The forms in which this affection shows itself are numberless. It is in vain to address the understanding of the patient by argument, because the disease consists in a disordered state of a corporeal organ, and the only consequence of the most irresistible demonstration to the intellect, would be a change of the object of terror, but no alleviation of the feeling of painful apprehension itself.

Dr. Gall mentions, that this organ is possessed in a high degree by those of the lower animals, which venture out only during night, as owls and bats, and also by those animals which place sentinels to warn them of approaching danger, as the wild goose, chamois, cranes, starlings and buzzards.

Among the lower animals, it is generally larger in females than in males; and Dr. Gall mentions some curious facts, illustrative of the greater manifestation of the faculty by the former than by the latter. He happened to kill, says he, as many as 20 squirrels, without finding a single female among them; although it was not the season in which they are confined by the care of their young. He caught, during three years, 44 cats in his garden, among which he found only 5 females. During one winter 500 bears were killed in the two provinces of Virginia, among which only 2 females were discovered. An account of the wolves destroyed in France, from 1st January 1816 to 1st January 1817, was published officially by Count Gerardin, Captain of the Royal Chase, and it showed 1894 males, and only 522 females. Among the goats, the leader is always a female, and their safety it will be recollected, arises from a high degree of circumspection. Among wild cattle, horses, and other animals who are defended by courage, the leader is uniformly a male, for in this sex, in general, Combativeness is larger. This fact, of females in general being more cautious than males, is corroborated by Captain Franklin, in his Journey to the Arctic Regions. "It is extraordinary," says he, "that although I made inquiries extensively among the Indians, I met with but one who said that he had killed a she bear with young in the womb."

It has been remarked, in the way of criticism on these statements, that more males are produced by nature than females; which is quite correct; but this excess of males does not extend to the

twentieth part of the difference in the number of their deaths by violence.

The metaphysicians do not treat of "fear," or of the instinctive tendency to avoid danger, as an original principle of the mind; Dut Dr. Thomas Brown ranks melancholy among the primitive emotions, which is one of the effects of this faculty in a state of constant but not violent activity.

The organ is larger in the Germans, English, and Scots, than in the French; and it appears to be larger in the English than in the Turkish head. Mr. Forster, a civil servant on the Madras Establishment, travelled overland from Bengal to England, in the year 1782, disguised as a Turk. In all the numberless scenes through which he passed, he had the address successfully to maintain his disguise, except in one single instance, in which he was detected by one individual, who was led to certainty in the discovery which he made by examining the shape of the traveller's head. He says, "a Georgian merchant, who occupied the room next to mine, (it was in Cashmere,) and was a very agreeable neighbor, did not, I observed, give a ready credit to my story, which he cross-examined with some tokens of suspicion; and one day having desired to look at my head, he decidedly pronounced it to be that of a Christian. In a future conversation he explained to me, and proved by comparison, that the head of a Christian is broad behind, and flatted out at the crown;-that a Mahomedan's head grows narrow at the top, and, like a monkey's, has a conic form.” (Forster's Journey, vol. ii. p. 33.) This description indicates Cautiousness to be larger in the Christian. It is large in Bruce, Raphael, Hette, the Mummies and Hindoos; moderate in Bellingham, Mary Macinnes and Negroes. The difference between a large and small developement frequently exceeds an inch in extent; and as the organ is particularly easy of observation, it deserves the attention of beginners.

The organ is ascertained.

244

GENUS III.-OF THE AFFECTIVE FACULTIES.

II.-Superior Sentiments.

HITHERTO We have considered Man so far as he is animal. But, besides the organs and faculties already spoken of, common to him with the brutes, he is endowed with a variety of sentiments, which constitute the human character.

lower animals appear to be destitute.

Of many of these the The convolutions which

form the organs of Veneration, Hope, and Conscientiousness in the human brain, run transversely; and in the brains of the lower animals, so far as I have observed, no corresponding convolutions appear. The organs of Benevolence and Imitation, however, which are here classed among the superior sentiments, run longitudinally, and corresponding parts are found in the brains of the lower animals. The faculties now to be treated of produce emotions or feelings.

