nourishment from the furrounding humours; that each hair confifts of 5 or 6 others, wrapt up in a common tegument or tube. They grow as the nails do, each part near the root thurfting for. ward that which is immediately above it, and not by any liquor running along the hair in tubes, as plants grow. Quincy.—

about 45 miles, and about 48 from E. to W. The air is temperate, and the foil fruitful: it abounds in rich pastures, corn fields, woods and forefts; coal, iron, lead, marble, flates, &c. It is well watered by rivers and lakes, and breeds abundance of black cattle, and fine-woolled sheep. Its principal rivers are the Scheldt, the Selle, and the Dender. It contains 24 walled towns, and 950 villages. Under the old government it contained one duchy, feveral principalities, earldoms, and baronies, and 27 abbeys. The states confifted of the clergy, nobility, and commoners, or deputies of the towns. This county had counts of its own, till 1436; when Philip the Good, D. of Burgundy, fucceeded on the death of the countess Jaqueline, without iffue. Before the revolution it was divided into Auftrian and French Hainault.

1. HAINAULT, AUSTRIAN, the N. part of the above province, (N°I.) was formerly divided into 330 communes. After the Battle of Gemappes, the whole country fubmitted to the French; and on the 2d March, 1793, it was, at the request of the inhabitants, annexed to the French republic, and erected into the department of GEMAPPES. See GEMAPPES, N° 1 & 2. Mons is the capital. 2. HAINAULT, FRENCH, the S. part of the above province, was acquired under the old French government, partly by the peace of the Pyrenees, and partly by thofe of Nimeguen and Ryfwick. Upon the revolution in 1789, it was erected, along with the ci-devant French Flanders, and Cambrefis, into the department of the NORTH. Douay is the capital.

(II.) HAINAULT, a forest of England, in Effex, fo named from its having been anciently stocked with deer from the above province, (N° I.) There is a very large oak in it, called Fairlop, the branches whereof extend over an area of 300 feet in circumference, where an annual fair has been long held on the 22d of July The Hainault Forefers, a fociety of the principal gentlemen and ladies in the country, march round this tree in their uniforms.

(1.) HAINBURG, or HAIMBURG, a town of Auftria, on the Danube. In 1482, it was taken by Matthias K. of Hungary. It has a cloth manufacture, and lies 8 miles W. of Prefburg, and 20 SSE. of Vienna. Lon. 34. 6. E. of Ferro. Lat. 48. 6. N.,

(2.) HAINBURG, a town of Bavaria, 10 miles NW. of Velburg, and 20 WSW. of Amberg.

HAINE, or HAISNE, a river in the dep. of Gemappes, and ci-devant province of Auftrian Hainault, which it runs through from E. to W. paffing by Mons and St Ghilan, and falls into the Scheldt at Condé.

HAINFELDEN, a town of Germany, in Auftria, 20 miles SW. of Vienna.

HAINGEN, a town of Swabia, 21 miles SW. of Ulm.

HAINSTAL, a town of Auftria, 4 m. E. of Laab. (1.) * HAIR, n. f. [bær, Saxon.] 1. One of the common teguments of the body. It is to be found upon all the parts of the body, except the foles of the feet and palms of the hands. When we examine the hairs with a microscope, we find that they have each a round bulbous root, which lies pretty deep in the skin, and which draws their

My fleece of woolly hair uncurls. Shakefp. Shall the difference of hair only, on the skin, be a mark of a different internal conftitution between a changeling and a drill? Locke. 2. A fingle hair. Naughty lady,

These bairs which thou doft ravish from my

chin,

Or less than just a pound; if the scale turn
But in the estimation of a hair,
Thou dieft.

Shak. Merchant of Venice: He judges to a hair of little indecencies, and knows better than any man what is not to be written. Dryden. 4. Courfe; order; grain: the hair falling in a certain direction. He is a curer of fouls, and you a curer of bodies: if you should fight you go against the hair of your profeffion. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windfor.

