THE Simpleft of these new Characters Ch. II. are those acquired thro' the mere Openings

of

what authority we have to distinguish Voice from mere SOUND; and ARTICULATE VOICE from SIMPLE VOICE.

Καὶ ΨΟΦΟΣ μέν ἐςι, πληγὴ ἀέρος αισθητή ἀκοῇ· ΦΩΝΗ δὲ, ψόφον ἐξ ἐμψύχω γινόμενα, ὅταν διὰ τῆς συστολῆς τα θώρακος ἐκθλιβόμενος ἀπὸ το πνεύμονα ὁ εἰσπνευθεὶς ἀὴρ προσπίπτῃ ἀθρόως τῇ καλυμένη τραχείᾳ ἀρτηρία, καὶ τῇ ὑπερώα, ἤτοι τῷ γαργαρεώνι, καὶ διὰ τῆς πληγῆς ἀποτέλῇ τινα ἦχον αιθητόν, κατά τινα ὁρμὴν τῆς ψυχῆς· ὅπερ ἐπὶ τῶν ἐμπνευσῶν παρὰ τοῖς μεσικοῖς καλεμένων ὀργάνων συμβαίνει, διον αὐλῶν καὶ συρίγγων· τῆς γλώττης, καὶ τῶν ὀδίνων, καὶ χειλέων πρὸς μὲν ΤΗΝ ΔΙΑ ΛΕΚΤΟΝ ἀναγκαίων ὄντων, πρὸς δὲ ΤΗΝ ΑΠΛΩΣ ΦΩΝΗΝ ἐ πάν]ως συμβαλλομένων. Eftque Sonus, ictus aeris qui auditu fentitur: Voż autem eft fonus, quem animans edit, cum per thoracis compreffionem aer attra&tus a pulmone, elifus fimul totus in arteriam, quam afperam vocant, et palatum, aut gurgulionem impingit, et ex i&tu fonum quendam fenfibilem pro animi quodam impetu perficit. Id quod in inftrumentis qua quia infant, ideo εμπνευστὰ a muficis dicuntur, ufu venit, ut in tibiis, ac fiftulis contingit, Υ.

cum

Ch. II. of the Mouth, as thefe Openings differ in

giving the Voice a Paffage. "Tis the Variety of Configurations in these Openings only, which gives birth and origin to the several VOWELS; and 'tis from hence they derive their Name, by being thus eminently Vocal (c), and eafy to be founded of themselves alone.

THERE

cum lingua, dentes, labiaque ad loquelam necessaria fint; ad vocem vero fimplicem non omnino conferant. Ammon. in Lib. de Interpr. p. 25. b.

It appears that the Stoics (contrary to the notion of the Peripatetics) used the word NH to denote SOUND in general. They defined it therefore to be. Τὸ ἴδιον αιθητὸν ἀκοῆς, which juftifies the definition given by Prifcian, in the Note preceding. ANIMAL SOUND they defined to be— Αὴρ ὑπὸ opμns πεπλnyμévos, Air ftruck (and fo made audible) by fome animal impulse; and HUMAN OF RATIONAL SOUND they defined - Έναρθρος καὶ ἀπὸ διαιόιας inTeμmoμén, Sound articulate and derived from the difcurfive faculty. Diog. Laert. VII. 55

(4) ΦΩΝΗΕΝΤΑ.

THERE are other articulate Forms, which Ch. II. the Mouth makes not by mere Openings,' but by different Contacts of its different parts; fuch for inftance, as by the Junction of the two Lips, of the Tongue with the Teeth, of the Tongue with the Palate, and the like.

Now as all these several Contacts, unlefs fome Opening of the Mouth either immediately precede, or immediately follow, would rather lead to Silence, than to produce a Voice; hence 'tis, that with fome fuch Opening, either previous or fubfequent, they are always connected. Hence alfo it is, that the Articulations fo produced are called CONSONANTS, because they found not of themselves, and from their own powers, but at all times in company with some auxiliary Vowel (d).

Ch. II.

THERE are other fubordinate Diftinctions of these primary Articulations, which to enumerate would be foreign to the design of this Treatife.

"Tis enough to obferve, that they are all denoted by the common Name of ELEMENT (e), in as much as every Articulation of every other kind is from them derived

(e) The Stoic Definition of an ELEMENT is as follows-Ἔτι δὲ σοιχεῖον, ἐξ οὗ πρώτα γίνεται τὰ γινόμενα, καὶ εἰς ὃ ἔσχατον ἀναλύεται. 1η ELEMENT is that, out of which, as their firft Principle, things generated are made, and into which, as their last remains, they are refolved. Diog. Laert. VII. 176. What Ariftotle fays upon ELEMENTS with respect to the Subject here treated, is worth attending to-Dwuns Φωνῆς τοιχεῖα, ἐξ ὧν σύγκειται ἡ φωνὴ, καὶ εἰς ἃ διαιρεῖται ἔχαλα· ἐκεῖνα δὲ μηκέτ' εἰς ἄλλας φωνὰς ἑτέρας τῷ ἔδει αὐτῶν.

de aula. The ELEMENTS OF ARTICULATE VOICE are those things, out of which the VOICE is compounded, and into which, as its laft remains, it is divided: the Elements themselves being no farther divifible into other articulate Voices, differing in Species from them. Metaphys. V. chap. 3.

derived, and into them refolved. Under Ch. II. their smallest Combination they produce a Syllable; Syllables properly combined produce a Word; Words properly combined produce a Sentence; and Sentences properly combined produce an Oration or Difcourfe.

AND thus is it that to Principles apparently fo trivial (f), as about twenty plain elementary

(f) The Egyptians paid divine honours to the Inventor of Letters, whom they called THÊUTH; and Socrates, when he speaks of him, confiders him either as a God, or as fome Godlike Man. Plat. Phileb. T. 2. p. 18. Edit. Serran,

We shall here add a remarkable paffage from Ariftotle, which fhews in what estimation he held PRINCIPLES, and what difficulty he imagined to attend their invention. ΜΕΓΙΣΤΟΝ γὰρ ἴσως ̓ΑΡΧΗ παντός, ὥσπερ λέγεται· διὸ καὶ ΧΑΛΕ ΠΩΤΑΤΟΝ· ὅσῳ γὰρ κράτισον τῇ δυνάμει, τοσό]ῳ μικρότατον ἐν τῷ μεγέθει, χαλεπώτατόν ἐστιν ὀφθῆναι· τάυλης δὲ ἐυρημένης, ῥᾶον τὸ προθειναι καὶ συνάξειν τὸ 20πóv is. Nam Principium fortaffe eft maxima totius pars, ut dici folet: ideoque eft difficillimum. Cum

Y 3

enim