Ch. III. admit no other. But as to Ariftotle, we have

his own authority to affert the contrary, who not only enumerates the four Species which we have adopted, but ascertains them each by a proper Definition *.

To conclude the Subject of the fol,lowing Chapters will be a distinct and separate confideration of the NOUN, the VERB, the ARTICLE, and the CONJUNCTION, which four, the better (as we apprehend) to express their respective natures, we chufe to call SUBSTANTIVES, ATTRIBUTIVES, DEFINITIVES and CONNEC

TIVES.

funt antiques Græcorum, an hi potius fecuti funt Orientalium exemplum. Utut eft, etiam veteres Græcos tres tantum partes agnovisse, non folum autor eft Dionyfius, &c. Voff. de Analog. l. 1. c. I. See alfo Sančtii Miner. l. 1. c. 2.

* Sup. p. 34.

CHAP.

CHA P. IV.

Concerning Subftantives, properly fo called.

SUB

UBSTANTIVES are all thofe principalCh. IV.
Words, which are fignificant of Sub-

ftances, confidered as Subftances.

THE first fort of Subftances are the NATURAL, fuch as Animal, Vegetable, Man, Oak.

THERE are other Substances of our own making. Thus by giving a Figure not natural to natural Materials we create fuch Subftances, as Houfe, Ship, Watch, Telescope, &c.

AGEN, by a more refin'd operation of our Mind alone, we abftra&t any Attribute from its neceffary fubject, and confider it apart, devoid of its dependence. For example, D 3

from

Ch. IV. from Body we abstract to Fly; from Sur

face, the being White; from Soul, the being Temperate.

AND thus 'tis we convert even Attributes into Subftances, denoting them on this occafion by proper Subftantives, such as Flight, Whiteness, Temperance; or else by others more general, such as Motion, Colour, Virtue. These we call ABSTRACT SUBSTANCES; the fecond fort we call AR

TIFICIAL.

Now all those several Substances have their Genus, their Species, and their Individuals. For example in natural Subftances, Animal is a Genus; Man, a Species; Alexander, an Individual. In artificial Subftances, Edifice is a Genus; Palace, a Species; the Vatican, an Individual. In abstract Substances, Motion is a Genus ; Flight, a Species; this Flight or that Flight are Individuals.

As

As therefore every (a) GENUS may be Ch. IV. found whole and intire in each one of its Species; (for thus Man, Horfe, and Dog are each of them distinctly a complete and intire Animal) and as every SPECIES may be found whole and intire in each one of its Individuals; (for thus Socrates, Plato, and Xenophon are each of them completely and distinctly a Man) hence it is, that every Genus, tho' ONE, is multiply'd into MANY; and every Species, tho' ONE, is alfo multiply'd into MANY, by reference to those beings, which are their proper fubordinates. Since then no Individual has any fuch Subordinates, it can never in ftrictness be conD 4 fidered

(a) This is what Plato seems to have express'd in a manner somewhat mysterious, when he talks of μίαν ἰδέαν διὰ πολλῶν, ἑνὸς ἑκάσα κειμένα χωρίς, πάντη διατεταμένην καὶ πολλὰς, ἑτέρας ἀλλήλων, ὑπὸ μιᾶς Ewder #eplexoμévas. Sophist. p. 253. Edit. Serrani. For the common definition of Genus and Species see the Ifagoge or Introduction of Porphyry to Ariflotle's Logic.

Ch. IV.fidered as MANY, and fo is truly an INDIVIDUAL as well in Nature as in Name.

FROM these Principles it is, that Words following the nature and genius of Things, fuch Subftantives admit of NUMBER as denote Genera or Species, while those, which denote (b) Individuals, in ftrictness admit

it not.

BESIDES

(b) Yet fometimes Individuals have plurality or Number, from the caufes following. In the first place the Individuals of the human race are fo large a multitude even in the smallest nation, that 'twould be difficult to invent a new Name for every new born Individual. Hence then inftead of one only being call'd Marcus, and one only Antonius, it happens that many are called Marcus and many call'd Antonius; and thus 'tis the Romans had their Plurals, Marci, and Antonii, as we in later days have our Marks and our Anthonies. Now the Plurals of this fort may be well called accidental, because 'tis meerly by chance that the Names coincide.

There seems more reason for fuch Plurals, as the Ptolemies, Scipios, Catos, or (to inftance in modern names) the Howards, Pelhams, and Montagues ;

because