(2.) HAIR, (§ 1, def. 1.) confifts of small filaments iffuing out of the pores of the skins of animals; and ferving most of them as a covering. See ANATOMY, § 237, 238. Hair grows longeft on the head, chin, and breast; in the arm-pits, and about the privities. Hairs ordinarily appear round or cylindrical; but the microscope alfo discovers triangular and fquare ones; which diverfity of figure arifes from that of the pores, to which the hairs always accommodate their form. Their length depends on the quantity of the proper humour to feed them, and their colour on the quality of that humour; whence, at different stages of life, the colour ufually differs. Their extremities fplit into 2 or 3 branches, especially when kept dry, or fuffered to grow too long; fo that what appears only a single hair to the naked eye, feems a brush to the microscope. The hair of a mouse, viewed by Mr Derham with a microscope, feemed to be one single transparent tube, with a pith made up of fibrous fubftances, running in dark lines, in fome hairs tranfverfely, in others spirally. The darker medullary lines,he observes, were fmall fibres convolved, and lying closer together than in the other parts of the hair. They run from the bottom to the top of the hair; and, he imagines, may ferve to make a gentle evacuation of fome humour out of the body. Hence the hair of hairy animals, may not only serve as a fence against cold, &c. but as an organ of infenfible perfpiration. Citizen Mongé has made fome curious obfervations on hair and wool. The furfaces of these bodies (he fays) are not fmooth; they seem to be formed rather of small laminæ placed over each other in a flanting direc tion from the root towards the point, like the fcales of fish; or of zones placed one upon another, as in the horns of animals. When a hair is laid

hold

hold of by the root in one hand, and drawn between the fingers of the other, from the root towards the point, fcarce any friction or resistance is perceived, and no noife is heard; but if, grafping it by the point, it be paffed in the fame manner between the fingers of the other hand, from the point towards towards the root, a refiftance is felt, a tremulous motion is evident to the touch, and a noise may be diftinctly heard. It is obvious, therefore, that the texture of the furface of hair is not the fame from the root towards the point, as it is from the point towards the root. These obfervations are equally applicable to the filaments of wool. The furface of these bodies is therefore formed of rigid laminæ, laid upon each other like tiles, from the root to the point. And it is this ftructure which is the principal cause of the difpofition to felting, which the hair of animals generally pof feffes. See HATS, METHOD OF MAKING. No. 4. (3.) HAIR, in farriery. See FARRIERY, PART I. Sed. I; PART III. Sec. XIV.

(4.) HAIR, ANCIENT AND MODERN OPINIONS RESPECTING. The ancients held the hair a fort of excrement, fed only with excrementitious matters, and no proper part of a living body. They fuppofed it generated of the fuliginous parts of the blood exhaled by the heat of the body to the furface, and there condenfed in paffing through the pores. Their chief reasons were, that the hair being cut will grow again, even in extreme old age, and when life is very low: that in hectic and confumptive people, where the reft of the body is continually emaciating, the hair thrives; nay, that it will even grow again in dead carcafes. They added that hair does not feed and grow like the other parts, by introfufception, i. e. by a juice circulating within it; but, like the nails, by juxta pofition. (See § 1.) But the moderns are agreed, that every hair properly and truly lives, and receives nutriment to fill it like the other parts; which they prove hence, that the roots do not turn grey in aged perfons fooner than the extremities, but the whole changes colour at once; which shows that there is a direct communication, and that all the parts are affected alike. In ftrict propriety, however, it must be allowed, that the life and growth of hairs is of a different kind from that of the reft of the body; and is not immedi. ately derived therefrom, or reciprocated therewith. It is rather of the nature of vegetation. They grow as plants do, or as fome plants fhoot from the parts of others; from which though they draw their nourishment, yet each has, as it were, its diftinct life and economy. They derive their food from fome juices in the body, but not from the nutritious juices of the body; whence they may live, though the body be ftarved. Wulferus, in the Philofophical Collections, gives an account of a woman buried at Norimberg, whofe grave being opened 43 years after her death, hair was found iffuing forth plentifully through the clefts of the coffin. The cover being removed, the whole corpfe appeared in its perfect fhape; but, from the Crown of the head to the fole of the foot, covered over with thick-fet hair, long and curled. The feston going to handle the upper part of the head with his fingers, the whole fell at once, leaving nothing in his hand but a handful of hair: there VOL. XI. PART I.

was neither skull nor any other bone left: yet the hair was folid and strong. Mr Arnold, in the fame collection, gives a relation of a man hanged for theft, who, in a little time, while he yet hung upon the gallows, had his body ftrangely covered over with hair. Some, however, doubt the au thenticity of these and fimilar inftances.

