BLACK ASH-F Sambucifolia.-This is another tall, graceful and well-known species of ash. The wood is used for making baskets, hoops, etc.; when thoroughly dry, affords a good article of fuel. Deserves to be cultivated in low, rich, swampy situations, where more useful trees will not thrive.

BLACK WALNUT-Juglans Nigra.-This giant of the rich alluvial bottom lands claims special attention for its valuable timber. It is among the most durable and beautiful of American woods; susceptible of a fine polish; not liable to shrink and swell by heat and moisture. It is extensively employed by the cabinet-makers for every variety of furniture. Walnut forks, are frequently found which rival in richness and beauty the far-famed mahogany. This tree, in favorable situations, grows rapidly; is highly ornamental, and produces annually an abundant crop of nuts.

BUTTERNUT J. Cinerea.―This species of walnut is not as valuable as the above, yet for its beauty, and the durability of its wood, it should claim a small portion of attention. The wood is rather soft for most purposes to which it otherwise might be applied. When grown near streams, or on moist side-hills, it produces regularly an ample crop of excellent nuts. It grows rapidly.

SHELL-BARK HICKORY-Carya Alba.-This, the largest and finest of American hickories, grows abundantly throughout the state. Hickory wood possesses probably the greatest strength and tenacity of any of our indigenous trees, and is used for a variety of purposes, but, unfortunately, it is liable to be eaten by worms, and lacks durability. For fuel, the shell-bark hickory stands unrivaled. The tree is ornamental and produces every alternate year an ample crop of the best of nuts.

SHAG-BARK HICKORY-C. Inclata.-Is a magnificent tree, the wood of which is nearly as valuable as the above. The nuts are large, thick-shelled and coarse, not to be compared to the C. alba. A rare tree in Wisconsin; abundant further south.

PIGNUT HICKORY-C. Glabra.-This species possesses all the bad and but few of the good qualities of the shell-bark. The nuts are smaller and not so good. The tree should be preserved and cultivated in common with the shell-bark. Not abundant.

BITTERNUT-C. Amara.-Is an abundant tree, valuable for fuel, but lacking the strength and elasticity of the preceding species. It is, however, quite as ornamental as any of the hickories. RED BEECH-Fagus Ferruginea.—This is a common tree, with brilliant, shining light-green leaves, and long, flexible branches. It is highly ornamental, and should be cultivated for this purpose, as well as for its useful wood, which is tough, close-grained and compact. It is much used for plane-stocks, tool handles, etc., and as an article of fuel is nearly equal to maple.

WATER BEECH-Carpinus Americana.-Is a small tree, called hornbeam by many. The wood is exceedingly hard and compact, but the small size of the tree renders it almost useless.

IRON WOOD-Ostrya Virginica.-This small tree is found disseminated throughout most of Our woodlands. It is, to a considerable degree, ornamental, but of remarkably slow growth. The wood possesses valuable properties, being heavy and strong, as the name would indicate; yet, from its small size, it is of but little use.

BALSAM POPLAR-Populus Candicans.-This tree is of medium size, and is known by several names: Wild balm of Gilead, cottonwood, etc. It grows in moist, sandy soil, on river bottoms. It has broad, heart-shaped leaves, which turn a fine yellow after the autumn frosts. It grows more rapidly than any other of our trees; can be transplanted with entire success when eight or nine inches in diameter, and makes a beatiful shade tree-the most ornamental of poplars. The wood is soft, spongy, and nearly useless.

QUAKING ASPEN-P. Tremuloides.—Is a well-known, small tree. It is rather ornamental, but scarcely worth cultivating.

LARGE ASPEN-P. Grandidentata.-Is the largest of our poplars. It frequently grows to the height of sixty or seventy feet, with a diameter of two and one-half feet. The wood is soft, easily split, and used for frame buildings. It is the most durable of our poplars.

COTTON WOOD-P. Monolifera.-This is the largest of all the poplars; abundant on the Mississippi river. Used largely for fuel on the steamboats. The timber is of but little use in the arts.

