C.VIII. certain marks or figns of them been intro duced into Languages, that we may be enabled καὶ τῇ ΕΡΩΤΗΜΑΤΙΚΟΥ, ὡς τὸ, Τίς, πόθεν εἰς ἀνδρῶν καὶ τῇ ἘΥΚΤΙΚΟΥ, ὡς τὸ, *Αι γὰρ Ζεῦ τε πάτερ καὶ ἐπὶ τέτοις, τῷ ̓ΑΠΟΦΑΝΤΙΚΟΥ, καθ ̓ ὃν ἀπο- ἢ περὶ παντὸς, &c. Εἰς τὸ περὶ Ἑρμ. Ρ. 4. Boethius's Account is as follows. Perfectarum vera Orationum partes quinque funt : DEPRECATIVA, ut, Jupiter omnipotens, precibus fi fleteris ullis, Da deinde auxilium, Pater, atque hac omina firma. IMPERATIVA, ut, Vade age, Nate, voca Zephyros, & labere pennis. INTERROGATIVA, ut, Dic mihi, Damata, cujum pecus ? VOCATIVA, ut, O! Pater, Ο! hominum rerumque aterna poteftas. ENUNTIATIVA, in quâ Veritas vel Falfitas invenitur, uty Principio arboribus varia eft natura creandis. Boeth. in Lib. de Interp. p. 291. enabled by our difcourfe to fignify them, C.VIII. one to another. And hence thofe various MODES OF MOODS, of which we find in common Grammars so prolix a detail, and which are in fact no more than "fo many "literal Forms, intended to express these "natural Distinctions" (d). ALL In Milton the fame Sentences may be found, as follows. THE PRECATIVE, Go then, Thou mightiest, in thy Father's might. THE INTERROGATIVE, Whence, and what art thou, execrable Shape? THE VOCATIVE, ·Adam, earth's hallow'd Mold, Of God infpir'd THE ASSERTIVE OR ENUNTIATIVE; The conquer'd alfo and enflav'd by war (d) The Greek Language, which is of all the most elegant and complete, expreffes these several Modes, C.VIII. ALL thefe MODES have this in common, that they exhibit some way or other the and all diftinctions of Time likewife, by an adequate number of Variations in each particular Verb. These Variations may be found, fome at the beginning of the Verb, others at its ending, and confift for the most part either in multiplying or diminishing the number of Syllables, or else in lengthening or fhortening their respective Quantities, which two methods are called by Grammarians the Syllabic and the Temporal. The Latin, which is but a Species of Greek fomewhat debafed, admits in like manner a large portion of those Variations, which are chiefly to be found at the Ending of its Verbs, and but rarely at their Beginning. Yet in its Deponents and Paffives 'tis fo far defective, as to be forced to have recourse to the Auxiliar, fum. The modern Languages, which have still fewer of thofe Variations, have been neceffitated all of them to affume two Auxiliars at least, that is to say, those which express in each Language the Verbs, Have, and Am. As to the English Tongue, it is fo poor in this refpect, as to admit no Variation for Modes, and only one for Time, which we apply to express an Aorift of the Paft. Thus from Write cometh Wrote; from Give, Gave; from Speak, Spake, &c. Hence to exprefs Time, and Modes, we are compelled to employ no less than feven Auxiliars, viz. Do, Am, Have, Shall, Will, May and Can; which we use sometimes fingly, as when we fay, I am writing, the SOUL and its AFFECTIONS. Their C.VIII. Peculiarities and Diftinctions are in part, as follows. THE REQUISITIVE and INTERROGATIVE MODE are diftinguished from the Indicative and Potential, that whereas these last seldom call for a Response or Return, the two others at all times neceffarily demand one. THE Return to the Requifitive Mode is fometimes made in Words, and fometimes in Deeds. When Homer for example invoked his Muse Ανδρα μοι έννεπε μέσα Tell me, O Mufe, the Man writing, I have written; fometimes two together, as, I have been writing, I should have written; fometimes no less than three, as I might have been loft, he could have been preferved. But thefe Peculiarities are perhaps foreign to our Design, which is rather to inquire concerning Grammar Universal. 4 C.VIII. the Return, suitable to this Request, could be a Return only of Words, to wit, the informing him, by virtue of her divine Knowledge, in the Hiftory of Ulyffes,whom he was about to celebrate. But when the unfortunate Chief, in beggary and blindness, was compelled to cry-date obolum Belifario-not Words alone were a suitable Return here, but rather fome kind and charitable Act. THIS is true of the Requifitive Mode; but with respect to the Interrogative, the Return is never made in any thing but in Words, that is to fay, it neceffarily calls for fome definitive affertive Sentence. For example - Let the Interrogation be Whofe Verses are thefe? - the Return is a Sentence Thefe are Verfes of Homer, How many Books conftitute the Eneid? Twelve Books conftitute the Eneid. Was Brutus a brave and worthy Man ?-Brutus was a brave and worthy Man. And hence the |