(5.) HAIR, ANCIENT CUSTOMS RESPECTING THE WEARING OF. By the Jews hair was worn naturally long, juft as it grew; but the priests had theirs cut every fortnight, while waiting at the temple; they ufed fciffars only. The Nazarites, while their vow continued, were forbidden to touch their heads with a razor. Sce NAZA RENE. The falling off of the hair, or a change of its colour, was regarded amongst the Hebrews as a fign of the leprofy. Black hair was esteemed by them as the most beautiful. Abfalom's hair was cut once a year, and is faid to have weighed 200 fhekels, or 3roz. The law of God gives no particular ordinances with respect to the hair. The hair of both Jewish and Grecian women engaged a principal fhare of their attention, and the Ro man ladies feem to have been no lefs curious with refpect to theirs. They generally wore it long, and dreffed it in various ways, ornamenting it with gold, filver, pearls, &c. On the contrary, the men amongst the Greeks and Romans, and amongst the later Jews, wore their hair fhort, as may be collected from books, medals, ftatues, &c. This formed a principal diftinction in drefs betwixt the fexes. This obfervation illuftrates a paffage in St Paul's epiftle to the Corinthians, (I Cor. xi. 4, 5, 6.) where he forbids the Corinthian women, when praying by divine infpiration, to have their hair dishevelled; because this made them refemble the heathen priefteffes, when actuated by the pretended influence of their gods. Amongst the Greeks, both fexes, a few days before marriage, cut off and confecrated their hair as an offering to their favourite deities. It was alfo cuftomary among them to hang the hair of the dead on the doors of their houses previous to interment. They likewise tore, cut off, and sometimes shaved their hair, when mourning for their deceased friends, which they laid upon the corpfe or threw into the pile, to be confumed together with the body. The ancients imagined that no perfon could die till a lock of hair was cut off; and this act they fuppofed was performed by the invifible hand of death, or Iris, or fome other meffenger of the gods. This hair thus cut off, they fancied confecrated the person to the infernal deities, under whofe jurifdiction the dead were fuppofed to be. It was a fort of firft fruits, which fanctified the whole. (See Virg. Æn. 4. 694.) Whatever was the fashion, with refpect to the hair, in the Grecian ftates, flaves were forbidden to imitate the freemen. Their hair was always cut in a par ticular manner, called ogı§ avdgaroda♪ns, which they no longer retained after they procured their freedom. Both the Greeks and Romans wore falfe hair. The ancient Gauls efteemed it an honour to have long hair; hence the appellation Gallia Comata. Julius Cæfar, on fubduing the Gauls, made them cut off their hair, as a token of fubmiffion, In imitation of this, fuch as afterwards quitted the world to live in cloifters, had their heads shaGloisters,

ven,

ven, to show that they bid adieu to all earthly ornaments, and made a vow of perpetual subjection to their fuperiors. The ancient Britons were proud of the length and beauty of their hair, and were at much pains in dreffing it. Some of them carried this to an extravagant height. A young warrior who was taken prifoner and condemned to be beheaded, requested that no flave might be permitted to touch his hair, which was remarkably long and beautiful, and that it might not be ftain. ed with his blood. We hardly ever meet with a description of a fine woman or beautiful man in Offian's Poems, but their hair is mentioned as one of their greatest beauties. Not content with the natural colour of their hair, which was commonly fair or yellow, they used washes to render it ftill brighter. One of these was a compofition of lime, the afhes of certain vegetables, and tallow. They ufed various arts alfo to make the hair of their heads grow thick and long; which laft was confidered as a mark of dignity and noble birth. Boadicea, queen of the Iceni, is described by Dio with very long hair, flowing over her fhoulders, and reaching down below the middle of her back. The Britons fhaved their beards, all but their upper lips; the hair of which they, as well as the Gauis, allowed to grow to a very inconvenient length. In aftertimes, the Anglo Saxons and Danes alfo confidered fine hair as one of their greateft ornaments, and were at great pains in dreffing it. Young ladies before marriage wore their hair uncovered and untied, flowing in ringlets over their fhoulders; but as foon as they were married they cut it fhorter, tied it up, and put on a head drefs. To have the hair entirely cut off was fo great a difgrace, that it was a punishment inflicted on women guilty of adultery. The Danish foldiers who were quartered upon the English, in the reigns of Edgar and of Ethelred II. were particularly attentive to the dreffing of their hair; which they combed at leaft once every day, and thereby captivated the affections of the English ladies. Gregory of Tours affures us, that in the royal family of France, it was long the peculiar mark and privilege of kings and princes of the blood to wear long hair, dreffed and curled: all others wore it polled, or cut round, in fign of inferiority. Some fay that there were different cuts for all the different qualities and conditions, from the prince who wore it at full length, to the flave or villain who was quite cropt. -To cut off the hair of a prince under the firft race of French kings, was to declare him excluded from the right of fucceeding to the crown. In the 8th century, people of quality had their children's hair cut the firft time by perfons they had a particular efteem for; who hence were reputed a fort of fpiritual parents or godfathers. And long before this, Conftantine fent the pope the hair of his fon Heraclius, as a token that he defired him to be his adoptive father.