SYCAMORE OR BUTTONWOOD-Platanus Occidentalis.—This, the largest and most majestic of our trees, is found growing, only on the rich alluvial river bottoms. The tree is readily known, even at a considerable distance, by its whitish smooth branches. The foliage is large and beautiful, and the tree one of the most ornamental known. The wood speedily decays, and when sawed into lumber warps badly; on these accounts it is but little used, although susceptible of a fine finish. As an article of fuel it is of inferior merit.

CANOE BIRCH-Betula Papyracea.—Is a rather elegant and interesting tree. It grows abundantly in nearly every part of the state. The wood is of a fine glossy grain, susceptible of a good finish, but lacks durability and strength, and, therefore, is but little used in the mechanical arts. For fuel it is justly prized. It bears transplanting without difficulty. The Indians manufacture their celebrated bark canoes from the bark of this tree.

CHERRY BIRCH-B. Lenta.—This is a rather large, handsome tree, growing along streams. Leaves and bark fragrant. Wood, fine-grained, rose-colored; used largely by the cabinetmakers.

YELLOW BIRCH-B. Lutea.-This beautiful tree occasionally attains a large size. It is highly ornamental, and is of value for fuel; but is less prized than the preceding species for cabinet work.

KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE-Gymnocladus Canadensis.-This singularly beautiful tree is only found sparingly, and on rich alluvial lands. I met with it growing near the Peccatonica, in Green county. The wood is fine-grained, and of a rosy hue; is exceedingly durable, and well worth cultivating.

JUNE BERRY-Amelanchier Canadensis.—Is a small tree which adds materially to the beauty of our woods in early spring, at which time it is in full bloom. The wood is of no particular value, and the tree interesting only when covered with its white blossoms.

WHITE PINE-Pinus Strous.-This is the largest and most valuable of our indigenous pines. The wood is soft, free from resin, and works easily. It is extensively employed in the mechanical arts. It is found in great profusion in the northern parts of the state. This species is readily known by the leaves being in fives. It is highly ornamental, but in common with all pines, will hardly bear transplanting. Only small plants should be moved.

NORWAY OR Red Pine-P. Resinosa, and YELLOW PINE-P. Mitis.—These are two large trees, but little inferior in size to the white pine. The wood contains more resin, and is consequently more durable. The leaves of both these species are in twos. Vast quantities of lumber are yearly manufactured from these two varieties and the white pine. The extensive pineries of the state are rapidly diminishing.

SHRUB PINE-P. Banksiana.-Is a small, low tree; only worthy of notice here for the ornamental shade it produces. It is found in the northern sections of the state.

BALSAM FIR-Abies Balsamea.—This beautiful evergreen is multiplied to a great extent on the shores of Lake Superior, where it grows forty or fifty feet in height. The wood is of but

little value The balsam of fir, or Canadian balsam, is obtained from this tree.

DOUBLE SPRUCE—A. Nigra.—This grows in the same localities with the balsam fir, and assumes the same pyramidal form, but is considerably larger. The wood is light and possesses considerable strength and elasticity, which renders it one of the best materials for yards and topmasts for shipping. It is extensively cultivated for ornament.

It is gracefully orna

HEMLOCK-A. Canadensis.-The hemlock is the largest of the genus. mental, but the wood is of little value. The bark is extensively employed in tanning. TAMARACK—Larix Americana.—This beautiful tree grows abundantly in swampy situations throughout the state. It is not quite an evergreen It drops its leaves in winter, but quickly recovers them in early spring. The wood is remarkably durable and valuable for a variety of uses. The tree grows rapidly, and can be successfully cultivated in peaty situations, where other trees would not thrive.

ARBOR VITÆ

abundantly in many parts of the state.

Thuja Occidentalis.-This tree is called the white or flat cedar. It grows The wood is durable, furnishing better fence posts than any other tree, excepting the red cedar. Shingles and staves of a superior quality are obtained from these trees. A beautiful evergreen hedge is made from the young plants, which bear transplanting better than most evergreens. It will grow on most soils if sufficiently damp.

