT ISLAND, an ifland in the N. Pacific Ocean, discovered by Capt. Cook, the coafts of which abound with halibuts, weighing from 20 to 100 lb. each. It is 21 miles in circumference, but low and barren. Lon. 164. 15. W. Lat. 54. 48. N. HALICARNESSENSIS, or the HALICAR HALICARNASSEUS. S NASSIAN, gentilitious name of Herodotus and Dionyfius. See DIONYSIUS, N° 5, by mistake printed 3; and

HERODOTUS.

the

HALICARNASSUS, in ancient geography, a principal town of Caria, built by the Argives, and fituated between two bays, the Ceramicus and Ja fius. It was anciently called ZEPHYRA, and was the royal refidence of Maufolus. See ARTEMISIA, N° II.

HALICZ. See HALITZ,

* HALIDOM. n. f. (haligdom, holy judgment, or balig and dame, for lady.] Our bleffed lady. In this fenfe it thould be Halidam.

By my balidom, quoth he,

Ye a great mafter are in your degree. Hubb. Tale. HALIEUTICA,? 'AMIETTIKA,formed of aus, HALIEUTICS, fisherman, from ans, fea ;] books treating of fishes, or the art of fishing. The Halieutics of Oppian are ftill extant.

(1.) HALIFAX, a parish of England, in the W. riding of Yorkshire, famous for the clothier trade; faid to be the moft populous, if not the most extenfive, in England. It contains above 12,000 people, and is above 30 miles in circumference. Befides the established church at Halifax, and 16 meeting houses, it has 12 chapels, two of which are parochial. All the meeting-houses, except

that

thatof the quakers, have bells and burying grounds. The woollens principally manufactured are kerfeys and fhalloons. Of the former it is affirmed, that one dealer fent by commiffion 60,000l. worth yearly to Holland and Hamburgh; and of the latter, it is faid, 100,000 pieces are made in this parish yearly. The inhabitants here and in the neigh bouring towns are so entirely employed in thefe manufactures, that agriculture is little minded. Most of their provifions are brought from the N. and E. Ridings, and from Lancashire, Chefhire, Nottinghamshire, and Warwickshire. The markets are much crowded; (2.) HALIFAX, a town in the above parish, seated on the Calder, among hills. The houses are of ftone, but irregularly built. The cloths, at the firft erection of the woollen manufactures, having been often stolen in the night, a law was made, by which the magiftrates of Halifax were empowered to execute all offenders, if they were taken in the fact, or owned it, or if the stolen cloth was found upon them, provided the crime was com. mitted, and the criminal apprehended, within the liberties of the forest of Hardwick. Thofe found guilty were thus executed : an axe was drawn by a pully to the top of a wooden engine, and faftened by a pin, which being pulled out, the axe fell down in an inftant. If they had ftole an ox, horfe, or any other beaft, it was led with them to the scaffold, and there fastened by a cord to the pin, that held up the axe; and when the fignal was given by the jurors, who were the first burghers within the feveral towns of the foreft, the beaft was driven away, and the pin plucked out, upon which the axe fell, and beheaded the criminal. This is faid to have been the first species of the GUILLOTINE. This fevere and fummary courfe of justice gave occafion to a prayer still common among the va grants of thefe parts; "From Hell, Hull, and Halifax, good Lord deliver us :" though both the engine and manner of proceeding are now out of ufe. Halifax lies 16 miles SW. of Leeds, 40 of York, and 197 NNW. of London. Lon. 1. 45. W. Lat. 53. 45. N.

(3.) HALIFAX, the capital of Nova Scotia. It was founded in 1749, to fecure the British fettlements from the French and Indians. It was divided into 35 fquares, each containing 16 lots of 40 by 60 feet; with one eftablished church, and one meeting-houfe, It was furrounded by picket tings, and guarded by forts on the outfide; and has fince been very strongly fortified. Along the Chebucto, S. of the town, are buildings and fifhflakes for at least two miles, and N. on the river for about one mile. The plan, however, was contrived and improved by the earl of Halifax. The proclamation iffued for this settlement, in March 1749, offered fuch favourable terms to fettlers, that in May, 3750 persons had offered themselves. They accordingly embarked, and established themfelves in the bay of Chebucto; calling their city Halifax, after their patron. Before the end of October, 350 comfortable wooden houses were built, and as many more during the winter. Go. vernment granted the fettlers 40,000l. for their expenfes. In 1750, they granted them 57,582l. 175. 3td., in 1751, 53,9271. 148. 4d.; in 1752, 61,4921. 198, 41d.; in 1753, 94,6151. 125. 4d,; in 1754,