(6.) HAIR, CLERICAL ZEAL AGAINST WEARING LONG. Pope Anicetus is faid to have been the first who forebade the clergy to wear long hair: but the prohibition is of an older date in the churches of the eaft; and the letter, wherein that decree is written, is much later than that pope. The clerical tonfure is related by Ifidorus Itilpalenus, as of apoftolical institution. Long

hair was anciently held so odjous, that there is a canon ftill extant, of 1096, importing that fuch as wore long hair fhould be excluded coming into church while living, and not be prayed for when dead. Luitprand made a furious declamation againft the emperor Phocas, for wearing long hair. The French hiftorians have been very exact in defcribing the hair of their kings. Charlemagne wore it very fhort; his fons fhorter; Charles II. had none at all. Under Hugh Capet it began to appear again; but the priests excommunicated all who let their hair grow. Peter Lombard expostulated fo warmly with Charles VI. that he cut off his hair: and his fucceffors for fome generations wore it very fhort. A profeffor of Utrecht, in 1650, wrote exprefsly on the question, Whether it be lawful for men to wear long hair? and concluded for the negative.-Another divine, named Reves, who had written for the affirmative, replied to him. The clergy both fecular and regu lar were obliged to fhave the crowns of their heads, and keep their hair fhort, which distinguifhed them from the laity; and several canons were made against their concealing their tonfure, or allowing their hair to grow long. The shape of this clerical tonfure was the fubject of long and violent debates between the English clergy on the one hand, and thofe of the Scots and Picts on the other; that of the former being circular, and that of the later only femicircular. Long flowing hair was univerfally esteemed a great ornament; and the tonfure of the clergy was confidered as an act of mortification and self-denial, to which many of them fubmitted with reluctance, and endeavoured to conceal as much as poffible. Some, who pretended to fuperior fanétity, inveighed with great bitterness against the long hair of the laity; and laboured to perfuade them to cut it short, in imitation. of the clergy. Thus St Wulftan, Bp. of Worcester, declaimed with great vehemence againft luxury of all kinds, but chiefly against long hair as most criminal and moft univerfal." When any of those vain people who were proud of their long hair, (fays William of Malmbury) bowed their heads before him to recive his bleffing, before he gave it, he cut a lock of their hair with a little knife, which he carried about him for that purpose; and commanded them, by way of penance of their fins, to cut all the rest of their hair in the fame manner. If any of them refused to comply with this com mand, he denounced the most dreadful judgments upon them, reproached them for their effeminacy, and foretold, that as they imitated women in the length of their hair, they would imitate them in their cowardice when their country was invaded; which was accomplished at the landing of the Normans." This continued to be long a topic of declamation among the clergy, who even reprefented it as one of the greatest crimes, and most certain marks of reprobation. Anfelm Abp. of Canterbury went fo far as to pronounce the then terrible fentence of excommunication against all who wore long hair, for which pious zeal he is very much commended. Serlo, a Norman bishop, acquired great honour by a fermon which he preached before Henry I. in 1104, againft long and curled hair, with which the king and all his conrtiers were so much affected, that they con

fented

bundles of hair have been found in the mufcular parts of beef, and in parts of the human body equally firm. Hair has been often found in ab... fceffes and impofthumations. Schultetus, opening the abdomen of a woman, found 12 pints of water, and a large lock of hair swimming loofe in it. But of all the internal parts, there is none fo much fubject to an unnatural growth of hair as the ovaries of females. Of this Dr Tyfon relatės 3 remarkable inftances: two of thefe were young women; the other was a bitch. The animal had been much emaciated in its hinder parts; the hair was about an inch and a half long; but the most remarkable particular was, that hair was alfo found lying loofe in the cavities of the veins. There are inftances of mankind being affected in the fame manner, Cardan relates, that he found hair in the blood of a Spaniard; Slonatius in that of a gentlewoman of Cracovia; and Schultetus declares, from his own observation, that thofe people, who are afflicted with the plica polonica, have very often hair in their blood.