1

THIS organ is situated at the upper part of the frontal bone, in the coronal aspect, and immediately before the fontanel. The figures represent the organ large and small.

One of Dr. Gall's friends frequently said to him, that, as he sought for external indications of mental qualities, he ought to examine the head of his servant named Joseph. "It is impos

"said his friend, "to find a greater degree of goodness than

that young man possesses. For more than ten years during which he has been in my service, I have seen him manifest, on all occasions, only benevolence, and sweetness of disposition. This is the more surprising, as he does not possess the advantages of education, and has grown up to manhood among servants of very inferior habits." Dr. Gall adds, that, previous to that time, he had been far from supposing that what is called goodness of heart could have any organ in the brain, and, consequently, had never looked for indications of it in the head. The repeated solicitations of his friend, however, at length awoke his curiosity.

He immediately recollected the habitual conduct of a young man, whom he had known from his most tender infancy, and who was distinguished from his numerous brothers and sisters by his goodness of heart. Although he was passionately fond of the games proper to his age, and delighted in scouring the forests in search of birds' nests; yet no sooner did any of his brothers or sisters become sick, than an inclination yet more irresistible kept him at home, and drew from him the most assiduous attentions towards the sufferer. When grapes, or apples, or cherries, were distributed among the children, his share was always the least, and he rejoiced in seeing the others partake more largely than himself. He was never more pleased than when some good fortune happened to those whom he loved, on which occasions he often shed tears of joy. He was fond of taking charge of sheep, dogs, rabbits, pigeons and birds, and if one of these birds happened to die, he wept bitterly, which did not fail to draw upon him the ridicule of his companions. Up to the present time, continues Dr. Gall, benevolence and goodness are the distinguishing characteristics of this individual. These dispositions certainly did not arise from education; on the contrary, he had been all along surrounded by those whose conduct was calculated to produce the very opposite results. Dr. Gall then began to suspect, that what is called goodness of heart is not an acquired, but an innate, quality

of the mind.

On another occasion, amidst a very large family, he spoke of the boasted goodness of heart of the servant Joseph. "Ah!".

said the eldest daughter, "our brother Charles is exactly like him; you must positively examine his head, I cannot tell you how good a child he is."

"I had thus in my eye," says Dr. Gall, "three cases, in which goodness of disposition was strongly marked. I took casts of their heads, placed them along side of each other, and continued to examine them, until I discovered a developement common to the three. This, I at last found, although the heads were in other respects very differently formed. In the meantime, I tried to find similar cases in families, schools, &c. that I might be in a condition to multiply and correct my observations. I extended my investigation to animals also, and, in a short time, collected so great a number of facts, that there is no fundamental quality, or faculty, whose existence is better established than that of Benevolence, and the organ with which it is connected."

The faculty produces the desire of the happiness of others, and disposes to compassion and active goodness. It is easy to distinguish kindness flowing from this sentiment,-from acts of attention, arising from Love of Approbation, or more interested motives. A warmth of manner, and directness of purpose, are communicated by this faculty, that touch the mind at once. We feel its character, and recognise it as genuine, unalloyed goodness, aiming at no end but the welfare of its object. There is, on the other hand, an air of coldness and constraint attending deeds of kindness, proceeding from interested motives, betraying the source from which they flow. The secret spring, and ulterior object, are apparent, notwithstanding the efforts made to conceal them. St. Paul gives a beautiful description of the genuine character of this sentiment, in his account of Christian charity, beginning, "Charity suffereth long and is kind; charity envieth not; charity vaunteth not itself; is not puffed up." The good Samaritan mentioned in Scripture, is a delightful instance of the disposition formed by Benevolence when eminently powerful.

This faculty is a great source of happiness to the possessor. communicates a lively, amiable, delightful tinge to the impressions received by the mind from without. It produces liberality of