OR UNIVERSAL DICTIONARY OF THE ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE, &c. INTENDED TO SUPERSEDE THE USE OF OTHER BOOKS OF REFERENCE. ILLUSTRATED WITH THREE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY PLATES AND MAPS. SECOND EDITION, IN TWENTY-THREE VOLUMES. VOLUME XI. EDINBURGH: PRINTED BY JOHN BROWN, ANCHOR CLOSE, FOR THE PROPRIETORS, AND SOLD BY ALL THE BOOKSELLERS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. 1816. AE .E56 鲁 ENCYCLOPÆDIA PERTHENSIS. H (1.)* His in English, as in other languages, a note of afpiration, founded only by a ftrong emiffion of the breath, without any conformation of the organs of speech, and is therefore by many grammarians accounted no letter. The bin English is fcarcely ever mute at the beginning of a word, or where it immediately precedes a vowel; as boufe, behaviour: where it is followed by a confonant it has no found, accordding to the prefent pronunciation: but anciently, as now in Scotland, it made the fyllable guttural; as, right, bought. НАВ TION, H was used by the ancients to denote bo mo, hæres, bora, &c. Thus H. B. ftood for he res bonorum; and H. S. corruptly for LLS. fefterce; and HA. for Hadrianus. III. As a NuMERAL, H denotes 200; and with a dash over it, H, 200,000. *HA. interjed. [ba, Latin.] 1. An expreffion of wonder, furprife, fudden question, or fudden exertion. You thall look fairer ere I give or hazard: What fays the golden cheft? ha! let me fee. Shak. Ha! what art thou! thou horrid headlefs trunk! It is my Haftings! · Rowe's Jane Shore. 2. An expreffion of laughter. Ufed with reduplication. He faith among the trumpets ba, ba, and he fmelleth the battle afar off. Job xxxix. 25. Ha, ha, 'tis what fo long I wifh'd and vow'd; . Our plots and delufions Have wrought fuch confufions, That the monarch's a flave to the crown. Dryd.. ·HAA, an isle on the N. coast of Scotland, 34 miles SE. of Farout Head. (1.) HAAG, or HAG, a town of Germany, in Bavaria, feated on a hill, on the W. fide of the Ipn. Lon. 12. 23. E. Lat. 48. 16. N. (2.) H is ufed, 1. as a letter; 2. as an abbreviation; and, 3. as a numeral. Í. As a LETTER, H is the 8th in our alphabet, and the 6th confonant. Nothing can be more ridiculous than to difpute its being a diftinct found, (See § 1.) and formed in a particular manner by the organs of fpeech, at leaft in our language: witnefs the words all and ball, eat and beat, arm and harm, ear and hear, at and bat, &c. as pronounced with or without the b. It is pronounced by a strong exspiration of the breath between the lips, clofing, as it were, by a gentle motion of the lower jaw to the upper, and the tongue nearly approaching the palate. It feems to be agreed, that our H, which is the fame with that of the Romans, derived its figure from The Phoenicians, and moft an cient Greeks and Romans, ufed the fame figure with our H, which in the series of all these alphabets keeps its primitive place, being the 8th letter; though the afterwards occupied its place in the Greek alphabet, and its form was changed to X; while its former figure, H, was ufed for the better, Eta, or long e. (See E.) H fubjoined to fometimes gives it the guttural found, as in thas, fometimes the found of b, as in Charlotte; chat, church, &c. and not seldom that of k, as in Ferro. Lat. 53. 33. N. frequently that of tb, as in charity, chit chara&er, Achilles, &c. though the latter and all other Greek proper names ought rather to have the Hebrew M. but more (2, 3.) HAAG, 2 towns of Auftria; 1. ten miles SE. of Ens: 2. eight m. WNW. of Schwanftadt. (1.)* HAAK. n. /. A fifh. Ainsworth. (2.) HAAK. See GADUS, No 6; and HAKE, § 2. HAANO, one of the HAPABE Islands, difcovered by Capt. Cook, in 1777, in the S. Pacific Ocean. Lon. 185. 43, E. Lat. 19. 41. S. (1) HAARBURG, a town and fort of Lunenburg Zell, feated on the Seeve, 7 miles S. of Hamburg. It was taken by the French, and retaken by the Hanoverians in 1757. Lon. 27. 21. E. of (2.) HAARBURG, a town of Suabia. HAAREN, 2 towns of Germany, in Weftphalia; 1. three miles NE, of Buren; 2. two miles E. pronunciation. H fubjoined to p and t, alfo al- of Hamm. ters the found of thefe letters; giving the for mer the found off, as in philofophy, &c. and Auftria, 3 miles N. of Efferding. HAARKIRCHEN, a town of Germany, in the latter that of the Greek e, as in theology, truth, HABAKKUK, [ppan, Heb. i. e. a wrestler.] &c. and in fome English words, as the, that, thefe, one of the 12 leffer prophets, whofe prophecies &c. a ftill harder found. II. As an ABBREVIA VOL. XI. PART I. are taken into the canon of the Old Testament. There A There is no precife time mentioned in Scripture when he lived; but from his predicting the deftruction of Jerufalem by the Chaldeans, it is evident that he prophefied before Zedekiah, probably about the time of Manaffeh. He is reported to have been the author of several prophecies which are not extant: but all that are indifputably his are contained in three chapters. In thefe he complains pathetically of the vices of the Jews; foretels their punishment by the Chaldeans; the defeat of the vaft designs of Jehoiakim; with the conquefts of Nebuchadnezzar, his metamorphofis, and death. The 3d chapter is a prayer to God, whofe majefty he defcribes with the utmost grandeur and fublimity of expreffion. HABAR, a town of Perfia, in Irak, HABAS, a town of France, in the dep. of Landes, 20 miles S. of Dax, and 9 NW. of Orthez. (1.) HABAT, a province of Barbary, in the kingdom of Fez; furrounded by the Mediterranean, the Straits of Gibraltar, and the Atlantic. The