(11.) HAIR OF PLANTS, or DOWN, a general term expreffive of all the hairy and glandular appearances on the furface of plants, to which they are fuppofed to ferve the double purpose of defenfive weapons and veffels of fecretion. These hairs are minute threads of greater or lefs length and folidity; fome of them vifible to the naked eye; whilft others are rendered vifible only by the help of glaffes. Examined by a microfcope, almost all the parts of plants, particularly the young ftalks or stems, appear covered with hairs. Thefe appear under various forms; in the leguminous plants, they are generally cylindric; in the mallow tribe, terminated in a point; in agrimony, fhaped like a fifh-hook; in nettle, awl-shaped and jointed; and in fome compound flowers with hollów or funnel fhaped florets, they are terminated in two crooked points. Probable as fome experiments have rendered it, that the hairs on the furface of plants contribute to fome original fecretion, their principal ufe feems to be, to preferve the parts in which they are lodged from the bad effects of violent frictions, from winds, from ex- › tremes of heat and cold, and fuch like external injuries. M. Guettard, who established a botanical method, from the form, fituation, and other circumftances of the hairy and glandular appearances on the furface of plants, has demonftrated, that thefe appearances are generally conftant and uniform in all the plants of the fame genus. The fame uniformity feems to characterise all the different genera of the fame natural order. The different forts of hair, which form the down upon the furface of plants, were imperfectly fet down by Grew in 1682, and by Malpighi in 1686. M. Guettard was the firft who examined the fubject both as a botanift and a philofopher. His obfer vations were published in 1747.

(1.) * HAIRBEL. 7. f. The name of a flower; hyacinth.

(2.) HAIRBELS. See HYACINTHUS.

HAIR BRAINED. adj. [This should rather be written barebrained, unconftant, unfettled, wild as a bare.] Wild; irregular; unfteady.Let's leave this town; for they are bairbrain'd

* HAIRBREADTH. n. f. [hair and breadth.] A very fmall diftance; the diameter of a hair.-Seven hundred chosen men left-handed could sling ftones at an hairbreadth, and not mifs. Judges xx. 16.— I spoke of moft difaftrous chances, Of moving accidents by flood and field; Of hairbreadth 'fcapes in the imminent deadly breach. Shak. (1.) HAIRCLOTH. n. f. [bair and cloth.] Stuff made of hair, very rough and prickly, worn fometimes in mortification. It is compofed of reeds and parts of plants woven together like a piece of haircloth. Grew's Museum.

*

Against thy majesty.

Shak.

HAIR-POWDER. See POWDER, N° 4. HAIR-WORM. See GORDIUS, N° II. §. 1—4. *HAIRY. adj. [from hair.] 1. Overgrown with hair; covered with hair.

She his hairy temples then had rounded With coronet of flowers. Shak, Children are not hairy, for that their skins are more perfpirable. Bacon. 2. Confifting of hair. Storms have shed

From vines the hairy honours of their head. Dryden.

HAISNE. See HAINE. HAISNEAU, a river of the French republic, which runs into the Haine at Condé.

HAI-TANG, a beautiful Chinese shrub, origi nally brought from the bottom of the rocks which border the fea-coaft. It has been cultivated in China for more than 14 centuries; and is celebrated as often in the works of the Chinese poets, as rofes and lilies are in thofe of ours. Painters and embroiderers ornament all their works with its foliage and flowers. The talk of the hai-tang is of a cylindric form, and fhoots forth a number of branches of a purple tint towards their bafes, and full of knots, which are alfo of a purple colour round the edges. It produces a number of fhoots, the tallest of which are about 24 feet high. Its leaves, which are much indented, of an oval form, towards the ftalk, pointed at their upper extremi ties, and full of fmall prickles, grow almost oppofite one another on the branches, and at the fame distance as the knots. Their colour above is a deep green; that below is much lighter, and almost effaced by their, fibres, which are large, and

of