RED CEDAR - Juniperus Virginiana. - Is a well known tree that furnishes those celebrated fence posts that "last forever." The wood is highly fragrant, of a rich red color, and fine grained; hence it is valuable for a variety of uses. It should be extensively cultivated.

DWARF JUNIPER-J. Sabina. This is a low trailing shrub. Is considerably prized for ornament. Especially worthy of cultivation in large grounds.

SASSAFRAS Sassafras officinale.- Is a small tree of fine appearance, with fragrant leaves bark. Grows in Kenosha county. Should be cultivated.

WILLOWS.-There are many species of willows growing in every part of the state, several of which are worthy of cultivation near streams and ponds.

WHITE WILLOW

Salix alba.— Is a fine tree, often reaching sixty feet in height. The wood is soft, and makes the best charcoal for the manufacture of gun-powder. Grows rapidly. BLACK WILLOW S. Nigra.- This is also a fine tree, but not quite so large as the foregoing. It is used for similar purposes.

There are many shrubs and vines indigenous to the state worthy of note. I shall, however, call attention to only a few of the best.

DOGWOODS. There are several species found in our forests and thickets. All are ornamental when covered with a profusion of white blossoms. I would especially recommend: corus sericea, C. stolonifera, C. paniculata, and C. alternifolia. All these will repay the labor of transplanting to ornamental grounds.

VIBURNUMS.-These are very beautiful. We have viburnum lentago, V. prunifolium, V. nudum, V. dentatum, V. pubescens, V. acerifolium, V. pauciflorum, and V. opulus. The last is known as the cranberry tree, and is a most beautiful shrub when in bloom, and also when covered with its red, acid fruit. The common snow-ball tree is a cultivated variety of the V. opulus.

WITCH HAZEL-Hamamelis Virginica. — Is an interesting, tall shrub that flowers late in autumn, when the leaves are falling, and matures the fruit the next summer. It deserves more attention than it receives.

BURNING BUSH-Euonymus atropurpureus. This fine shrub is called the American strawberry, and is exceedingly beautiful when covered with its load of crimson fruit, which remains during winter.

SUMACH - Rhus typhina.

Is a tall shrub,

Il known, but seldom cultivated. When well grown it is ornamental and well adapted for planting in clumps.

HOP TREE-Ptclea trifoliata. - This is a showy shrub with shining leaves, which should be cultivated. Common in rich, alluvial ground.

BLADDER NUT- Staphylea trifolia. - Is a fine, upright, showy shrub, found sparingly all over the state. Is ornamental, with greenish striped branches and showy leaves.

VINES.

VIRGINIA CREEPER-Ampelopsis quinquefolia.—This is a noble vine, climbing extensively by disc-bearing tendrils, so well known as to require no eulogy. Especially beautiful in its fall colors.

BITTER SWEET - Celastrus scandens. - Is a stout twining vine, which would be an ornament to any grounds. In the fall and early winter it is noticeable for its bright fruit. Common. YELLOW HONEYSUCKLE Lonicera flava. — Is a fine native vine, which is found climbing over tall shrubs and trees. Ornamental. There are several other species of honeysuckle; none, however, worthy of special mention.

FROST GRAPE-Vita cordifolia. This tall-growing vine has deliciously sweet blossoms, which perfume the air for a great distance around. For use as a screen, this hardy species will be found highly satisfactory.

FAUNA OF WISCONSIN.

By P. R. HOV, M.D.

FISH AND FISH CULTURE.

Fish are cold blooded aquatic vertebrates, having fins as organs of progression. They have a two-chambered heart; their bodies are mostly covered with scales, yet a few are entirely naked, like catfish and eels; others again are covered with curious plates, such as the sturgeon. Fish inhabit both salt and fresh water. It is admitted by all authority that fresh-water fish are more universally edible than those inhabiting the ocean. Marine fish are said to be more highly flavored than those inhabiting fresh waters; an assertion I am by no means prepared to admit. As a rule, fish are better the colder and purer the water in which they are found, and where can you find those ccnditions more favorable than in the cold depths of our great lakes? We have tasted, under the most favorable conditions, about every one of the celebrated salt-water fish, and can say that whoever eats a whitefish just taken from the pure, cold water of Lake Michigan will have no reason to be envious of the dwellers by the sea.