58,4471. 28.; and in 1755, 49,4181. 7s. 8d.—The city has at length attained a degree of fplendor that bids fair to rival the firft cities in the United States; for which it has been equally indebted to the late war, to the great increase of population from the exiled loyalifts, and the foftering care of Great Britain. The harbour is perfectly sheltered from all winds at the distance of 12 miles from the fea, and is fo fpacious, that 1000 fhips may ride in it without the leaft danger. Upon it there are many commodious wharfs, which have from 12 to 18 feet water at all tides. The streets are regularly laid out, and crofs each other at right angles; the whole rifing gradually from the water upon the fide of a hill, whofe top is regularly fortified. Many confiderable merchants refide at this place, and are poffeffed of shipping to the amount of feveral thousand tons, employed in a flourishing trade with Europe and the West Indies. There is a fmall but excellent careening yard for fhips of the royal navy that may come in to refit, and take water, fuel, or provifions on board, in their paffage to and from the West Indies. It is well provided with naval ftores; and fhips of the line are hove down and repaired with the greatest ease and safety. Several batteries of heavy cannon command the harbour, particularly those upon George's Ifland, which being very steep and high, and fituated in mid-channel, below the town, is well calculated to annoy veffels in any direction. Above the careening yard, which is at the upper end of the town, there is a large bafon, or piece of water, communicating with the harbour below, near 20 miles in circumference, and capable of containing the whole navy of England, entirely fheltered from all winds, and having only one narrow entrance, which leads into the harbour. There are many detached fettlements formed by the loyalifts upon the bafon; the lands at a small distance from the water being generally thought better than thofe near Halifax. An elegant building is erected near the town for the convalefcence of the navy; but the healthiness of the climate has as yet prevented many perfons from becoming patients, fcarcely any fhips in the world being fo free from complaints of every kind, in regard to health, as thofe that are employed upon this ftation. There is a good light-houfe, ftanding upon a small ifland, juft off the entrance of the harbour, which is vifible, either by night or day, 6 or 7 leagues off. Lon. 63. 26. W. Lat. 44. 40. N.

(4.) HALIFAX, a town of the United States, in Maffachusetts, 23 miles SSE. of Boston.. (5.) HALIFAX, a town of N. Carolina, 60 miles N. of Newbern, and 75 S. of Richmond. (6.) HALIFAX, a town of Virginia, 9 miles SW. of Richmond.

(7.) HALIFAX, Marquis of. Sce SAVILLE. (8.) HALIFAX, John. See SACROBOSCO. (9.) HALIFAX BAY, a bay on the E. coast of Hifpaniola. Lon. 61. 20. W. Lat. 15. 40. N. (10.) HALIFAX BAY, a bay on the NE. coaft of New Holland. Lat. 18. 49. S. (1.) HALIMASS. n. f. [ballg and mass.] The feast of All-fouls.

She came adorned hither like fweet-May; Sent back like halimafs or fhorter day. Shak. (1.) HALIMASS, or HALLAMASS, Nov. 1, is

one of the cross quarters of the year, which was computed, in ancient writings, from Hallamas to Candlemas.

HALIMOTE. See HALMOTE.

HALIOTIS, the EAR-SHELL, a genus of infects belonging to the order of vermes teftacei. This is an animal of the fnail kind, with an open shell refembling an ear. There are 7 fpecies, diftinquifhed by the figure of their thells. See Plate CI.XXII. fig. 2.

* HALITUOUS. adj. [balitus, Lat.] Vaporous: fymous. We speak of the atmosphere as of a pecultar thin and balituous liquor, much lighter than fpirit of wine, Boyle...

HALITZ, or a town and territory of Poland, HALITZCH, in Red Ruffia, with a caftle; feated on the Dneifter: feized by the Emperor Jofeph II. in 1773, and included in his new kingdom of GALICIA. The town is 58 miles SE. of Lemberg. Lon. 25. 19. E. Lat. 49. 20. N.

