said, and every civilized male inhabitant of Indian descent, a native of the United States and not a member of any tribe, shall be an elector and entitled to vote; but no citizen or inhabitant shall be an elector or entitled to vote at any election unless he shall be above the age of twenty-one years, and have resided in this State three months, and in the township or ward in which he offers to vote ten days next preceding such election. Provided, that in time of war, insurrection, or rebellion, no qualified elector in the actual military service of the United States, or of this State, in the army or navy thereof, shall be deprived of his vote by reason of his absence from the township, ward, or State in which he resides; and the Legislature shall have the power, and shall provide the manner in which, and the time and place at which, such absent electors may vote, and for the canvass and return of their votes to the township or ward election district in which they respectively reside, or otherwise.

Persons born in other countries are called aliens; and to become citizens must be naturalized. To accomplish this, the person desiring to become a citizen must go before the Court or the clerk thereof, two years before he can be admitted as a citizen, and declare, on oath, in writing, that he intends to become a citizen of the United States, and to renounce his allegiance to his former government; and he must declare on oath that he will support the Constitution of the United States. Then, two years thereafter, the Court, if satisfied as to his moral character and loyalty, and that he has resided in the United States for five years, and in the State or Territory where the Court is held, for one year, may admit him as a citizen.

Persons residing within and under the jurisdiction of the United States, at any time between the 18th of June, 1778,

and April 14, 1802, and who have continued to reside therein, are exempt from the provisions of the preceding paragraph.

Any alien being a minor, who arrives in the United States when not over eighteen years of age, and continues to reside therein, may, after he arrives at the age of twenty-one years, and after he shall have resided five years within the United States, be admitted as a citizen, without having made the usual declaration three years previous to his admission; but this declaration must be made at the time of his admission, and he must declare to the Court on oath, and prove that for three years next preceding, it has been his intention to become a citizen of the United States.

When an alien, who shall have complied with the provisions of paragraph four, of this chapter, relative to declaring his intention, may die before being naturalized, his widow and children shall be considered citizens of the United States, and entitled to all the privileges as such, upon taking the oath prescribed by law.

Aliens having borne any hereditary title, or been of any of the orders of nobility in the Kingdom or State from which they came, must renounce such title, or order of nobility, before they can be admitted as citizens of the United States.

When at war with other nations, the United States Government will not admit to citizenship, the citizens, subjects, or denizens of such nation.

As to the provisions of law concerning aliens residing in the United States prior to 1812, the student is referred to the abstract of the laws of the United States, to be found at page 2245, of the Compiled Laws of Michigan.

The children of naturalized persons, being under the age of twenty-one years at the time of their parents being naturalized, shall, if dwelling in the United States, be considered as citizens thereof.

Children of persons who are or have been citizens of the United States, though born elsewhere, are considered as citizens of the United States.

Any alien, of the age of twenty-one years and upwards, who has enlisted or shall enlist in the armies of the United States, either the regular or the volunteer forces, and has been, or shall be hereafter, honorably discharged, may be admitted to become a citizen of the United States, upon his petition, without any previous declaration of his intention to become a citizen of the United States; and he shall not be required to prove more than one year's residence within the United States previous to his application to become such citizen; and the Court admitting such alien, shall, in addition to such proof of residence and good moral character, as is now provided by law, be satisfied, by competent proof, of such person having been honorably discharged from the service of the United States as aforesaid.

Aliens may be admitted to citizenship by any Court of Record having common-law jurisdiction, and a seal, or clerk or prothonotary.

Questions-What is the right to vote called? Who are called electors? Who are electors in Michigan? What is an alien? How are aliens naturalized? What is said of residents of the United States between June 18th, 1778, and April 14th, 1802? Of alien minors who arrive in this country while under the age of eighteen years? Of the widow and children of aliens who die before being fully admitted to citizenship? Of aliens having hereditary titles, or belonging to orders of nobility? When will certain aliens not be admitted? What is said of the minor children of naturalized persons? Of children of Ameri can citizens, born in other countries? What is said of the naturalization of persons who have enlisted in the military service of the United States, and been honorably discharged? In what Courts may aliens be admitted to citizenship?

At the general election, the Supervisor, the Justice of the Peace whose term of office will first expire, and the Township Clerk of each township, and the Assessor and Alderman of each ward in a city, or if in any city there be not an Assessor in every ward, then the two Aldermen of each ward, shall be the inspectors of election. These officers constitute a Board.

The Township Clerk, assisted by some other person, acts. as clerk of the election. He provides a box with an opening in the lid, through which each ballot received must be inserted, and keeps two lists of the names of all persons voting at the election. The ballot consists of a paper ticket on which is written or printed the names of the persons for whom the voter intends to vote, and the offices to which the personsnamed on the ballot are intended to be chosen. The person offering to vote delivers his ballot to one of the inspectors, in the presence of the Board.

The inspectors or any elector qualified to vote at the election, may challenge any person offering to vote; that is, may object to such person voting, on the ground that he has not the legal qualifications entitling him to vote. When such a challenge is made, one of the inspectors administers an oath or affirmation to the person challenged, and if such person. shall swear or affirm that he is qualified, his vote must be received. The form of the oath, or affirmation, must be such as to contain the grounds of the voter's qualification. Thus,

if he is a citizen of the United States, is twenty-one years of age, and has resided in the State and township or ward during the time required by law, the form of the oath is:

"You do solemnly swear [or affirm] that you are twentyone years of age; that you are a citizen of the United States; that you have resided in this State three months next preceding this day, and in the township (or ward, as the case may be) ten days next preceding this day, and that you have not voted at this election."

Questions-What officers constitute the inspectors of election? Who acts as clerk of the election? What is the clerk required to provide and to do in relation to the election? What is a ballot? In what way do electors vote? What is meant by challenging a person who offers to vote? In what way do the inspectors determine whether a person challenged is qualified to vote?

CHAPTER XIX.

OF ELECTIONS, CONTINUED·

CANVASS OF VOTES AND RETURN OF STATEMENTS.

When the polls are closed, the ballots are examineɑ ana a statement of the result is prepared in duplicate, and certified to by the inspectors. One of these statements is filed with the township or city clerk, and the other is delivered to one of the inspectors designated by the Board, to attend the county canvass, to be delivered to the county clerk.

The inspectors so designated, from the different towns in the county, meet at the office of the county clerk, on the Tuesday next after the election, and organize themselves into