the mode of its exercise-giving special attention to the important and vexed questions growing out of Municipal Bonds and Local Assessments. Federal taxation is discussed in the same mode-first the limitations on the power, and then the mode of its exercise. Many important questions on this branch of the subject have never been discussed in the courts of last resort, and decisions have been rendered only in the District and Circuit Courts of the United States, which are reported often only in the legal periodicals of the day. I have not failed to avail myself of such cases, as well as the rulings and decisions of the Secretary of the Treasury and the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, where they throw light upon the subject. The work is brought down to the 1st day of January, 1877, all cases of importance in print at that time being cited; and in the Addenda are cited cases appearing in print between January 1st and August 1st, 1877. NORFOLK, September, 1977. W. H. BURROUGHS. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Property tax: Is it upon the person, or property-Eminent domain. and taxation, distinction-Police and taxing power, difference, Power of courts to declare tax laws void-English and American courts, difference as to declaring laws void, Opinions of Judges Marshal and Ruggles as to limits of taxing, and PAGE Validity of railroad subscriptions by counties, cities, &c.-Leading case, Sharpless v. Mayor of Philadelphia-Argument in favor of, 10 Principle of equality in the burden of the tax-Nature of the sub- Summary of the New York cases, as to apportionment, Similar cases in other States, acts valid, Agricultural colleges, levee and drainage cases, valid, Acts, void for want of local benefit, Extension of city limits, when property included in extension may be Principles governing local taxation, classification of the cases, LIMITATIONS ON THE TAXING POWER ARISING OUT OF THE SITUS OF THE PROPERTY TAXED. Chattels, where taxed, usually at situs, Debts, choses in action, general rule at residence of the owner, Modification of rule, as affected by the situs of the evidence of the Conclusions, as to taxable situs of personal property, 65 License tax, not governed by it, general rule, Equal, uniform and ad valorem, Local taxation limited to corporate authorities in Illinois, &c., Limitations on local taxation, Michigan and Nebraska, Limitations in Iowa corporations, and Virginia as to occupations, Limitations in New York and Michigan, as to laws imposing taxes, object not to be stated by reference to other laws, Limitations in California, assessors elected by people of district, Other limitations in Tennessee, Maine and Louisiana, Pilot fees and half pilot fees, not included, Regulation of commerce, includes freight and passengers, Tax not impair obligation of contract, Alienation of taxing power by legislature in a charter of incorpora- |