HALIZONES. See CHALYBES. HALKETSTEIN, a town of Holland, in the dep. of the Rhine, and ci-devant prov. of Guelderland; 10 m. S. of Harderwyck.

HALKET, Lady. See MURRAY, N° 2. HALKETS, a town of New Jersey, 19 miles W. of Morristown,

(1.) HALKIRK, a parish of Scotland, in Caithnefs, including the ancient parish of SKINNET, 24 miles long from N. to SW. and from 7 to 12 broad. The foil is good, though various; the furface molt ly level, with a few fmall hills; the climate cold, inconftant, and ftormy, yet extremely falubrious. Inftances of longevity are frequent. There are feveral lakes and rivulets, and a mineral spring in the parish. The river THURSO runs through it; and it abounds with lime-stone and marl, hares, otters, foxes, woodcocks, fnipes, partridges, moorfowls, wild geefe, ducks, fwans, &c. The population, in 1791, ftated by the Rev. Jo, Cameron in his report to Sir J. Sinclair, was 3180, and had increased 105 fince 1755. The number of horses was 1650, theep 289p, black cattle 4963, goats 130, and fwine 190. The annual produce in bear and oat meal is 15,500 bolls, of which, 1800 are exported, and rooo head of cattle. There are many antiquities in the parish. Sir John Sinclair has introduced many improvements into it; but fervices and fhort leafes still prevail.

(2.) HALKIRK, a town of Scotland in the above parish, 5 miles S. of Thurfo.

HALKSHEAD, a cape of Denmark, on the E. coaft of Slefwick, 10 miles ESE. of Haldenfleben. Lon. 9. 42. E. Lat. 55. 12. N.

(1.) HALL, John, an English furgeon, who flourished in the reign of Q. Elizabeth, at Maidtrone in Kent. He was born in 1529, and pubInhed, 1. A Compendium of Anatomy; and, 2. A Callion of Hymns, with mufical notes, in 1565: bendes feveral tracts on medicine, and furgery.

(2.) HALL, John, a poet of diftinguished learning, born at Durham, in 1627, and educated at Cambridge, where he was efteemed the brighteft ressius in that univerfity. In 1646, when he was hot 19 years of age, he published his Hora Vaciva, en Ehays; and the fame year came out his poems. La tranflated from the Greek, "Hierocles upon the golden verfes of Pythagoras;" to which is pre

fixed an account of the tranflator and his works, by John Davies of Kidwelly. He also translated Longinus, and died in 1656, aged 29.

(3.) HALL, Jofeph, an eminent English prelate, born at Afhby de la Zouch, in 1574, and educated at Cambridge. He became profeffor of rhetoric in that university, and was made rector of Halsted, prebendary of Wolverhampton, dean of Worcefter, Bp. of Exeter, and laftly of Norwich. His 'works teftify his zeal against Popery, and are much efteemed. He lamented the divifions of the Proteftants, and wrote on the means of putting an end to them. In July 1616, he attended lord Doncafter into France, and upon his return was appointed by K. James one of the divines who should attend him into Scotland. In 1618 he was fent to the fynod of Dort, and appointed to preach a Latin fermon before that affembly. Being obliged to return before the fynod broke up, on account of his health, he was by the states prefented with a gold medal. He wrote, 1. Mifccitaneous epiftles. 2. Mundus alter et idem. 3. A just cenfure of travellers. 4. The Chriftian Seneca. 5. Satires, in fix books. 6. A century of meditations; and many other works, which, befids the fatires, make 5 vols. in folio and 4to. He died in 1656. (4) HALL. n. f. [bal, Saxon; halle, Dutch.} A court of juftice; as Weltminfter Hall.

1.

*

O loft too foon in yonder houfe or ball. Pope. 2. A manour-house, fo called because in it were held courts for the tenants.-Captain Sentry, my mafter's nephew, has taken poffeffion of the ball, the house, and the whole eftate. Addifon. 3. The public room of a corporation.

4.

With expedition on the beadle call,

To fummon all the comp❜hy to the ball. Garth. The firft large room of a houfe.

That light we fee is burning in my ball. Shak. Courtefy is fooner found in lowly fheds With fmoky rafters, than in tap'ftry halls And courts of princes.

Milton.