chief towns are Arzilla and Tetuan. Ceuta is in poffeffion of the Spaniards. (2.) HABAT, a province of Morocco, 40 miles fquare. Sallee is the capital. HABDALA, [Heb. i. e. diftinction, from 73, to feparate,) a ceremony of the Jews, obferved on the fabbath evening. When all the family is come home, they light a taper or lamp, with two wicks at leaft. The mafter of the family then takes a cup, with fome wine, mixed with fragrant fpices, and having repeated a paffage of fcripture, (eg. Pfal. cxvi. 13. or Efth. viii. 16.) he bleffes the wine and fpices. Afterwards he bleffes the light of the fire; and then cafts his eyes on his hands and nails, as remembering that he is going to work; to fig. nify, that the fabbath is over, and feparated from the day of labour which follows. After the ceremony is over, and the company breaks up, they with one another, not a good night, but a good qweek. (1.) * HABEAS CORPUS. [Latin.] A writ, the which, a man indicted of fome trefpafs, being laid in prifon for the fame, may have out of the King's Bench, thereby to remove himself thither at his own cofts, and to answer the cause there. Cowel. (2.) HABEAS CORPUS is the great remedy in cafes of FALSE IMPRISONMENT. The incapacity of the 3 other remedies referred to under the article IMPRISONMENT, to give complete relief in every cafe, has almost entirely antiquated them, and caufed a general recourfe to be had, in behalf of perfons aggrieved by illegal imprisonment, to this writ, the most celebrated in the English law. Of this there are various kinds made ufe of by the courts at Westminster, for removing prifoners from one court into another for the more eafy administration of juftice. Such is the babeas corpus ad refpondendum, when a man hath a caufe of action against one who is confined by the procefs of fome inferior court; in order to remove the prifoner, and charge him with this new action in the court above. Such is that ad fatisfaciendum, when a prifoner hath had judgment against him in an action, and the plaintiff is defirous to bring him up to fome fuperior court to charge him with procefs of execution. Such are alfo thofe ad profequendum, teftificandum, deliberandum, &c.; which iffue when it is neceffary to remove a prisoner, in order to profecute or bear teftimony in any court, or to be tried in the proper jurifdiction wherein the fact was committed. Such is, laftly, the common writ ad faciendum et recipiendum, which iffues out of any of the courts of Westminster-hall, when a perfon is fued in fome inferior jurifdiction, and is defirous to remove the action into the fuperior court; commanding the inferior judges to produce the body of the defendant, together with the day and caufe of his caption and detainer (whence the writ is frequently denominated an babeas corpus cum caufa), to do and receive whatsoever the king's court fhall confider in that behalf. This is a writ grantable of common right, without any motion in court: and it inftantly fuperfedes all proceedings in the court below. But, to prevent the furreptitious discharge of prisoners, it is ordered by ftat. 1 & 2 P. & M. c. 13. that no babeas corpus fhall iffue to remove any prifoner out of any goal, unless figned by fome judge of the court out of which it is awarded. And, to avoid vexatious delays by removal of frivolous causes, it is enacted by ftat. 21 Jac: I. c. 23. that, where the judge of an inferior court of record is a barrister of 3 years ftanding, no cause fhall be removed from thence by habeas corpus or other writ, after iffue or demurrer deliberately joined: that no caufe, if once remanded to the inferior court by writ of procedendo or otherwife, fhall ever afterwards be again removed: and that no cause shall be removed at all, if the debt or damages laid in the declaration do not amount to the fum of five pounds. But an expedient having been found out to elude the latter branch of the ftatute, by procuring a nominal plaintiff to bring another action for sl. or upwards (and then by the course of the court, the babeas corpus removed both actions together), it is therefore enacted by ftat. 12 Geo. I. c. 29. that the inferior court may proceed in fuch actions as are under the value of sl. notwithstanding other actions may be brought against the fame defender to a greater amount. But the great and efficacious writ, in all manner of illegal confinement, is that of habeas corpus ad fubjiciendum; directed to the person detaining another, and commanding him to produce the body of the prifoner, with the day and cause of his caption and detention, ad faciendum, fubjiciendum, et recipiendum, to do, fubmit to, and receive whatsoever the judge or court awarding fuch writ fhall confider in that behalf. This is a high prerogative writ, and therefore by the common law iffuing out of the court of king's bench, not only in term time, but alfo during the vacation, by a fiat from the chief juftice, or any other judge, and running into all parts of the king's dominions: for the king is at all times intit led to have an account why the liberty of any of his fubjects is reftramed, wherever that reftraint may be inflicted. If it iffues in vacation, it is ufually returnable before the judge himfelf who awarded it, and he proceeds by himself thereon; unless the term fhould intervene, and then it may be returned in court. Indeed, if the party were privileged in the courts of common pleas and exchequer, as being an officer or fuitor of the court, an babeas corpus ad fubjiciendum might alfo have been awarded from thence; and, if the caufe of |