the hair; with some of the warriors, it bristled in a ridge across the crown, like the back of a hyena. From hures was derived Huron.

Ingham (1838)- Named from Samuel D. Ingham, Secretary of the Treasury in Jackson's cabinet from 1829 to 1831.. Born 1773, died 1860.

Ionia (1837)-Named from a province in ancient Greece, where the simple but majestic order of architecture known as “Ionic” had its origin.

Iosco (1857)- An illegitimate Indian name of whieh Hon. H. R. Schoolcraft was father, and of which he gave the meaning as "Water of Light."

Isabella (1859) - Named from the illustrious Queen of Spain, who nearly four centuries ago fitted out Columbus's fleet, and enabled him to discover the new world. She was born 1451, died 1504.

Jackson (1832) — Named from the iron-willed and popular President of the United States from 1829 to 1837. Born. 1767, died 1845.

Kalamazoo (1830) — An Indian name, signifying "the mirage or reflecting river," applied to the stream which waters this county and parts of Calhoun and Allegan. It was originally spelled Kikalamazoo. It is claimed by some to have been derived from the Indian word Ke-Kanamazoo, or "Boiling Pot," by which name the river was sometimes called.

Kent (1836)-Named from Chancellor James Kent, the celebrated jurist of New York. Born 1763, died 1847.

Keewenaw (1861)-An Indian name, curtailed from Kiwi-wai-non-ing, signifying a portage, or place where a portage is made; it may mean the place where the portage ends or the canoe is "carried back” to the lake.

Lenawee (1826)—An Indian name, derived perhaps from

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the Delaware Lenno, or rather from the Shawnee Lenawai, "man."

Livingston (1836)-Named from Edward Livingston, Secretary of State in Jackson's cabinet from 1831 to 1833. Born 1764, died 1836.

Mackinac (1840)---An Indian name, curtailed from Michinimackinong, the place of Giant Fairies, or Great Turtle place.

Macomb (1818)—Named from Gen. Alexander Macomb, who was born in Detroit, entered our regular army and won promotion, fought bravely in 1813 at Fort George and Niagara, and gained the decisive victory at Plattsburg over the British, September 11, 1814. Born 1782, died 1841.

Manistee (1840)—An Indian name for the river which Charlevoix visited over a century ago. The Indians interpret the name as 66 a river at whose mouth there are islands."

Manitou (1855)—An Indian name for some deity which they acknowledged. It is not very clear that they recognized only one "Great Spirit."

Marquette (1845)-Named from the Jesuit Father Jacques. Marquette, an early explorer of the great lakes. Born 1637,

died 1675.

Mason (1843)-Named from Stevens T. Mason, the last Territorial and first State Governor of Michigan.

Menominee (1863)-Named from an Indian tribe in Wis

consin.

Midland (1850)-Named from its central position in the Lower Peninsula.

Monroe (1817)-Named from James Monroe, President of the United States from 1817 to 1825. Born 1758, died 1831. Montcalm (1840)—Named from the Marquis de Montcalm, that gallant commander of the French forces who was vanquished and killed at the taking of Quebec, when General Wolfe captured the city but lost his life. Born 1712, died 1759.

Muskegon (1859)-An Indian name, signifying "marshy river, or wet prairie."

Newaygo (1859)-From Indian words, signifying "great water or "much water."

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Oakland (1820)-Named from the face of the country when it was first settled by white men; oak openings' prevailing.

Oceana (1851)—Named from its watery location on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan.

Osceola (1843)-Named from the famous chief of the Seminole Indians, who kept the Florida war going several years, baffling our whole regular army and costing the public treasury about a hundred million dollars. Born 1803, died 1838. Ontonagon (1845)-An Indian name derived from Nundanorgan, hunting river.

Ottawa (1837)-An Indian name signifying traders, and applied to a powerful tribe which once occupied Northwestern Michigan.

Saginaw (1835)-An Indian name, derived from Sac-enong, or Sac town.

Sanilac (1857)-This name is either of Indian or Canadian French origin; its meaning not ascertained. It is among the names invented by Mr. Schoolcraft.

Shiawassee (1837)-An Indian name signifying "straight running," in reference, doubtless, to the course of the river from Owosso to St. Charles.

St. Clair (1821)-Named from Lake St. Clair. Hon. Augustus B. Woodward, first Chief Justice of the Territory, believes that the lake derived its name from the French officer St. Clair, and the river from the British officer Sir John Sinclair. In the early records the name of the county is sometimes given as Sinclair. In reality both names are the same and designate a proud and ancient Scotch family of Norman origin.

St. Joseph (1829)-Named from the husband of the Virgin Mary, canonized by the Romish church, and regarded by the Jesuits as the patron saint of New France. Our Northwestern States as well as the Canadas were formerly called "New France."

Tuscola (1840)—Another of Schoolcraft's illegitimate Indian names. He gave its meaning as "Warrior Prairie," from the Muscogee Tusca, warrior.

Van Buren (1837) - Named from Martin Van Buren, who held the offices of Governor of New York, U. S. Senator, Secretary of State in Jackson's cabinet, Minister to England, Vice-President, and President of the United States from 1837 to 1841. Born 1782, died 1862.

Washtenaw (1836) The Indian name of Grand river, which rises in the southwestern part of the county. The name was originally Wash-ten-ong, meaning at or on the river.

Wayne (1796) — Named from General Anthony Wayne, the brilliant hero of the Revolutionary army, and the victorious Indian fighter near our southeastern border. He was nicknamed "Mad Anthony,' 99 on account of his hair-brained courage and dash. The Indians gave him a name which signified Tornado. In the early Territorial government of Michigan, Wayne county included the whole State. Gen. Wayne was born 1745; died 1796, while on his way to take command at Detroit.

Wexford (1843)-Named from a maritime county in the southeastern part of Ireland.

[It is not deemed necessary to arrange questions for this chapter, as they would necessarily be nearly the same for each county. The proper questions will be readily suggested to the teacher.]

CHAPTER XI.

OF THE SURVEY OF THE PUBLIC LANDS

TOWNSHIPS AND SECTIONS.

SUBDIVISIONS OF

The lands embraced within the territorial limits of Michigan, had been surveyed by or under the direction of the Surveyor-General of the United States, before the State was admitted into the Union. The plan adopted in making this survey, was to draw two imaginary lines across the territory; one east and west, and the other north and south. The line running north and south was called the principal meridian, and the one running east and west was called the base line. The principal meridian commences on the south line of the State, between the counties of Hillsdale and Lenawee, and extends to the northern extremity of the State. The base line commences at a point in the western boundary line of the State, between the counties of Allegan and Van Buren, and extends east to the eastern boundary of the State. In making the survey of Michigan, the territory was divided into townships six miles square, and these were subdivided into thirty-six sections, of a square mile each, the townships being numbered in regular order east and west of the meridian line, and north and south of the base line. Thus, where the meridian and base lines intersect and cross each other, the township next north of the base line, and next east of the meridian line would be called "township number one north, in range number one east," while the township next east of it