(5.) HALL, in architecture. See § 4. def. 4. Vitruvius mentions 3 kinds of halls; the tetraftyle, with 4 columns fupporting the platform or ceiling; the Corinthian, with columns all round let into the wall, and vaulted over; and the Egyptian, which had a periftyle of infulated Corinthian columns, bearing a fecond order with a ceiling. The hall is properly the finest as well as first member of an apartment: and in the houses of minifters of ftate, magiftrates, &c. is the place where they difpatch business, and give audience. In very magnificent buildings, where the hall is larger and loftier than ordinary, and placed in the middle of the houfe, it is called a SALOON. The length of a hall fhould be at least twice and a quarter its breadth; and in great buildings, three times its breadth. The height may be two thirds of the breadth; and, if made with an arched ceiling, it will be much handfomer, and lefs liable to accidents by fire. In this cafe, its height is found by dividing its breadth into 6 parts, 5 of which will be the height from the floor to the under fide of the key of the arch.

(6.) HALL, § 4, def. 1. See WESTMINSTER, N° 6.

(7.) HALL, in geography, a town of Germany in Stiria, & miles N. of Rottenmann. (8.) HALL,

(8.) HALL, a town of Auftria, 8 miles WSW. of Steyr.

(9.) HALL, OF HALLE, an imperial town of Germany, in Suabia, on the Kocher, furrounded with mountains, which abound in falt fprings, that yield 3 oz. of falt from 16 oz. of water. It is 46 miles SE. of Heidelberg, and 30 NE. of Stuttgard. Lon. 9. 35. E. Lat. 49. 10. N.

(ro) HALL, a town of Sweden, in Upland, 20 miles NE. of Stockholm.

(11.) HALL, or HALLE, a town of Tirol, on the Inn, famous for its falt works, which produce a clear profit of 200,000 crowns a-year. The falt is dug in large blocks out of a mountain; then purified in falt pits, whence it is conveyed in a fluid ftate to Infpruck, where it is boiled to a due confiftence. Hall is 6 miles E. of Inspruck, and 24 SW. of Kuffstein. Lon. 11. 33. E. Lat. 47. 12. N. HALLA, or HELLA, a town of Afia, in the Arabian Irak, feated on both fides of the Euphrates, with a bridge of communication, fuppofed to be built on the fite of the ancient BABYLON. It abounds with fruit trees, and lies 55 miles SSW. of Bagdad, and 236 NW. of Bassora.

HALLACHORES, an unfortunate tribe in the Eaft Indies, deftined to misery from their birth, and termed the refufe of all tribes. They are held in fuch abomination, that, on the Malabar fide of Indoftan, if one of them chance to touch a Hindoo of fuperior rank, the latter draws his fabre and cuts him down on the fpot, without any check, either from his own confcience, or the laws of the country.

HALLAGE. n. s. a fee or toll paid for cloth brought to be fold in Blackwell-hall, London.

HALLAMAS. See HALIMASS, $2. HALLAND, a province of Sweden, in the island of Schonen, lying along the fea-coaft, at the entrance of the Baltic, oppofite to Jutland. It is 60 miles along the coaft, but not above 12 broad. Helmftadt is the capital.

HALLATON, a town of Liecefterfhire, feated. on a rich foil, 12 m. SE, of Leicester, and 90 N. by E. of London. Lon. o. 50. E. Lat. 52.35. N. (1.)HALLE, a town of the French Empire, in the dept. of Gemappes, and late province of Auftrian Hainault. The church of Notre Dame contains an image of the Virgin Mary, long held in great veneration. Lon. 3. 15. E. Lat. 50.44. N. (2.) HALLE, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, and duchy of Magdeburg, with a famous univerfity and falt-works. It was often befieged and taken in the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries. It now belongs to the king of Pruffia; bas about 14,000 inhabitants, and is feated in a pleafant plain on the Saale; 22 miles NW. of Leipfick, and 56 S. of Magdeburg. Lon. 12. 33. E. Lat. 51. 36. N.

(3.) HALLE, a town of Weftphalia, in the county of Ravensberg, 6 miles NW. of Bielfeld.

(4, 5.) HALLE. See HALL, N° 9 and 11. (6.) HALLE, Anthony, profeffor of eloquence at Caen, in Normandy, was born in 1592. He pub lished several good Latin poems and a Latin grammar: and died in 1675, aged 83.