Fish are inconceivably prolific; a single female deposits at one spawn from one thousand to one million eggs, varying according to species.

Fish afford a valuable article of food for man, being highly nutritious and easy of digestion ; they abound in phosphates, hence are valuable as affording nutrition to the osseous and nervous system, hence they have been termed, not inappropriately, brain food--certainly a very desirable article of diet for some people. They are more savory, nutritious and easy of digestion when just taken from the water; in fact, the sooner they are cooked after being caught the better. No fish should be more than a few hours from its watery element before being placed upon the table. For convenience, I will group our fish into families as a basis for what I shall offer. Our bony fish,

having spine rays and covered with comb-like scales, belong to the perch family-a valuable family; all take the hook, are gamey, and spawn in the summer.

The yellow perch and at least four species of black or striped bass have a wide range, being found in all the rivers and lakes in the state. There is a large species of fish known as Walleyed pike (Leucoperca americana) belonging to this family, which is found sparingly in most of our rivers and lakes. The pike is an active and most rapacious animal, devouring fish of considerable size. The flesh is firm and of good flavor. It would probably be economical to propagate it to a moderate extent.

The six-spined bass (Pomoxys hexacanthus, Agas.) is one of the most desirable of the spinerayed fish found in the State. The flesh is fine flavored, and as the fish is hardy and takes the hook with avidity, it should be protected during the spawning season and artificially propagated. I have examined the stomachs of a large number of these fish and in every instance found small crawfish, furnishing an additional evidence in its favor. Prof. J. P. Kirtland, the veteran ichthyologist of Ohio, says that this so-called "grass bass" is the fish for the million.

The white bass (Roccus chrysops) is a species rather rare even in the larger bodies of water, but ought to be introduced into every small lake in the State, where I am certain they would flourish. It is an excellent fish, possessing many of the good qualities and as few of the bad as any that belong to the family. There is another branch of this family, the sunfish, Pomotis, which numbers at least six species found in Wisconsin. They are beautiful fish, and afford abundant sport for the boys; none of them, however, are worth domesticating (unless it be in the aquarium) as there are so many better.

The carp family (Cyprinidæ) are soft finned fish without maxillary teeth. They include by far the greater number of fresh-water fish. Some specimens are not more than one inch, while others are nearly two feet in length. Our chubs, silversides and suckers are the principal members of this family. Dace are good pan-fish, yet their small size is objectionable; they are the children's game fish. The Cyprinidæ all spawn in the spring, and might be profitably propagated as food for the larger and more valuable fish.

There are six or seven species of suckers found in our lakes and rivers. The red horse, found every where, and at least one species of the buffalo, inhabiting the Mississippi and its tributaries, are the best of the genus Catastomus. Suckers are bony, and apt to taste suspiciously of mud; they are only to be tolerated in the absence of better. The carp (Cyprenius carpo) has been successfully introduced into the Hudsonriver.

The trout family (Salmonida) are soft-finned fish with an extra dorsal adipose fin without rays. They inhabit northern countries, spawning in the latter part of fall and winter. Their flesh is universally esteemed. The trout family embrace by far the most valuable of our fish, including, as it does, trout and whitefish. The famous speckled trout (Salmo fontinalis) is a small and beautiful species which is found in nearly every stream in the northern half of the State. Wherever there is a spring run or lake, the temperature of which does not rise higher than sixty-five or seventy in the summer, there trout can be propagated in abundance. The great salmon trout (Sal. amethystus) of the great lakes is a magnificent fish weighing from ten to sixty pounds. The Siscowit salmo siscowit of Lake Superior is about the same size, but not quite so good a fish, being too fat and oily. They will, no doubt, flourish in the larger of the inland lakes.

The genus Coregonus includes the true whitefish, or lake shad. In this genus, as now restricted, the nose is square and the under jaw short, and when first caught they have the fragrance of fresh cucumbers. There are at least three species found in Lake Michigan. In my