3. Passive verbs of naming, judging, &c. have the same case after them as before them.

4. Neuter verbs have the same case after them as before them.

616. The foregoing rules, in the opinion of the writer, are wholly unneces sary, tending merely to confuse the mind of the learner by requiring him to make a distinction in form, when there exists none in principle. In corrobora tion of this fact, Mr. Murray has the following remark :

617. "By these examples it appears, that the verb to be has no government of case, but serves in all its forms as a conductor to the cases; so that the twe cases, which, in the construction of the sentence, are the next before and after it, must always be alike. Perhaps this subject will be more intelligible by ob serving that the words, in the cases preceding and following the verb to be may be said to be in apposition to each other. Thus, in the sentence, I un derstood it to be him,' the words it and him are in apposition; that is, they refer to the same thing, and are in the same case."

618.

EXERCISES IN SYNTAX.
1

"Webster is a statesman."
"John is a good scholar.'
"William will become a distin-
guished and valuable citizen."
"She walks a queen." (1.)
"He is styled Lord (1.) Mayor (1.)
of London."

"He was named John." (1.)
“She moves a queen.” (1.)

"Susan took her to be Mary." (1.) "I took him to be John (2.) Ogden."

"We at first took it to be her, but

afterwards were convinced that (3.) it was not she." "He is not the person who (4.) it seemed he was." "I understood it to be him (1.)

2.

"Julius Cæsar was that Roman
general who conquered the
Gauls."

"Tom struts a soldier." (1.)
"Will sneaks a scrivener.'
"Claudius Nero, Caligula's un
cle, a senseless fellow, obtain-
ed the kingdom."

who is the son of Mr. (2.) John Quincy (2.) Adams." (1.) "She is not now the person whom they represented her (1.) to have been."

"Whom (5.) do you fancy them to be?"

"The professor was appointed tutor to the prince."

Remark 3.It not unfrequently happens that the connecting verb is omit "They made him captain ;" that is, to be captain.

ted; as,

"They named him John."

3.

"They proclaimed him king.” "The soldiers made him gen- "His countrymen crowned him

eral."

emperor.

619. SENTENCES TO BE PARSED AND CORRECTED. "It might have been him, (6.) but

there is no proof (7.) of it." 64 Though I was blamed, it could not have been me.'

"I saw one who I took to be she."

What office does the verb to be perform between cases? 617.

Are the cases next before and after it, alike, or different? 617.

What is the opinion of Mr. Murray respecting the cases before and after to be? 617.

How does he think it and him should

"She is the person who I under-
stood it to have been."
"Who do you think me to be?"
"Whom do men say that I am?'
"Whom think ye that I am?"

be parsed in the phrase, “I understood it
to be him"? 617.

Will you now parse lessons 1,2 and 3? Is the verb to be always expressed? Remark 3. Give an example. Remark 3. Will you now take the sentences to be parsed and corrected; also those to be written!

1.) Apply Rule XV. (2.) Remark 2, (3.) Conjunction. Rule XV. (5.) Whom agrees with them, by Rule XV cording to Rule XV, (7.) Apply Rule VI.

4.) Who is put in apposition with he Him should be he, to agree with it.

620.

SENTENCES TO BE WRITTEN.

Will you compose a sentence having nouns in apposition? One, having nouns in apposition, but separated by a verb? One, having a noun used as an adjective?

Will you construct a sentence having in it the word who? One, having whose? One, having whom? One, having_what? One, having that? One, having man? One, having woman? One, having bay? One, having girls? One, having parents?

LVI. OF NOUNS USED INDEPENDENTLY.

621. To address signifies to speak to; as, "James, your father has come." The name of the person addressed must always be of the second person; and a noun in this situation, when it has no verb to agree with it, and is wholly dis connected with the rest of the sentence, is said to be independent. Hence,

RULE XVI.

When an address is made, the name of the person or thing addressed is in the nominative case independent.

622.

cr

EXERCISES IN SYNTAX.

John, will you assist me?”

John is a PROPER NOUN, of the SECOND PERSON, SINGULAR NUMBER, MASCULINE GENDER, and NOMINAtive case indEPENDENT, according to RULE XVI.

EXERCISES IN SYNTAX CONTINUED.

(1.) Rule XVI. (2.) Imperative mool, and agrees with thou or you understood, by Rule VII.

LVII. OF NOUNS IN THE CASE ABSOLUTE.

623. In the phrase, "The sun being risen, we set sail," the first clause of the sentence, namely, "The sun being risen," has nothing to do with the remainder the noun and participle may, therefore, when taken together, be said to be in the nominative case independent; but as we have already one case of bis nature, we will, for the sake of making a distinction, call this (the noun oined with a participle) the nominative case absolute. Hence,

RULE XVII.

A noun or pronoun before a participle, and independent of the rest of the sentence, is in the nominative case absolute.

624.

EXERCISES IN SYNTAX.

The sun (1.) being risen, (2.) we departed." "Egypt being conquered, Alexander returned to Syria." "Shame being lost, all virtue was lost."

"The soldiers retreating, victory was lost."

625.

SENTENCES TO BE PARSED AND CORRECTED.
"Him being destroyed, the re
maining robbers made their

"Him (3.) only excepted, who
was a murderer."

"Her being dismissed, the rest of the scholars behaved well."

escape.

LVIII. OF THE INFINITIVE MOOD.

NOTE XII.-A verb in the infinitive mood is sometime placed independently; as, "To be frank, I own I have in jured you.'