(7.) HALLE, Peter, a French poet and lawyer, born at Bayeaux, in 1611. He was king's poet and regius profeffor of canon law; but is more

famed for his writings on that fubject and civif law, than for his Latin poems, though the latter have merit. He died in 1689.

HALLEBAST, a town of the French republic in the dept. of the Lys, and late prov. of Austrian Flanders, 3 miles SW. of Ypres.

HALLEIN, a town of Germany, in the circle of Bavaria, and archbishopric of Saltzburg; feated on the river Saltza, among the mountains, wherein are mines of falt, which are the chief riches of the town and country. Lon. 12. 15. E. Lat. 47. 33. N. Praise ye

(1.) HALLELUJAH. 2. S. [5] the Lord. A fong of thanksgiving. Then fhall thy faints Unfeigned hallelujabs to Thee fing, Hymns of high praise.

Milton.

-Singing thofe devout hymns and heavenly anthems, in which the church militant feems ambitious to emulate the triumphant, and echo back the folemn praises and hallelujahs of the celestial choirs. Boyle.

HALLELUJAH, or ALLELUJAH, is a term of rejoicing, firft introduced into the church fervice, by St Jerome, from the fynagogue. It occurs in feveral of the Pfalms, particularly from Pf. cxlv. to cl. It alfo occurs in Rev. xix. 1, 3, 4, 6. For a confiderable time it was only used once a year in the Latin church, viz. at Eafter; but in the Greek church it was much more frequent. St Jerome mentions its being fung at the interments of the dead, which ftill continues to be done in that church, and on fome occafions in Lent. Gregory the Great appointed it to be sung all the year round in the Latin church, which raised fome complaints against him; as introducing the ceremonies of the Greek church into the Roman. But he excufed himself by saying that it had been the ancient ufage of Rome, and introduced under pope Damafus.

HALLENBERG, a town of Germany, in Westphalia, 7 m. S. of Medebach, and 62 E. of Cologn. HALLENCOURT, a town of France, in the dep. of Somme, 74 miles S. of Abbeville.

(1.) HALLER, Albert VAN, an eminent phy. fician, born at Bern, on the 16th Oct. 1708. He was the son of an advocate, and the youngest of five. He very early fhewed a great genius for literature, but it is furprifing that it was not crushed in the bud, for his tutor,' Abraham Billodz, was fuch a tyrant, that the accidental fight of him, at any after period of life, excited in Haller almost all his former terrors. Yet the progrefs of Haller's ftudies was rapid almost beyond belief. When other children were beginning only to read, he was ftudying Bayle and Moreri; and at 9, he was able to tranflate Greek, and be ginning to ftudy Hebrew. His education was fomewhat interrupted by the death of his father, when he was in his 13th year. After this he was sent to the public fchool at Bern, where he was not only diftinguifhed for his knowledge in Greek and Latin, but alfo for his poetical genius. His poetical effays, published in the German language, were read and admired throughout the empire. In his 16th year, he began to study me. dicine at Tubingen, under Duvernoy and Camerarius; and continued there for two years, when

the

the great reputation of Boerhaave drew him to Leyden. Ruyfch was also still alive, and Albinus was rifing into fame. Animated by fuch exam ples, he spent all the day, and great part of the night, in the moft intenfe ftudy; and the proficiency which he made, gained him univerfal efteem both from his teachers and fellow-ftudents. From Holland, in 1727, he came to England, where he was honoured with the friendship of Douglas, Chefelden, and Sir Hans Sloane, P.R.S. He next went to France; where, under. Winflow and Le Dran, he had new opportunities of profecuting anatomy. But his zeal was greater than popular prejudice, even in the enlightened city of Paris, could admit of. An information being lodged against him for diffecting dead bodies, he was obliged to make a precipitate retreat to Bafil, where he became a pupil to the celebrated Bernoulli. Thus improved by the most distinguished teachers of that period, and endued with uncommon natural abilities, he returned to Bern, in his 26th year, where he stood candidate, first for the office of phyfician to an hospital, and afterwards for a profefforship. But he was disappointed in both; and it was even with difficulty that he obtained the appointment of keeper of a public library at Bern. This office, though by no means fuited to his great abilities, afforded him an opportunity for that extenfive reading by which he has been fo juftly distinguished. The neglect of his merit neither diminished his ardour for medical purfuits, nor detracted from his reputation at home or abroad. Soon after he was nominated a profeffor in the university of Gottingen, by King George II. The duties of this important office he discharged, with honour to himfelf and advantage to the public, for 17 years. Impreffed with the great diverfity of opinions refpecting the economy of the human body, and fenfible that the only means of inveftigating truth, was by careful experiments, he undertook the arduous task of exploring the phænomena of the human fabric; and there was hardly any function of the body on which his experiments did not reflect either a new or a ftronger light. Nor was it long neceffary for him, in this arduous undertaking, to labour alone. The example of the preceptor was followed by his pupils. Zinn, Zimmerman, Caldani, and many others, laboured to profecute and to perfect the discoveries of their great master. The mutual exertions of the teacher and his ftudents, not only forwarded the progress of medical fcience, but placed the philofophy of the human body on a more fure, and an almost entirely new, bafis. But the labours of Dr Haller, during his refidence at Gottingen, were not confined to one department of science. To him, the Anatomical Theatre, the School of Midwifery, the Chirurgical Society, and Royal Academy of Sciences at Gottingen, owe their origin. Such distinguished me rit could not fail to meet with a fuitable reward. K. George II. not only honoured him with every mark of attention himself, but procured him letters of nobility from the emperor. On the death of Dillenius, he had an offer of the profefforfhip of botany at Oxford; the States of Holland invited him to the chair of the younger Albinus, and the K. of Pruffia was anxious that he should be the

fucceffor of Maupertuis at Berlin, Marshat Keith wrote to him in the name of his sovereign, offer ing him the chancellorship of the university of Halle. Count Orlow invited him to Ruffia, in the name of the emprefs, offering him a distinguished place at St Petersburgh. The king of Sweden conferred on him an unfolicited honour, by raifing him to the rank of knight of the polar ftar; and the emperor of Germany honoured him with a perfonal vifit; during which he paffed fome time with him in the most familiar conversation. Thus honoured and efteemed, he had it in his power to have held the highest rank in the republic of letters. Yet, declining all the offers made to him, he continued at Gottingen, anxious to extend the rifing fame of that medical school. But after 17 years refidence in that univerfity, an ill ftate of health rendering him lefs fit for the important office which he held, he obtained, permiffion from the regency of Hanover to return to Bern. His fellow-citizens were now as fenfible as others of his fuperior merit. A penfion was settled upon him for life, and he was elected into the most important offices in the ftate. Thefe occupations, however, did not diminish his ardour for ufeful im provements. He was the firft prefident, as well as the greatest promoter, of the Oeconomical Society at Bern; and he may be confidered as the founder of the Orphan Hospital there. Declining health, however, reftrained his exertions; and for many years he was confined entirely to his own houfe; where, with indefatigable industry, he continued to write till within a few days of his death; which happened in his 70th year, on the 12th Dec, 1777. His Elementa Phyfiologic and Bibliotheca Medicina, afford undeniable proofs of his penetrating genius and folid judgment. But he was not lefs diftinguished as a philosopher than beloved as a man; and he was not more eminent for his improvement in every department of medical science, than for his piety to God, and benevolence to mankind.

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(2.) HALLER, in geography, atown of the French republic, in the dep. of the Dyle, and late prov. of Auftrian Brabant; 10 miles S. of Tirlemont. Lon. 5. 18. E. Lat. 50. 42. N.

HALLERIA, in botany, AFRICAN FLY HONEY. SUCKLE, a genus of the angiofpermia order, belonging to the didynamia clafs of plants; and in the natural method ranking under the 40th order, Perfonata. The calyx is trifid; the corolla quadrifid; the filaments longer than the corolla; the berry inferior and bilocular.

HALLERMUND, a county of Weftphalia, united to the principality of Calenberg.

HALLEY, Dr Edmund, an eminent aftronomer, was the only fon of a foap-boiler in London, and was born in 1656. He firft ftudied the languages and fciences, but at length devoted himself entirely to aftronomy. In 1676, he went to the ifland of St Helena to complete the catalogue of fixed ftars, by the addition of those which lie near the S. pole; and having delineated a planifphere, in which he laid them all down in their exact places, he returned to England, in 1678. In 1680 he took a tour through Europe, accompanied by the celebrated Mr Nelfon. Between Calais and Paris, he had a fight of the famous comet in its return from

the