626. EXERCISES "To confess the truth, I was in fault." "To display his power, he op

pressed his soldiers."

LVII. "The sun being risen, we set sail." How many words in this sentence, used independently, are taken together? 623.

Why is this case denominated the case absolute? 623.

What is the rule for the case absolute? XVII.

Will you now take the parsing exercises under Rule XVII., and then the sentences to be corrected?

(1.) In the nominative case absolute with being risen, by Rule XVII. (3.) When a noun is in the case absolute, it should be in the nominative care. by Rule XVI.

(2.) Rule XIII

Him should therefore be he

"To play is pleasant." What is pleasant? "To play." The infinitive to play is, then, the nominative case to is. "Thou shalt not kill, is required of all men." What is required? "Thou shalt not kill." The verb is required, then, agrees with "Thou shalt not kill," as its nominative. Hence,

626-1. NOTE XIII.-The infinitive mood, or part of a sentence, is frequently put as the nominative case to a verb of the third person singular.

627.

EXERCISES To excel requires much exertion."

"To abandon friends will sink a man's character."

IN SYNTAX.

"Thou shalt not kill, is the command of God."

"Honor thy father and thy mother, is required of all men."

"To practise religion is our du- "To write a fair hand requires ty.' practice."

Remark 1.-To excel is the nominative case to requires by Note XIII.; and requires agrees with to excel by Rule VII. In parsing "Thou shalt not kill," we first apply Rules VI., VII. and IX. The whole phrase is considered the nominative to is required, by Note XIII.

2. The infinitive mood, or a part of a sentence, is frequently the object of a transitive verb; as, " Boys love to play." What do boys love? "To play." The object of love, then, is to play. "Children do not consider how much has been done for them by their parents." Consider what?"How much has been done for them by their parents," including for the object of the verb the whole phrase in italics.

NOTE XIV. The infinitive mood or part of a sentence, may have an adjective or participle agreeing with it, when there is no noun, either expressed or understood, to which the adjective may belong.

628.

EXERCISES IN SYNTAX.

"To see the sun is pleasant."
"To practise virtue will be pro-
ductive of happiness.”

"To be ridiculed is unpleasant."

"Defraud not thy neighbor, is binding on ail."

"To do good to our enemies, is not natural to our hearts.'

Bind

Remarks. Pleasant agrees with "to see the sun," by Note XIV. ing agrees with "Defraud not thy neighbor," by the same authority. To is apply Rule VII.; to sun, Rule VIII.; to the infinitive to see, Note XIII.

629.

SENTENCES TO BE WRITTEN.

Will you compose one or more sentences having an infinitive gov erned by a participle? One, using an infinitive after a noun? Ŏne, describing the manner of playing ball? One, or more, on the manner of playing tag? One, on the duty of children to mind their pa rents? One, or more, on industry? Ŏne, on the business you intend to pursue for life?

"To play is pleasant." What is pleasant? What, then, is the nominative to s? 626-1. Rule? Note XIII.

"Thou shalt not kill, is required of all

men " What is required?

What is the nominative to is required? 626-1. Rule? Note XIII.

Will you now parse the remaining exercises under this rule?

"Boys love to play." What is the object of love 627. Remark 2.

Since we have a rule for to love, as a verb, there is no necessity for considering it the object in parsing: what rule, then, will you apply to it? XII.

Will you name an example in which there is part of a sentence used as the object of a verb? 627. Remark 2.

To see the sun is pleasant." Will you parse pleasant? to see? the? sun? is? Will you now parse the remaining exercises under Note XIV.

LIX.

630. In the phrase," John and James are here," the sense is that "John and James are both here;" two persons are therefore spoken of, which re ders it necessary to use the plural verb are, to agree with two nouns which in dividually are singular: hence,

RULE XVIII.

Two or more nouns or pronouns, of the singular number, connected together by AND, either expressed or understood, must have verbs, nouns, and pronouns agreeing with them in the plural number.

Remarks. William is one of the nominatives to the verb run.

James is in

the nominative case to the verb run, and is connected with the noun William. by Rule XI. Run agrees with William and James by Rule XVIII.

632. SENTENCES TO BE PARSED AND CORRECTED.

Remarks. For has come, we should read have come, that the verb may be plural, when it has two nominatives connected by and, according to Rule XVIII.

Exception 1.-When and connects two or more nouns in the singular, which refer to the same person or thing, the verb must be singular; as, Pliny the philosopher and naturalist has greatly enriched science."

633. SENTENCES TO BE PARSED AND CORRECTED.

"That superficial scholar and
critic have given new evi-
dence of his misguided judg-
ment.'
"There go a benevolent man and
scholar."

LIX. When I say, "John and James are here," of how many persons do I speak?

Should we, then, use is or are? 630. What is the rule for are? XVIII. Will you now parse the exercises under Rule XVIII.?

"William and James run." Will you parse William in full? and? James? run?

Will you parse the next exercises? "Mary and her cousin has come." Why is this incorrect? 632.

"In that house live a great and distinguished scholar and statesman.'

"Mr. Cooper, the sailor and nov. elist, visit La Fayette, the patriot and philanthropist." Will you parse the succeeding exercises?

"Pliny the philosopher and naturalist has greatly enriched science." Why should we use has, in this sentence, instead of have? Exception 1.

"That superficial scholar and critic have given." Why is have given incor rect? Exception 1.

What is the rule for has come? Excep tion 1.

Will you correct and parse the remain ing exercises