became incrusted with a mass of traditional, legendary, and fictitious matter, which had gradually accumulated in the minds of the people, and was brought into shape and added from time to time to the story of Saint Patrick's life and labours by each successive biographer.

Patrick states in his Confession simply that he ordained clerics, but we are told in the Catalogue of the Saints that 'they were all bishops, famous and holy, and full of the Holy Ghost, 350 in number, founders of churches;' and this is confirmed by Angus the Culdee, in his Litany, where he invokes 'seven times fifty holy bishops, with three hundred priests, whom Patraic ordained,' and quotes the verse—

'Seven times fifty holy cleric bishops 42

The saint ordained,

With three hundred pure presbyters 43

Upon whom he conferred orders.'

Upwards of one half of his clergy seem, therefore, to have been bishops, and he appears to have placed a bishop, consecrated by himself, in each church which he founded. The difference in order between bishop and presbyter is here fully recognised; and there was nothing in this very inconsistent with the state of the primitive church before it became a territorial church, and its hierarchical arrangements and jurisdiction were adapted to and modelled upon the civil government of the Roman empire. In the earlier period of the Christian Church there was, besides the chief bishop in each city, whose consecration required the action of at least three bishops, an order of 'Chorepiscopi,' or country bishops,45

42 The word is Sruith episcop. Sruth is the Irish equivalent of cleric.

43 The word is Crumthir. In the Sanas Cormaic we have Cruimther, i.e. Gaedelg indi as presbyter, 'that is the Gaelic of presbyter.'-Stokes, Three Irish Glossaries, p. 9. In Nennius the number of presbyters

44

who were consecrated by the chief bishop; and the relative proportion of bishops and presbyters was very different from what it afterwards became. We find in the Apostolical Constitutions in the ordinances of the church of Alexandria that if there should be a place having a few faithful men in it, before the multitude increase, who shall be able to make a dedication to pious uses for the bishop to the extent of twelve men, let them write to the churches round about the place, in which the multitude of believers are established. If the bishop whom they shall appoint hath attended to the knowledge and patience of the love of God, with those with him, let him ordain two presbyters when he hath examined them, or rather three;' 46 and we are told that in Asia Minor alone there were upwards of four hundred bishops.47 Such a church as this could not have been very unlike the Irish Church at this period-the relative proportion of bishops and presbyters much the same; and Patrick seems to have adapted it to the state of society among the people who were the objects of his mission. Their social system was one based upon the tribe, and it consisted of a congeries of small septs united together by no very close tie. Anything like a territorial church, with a central jurisdiction, was hardly possible among them. Patrick tells us nothing of the mode in which he was consecrated a bishop; but the expression in his epistle to Coroticus, that he was constituted the bishop in Ireland, seems to imply that he regarded himself as chief bishop for the whole people. He founded churches wherever he could obtain a grant from the chief of the sept, and appears to have placed in each Tuath or tribe a bishop, ordained by himself, who may have had one or more presbyters with him. It was, in short, a congregational and tribal episcopacy, united by a federal rather than a territorial tie under regular jurisdiction; and this is implied by the statement that what

46 Copt. Coll., Book i. Can. i. 11. Bunsen's Hippolytus, ii. p. 27.

47 Bingham's Ant., Book ii. c. 11; Book ix. c. 3.

was excommunicated by one church was excommunicated by all.' During Patrick's life, he no doubt exercised a superintendence over the whole; but we do not see any trace of the metropolitan jurisdiction of the church of Armagh over the rest.

'All these bishops,' we are told in the Catalogue of the Saints, were sprung from the Romans, and Franks, and Britons, and Scots.' By the Romans and Britons probably those are meant who belonged to the Roman province in Britain, and followed Patrick in his mission; by the Franks those who came from Gaul appear to be intended; and whenever it was possible, he no doubt appointed a native Scot, and one of the tribe among whom he founded a church, to be its bishop. The extent to which the foreign element entered into the clergy of his church may be learnt from the Litany of Angus, who invokes 'the Romans in Achudh Galma, in Hy Echach; the Romans in Letar Erca; the Romans and Cairsech, daughter of Brocan, in Cill Achudh Dallrach; Cuan, a Roman, in Achill; the Romans in Cluan Caincumni; and the Romans with Aedan in Cluan Dartada; the Gauls in Saillidu; the Gauls in Magh Salach; and the Gauls in Achudh Ginain; the Saxons in Rigar; and the Saxons in Cluan Muicceda; fifty men of the Britons with Monan, in Lann Leire.' And, in another tract by Angus the Culdee on the Mothers of the Saints, he has, 'Dina, daughter of the king of the Saxons, was the mother of the ten sons of Bracan, king of Britain, son of Bracha Meoc: viz. St. Mogoroc of Struthuir; St. Mochonoc, the pilgrim of Kil Mucraisse and of Gelinnia in the region of Delbhna Eathra; Dirad of Eadardr uim; Duban of Rinndubhain alithir; Carenn of Killchairinne; Carpre, the pilgrim of Killchairpre; Isiol Farannain; Iust in Slemna of Alban; Elloc of Kill Moelloc, near Lochgarman; Pian of Killphiain in Ossory; Coeman, the pilgrim of Kill Choeman, in the region of Gesille and elsewhere. She was also

Collegiate
Churches

of Seven
Bishops.

mother of Mobeoc of Gleanngeirg, for he was a son of Brachan, son of Bracha Meoc.' 48

The first order, too, ' rejected not the services and society of women,' or, according to another MS., 'they excluded from their churches neither laymen nor women,' which indicates their character as secular clergy, in contradistinction to those under a monastic rule. They celebrated Easter on the fourteenth moon after the vernal equinox,' that is, as we have seen elsewhere, from the fourteenth to the twenty-first day of the moon; and there appears to have been no difference in this respect between them and the Church of Rome prior to the year 457. Their clergy were tonsured; but at this time there were in the Church various forms of tonsure, and the first form, 'from ear to ear,' that is, having the hair removed from the fore part of the head and leaving it to grow behind the ears, was also practised in Gaul, from whence it was probably derived.49

Although Patrick alludes to the great numbers he converted, there does not seem to have been anything like a national adoption of Christianity. It is remarkable enough that the Ardri or chief king of Ireland appears to have remained pagan during the entire period of his mission, and it was not till the year 513 that a Christian monarch ruled in Tara. Neither did the arrangement by which isolated bishops were placed in each sept or tribe whose chief or petty king had been converted prove well calculated to disseminate Christianity through the whole tribe, and to leaven the entire people with its influence.

This appears to have led, towards the end of his life, to the adoption of a very peculiar sort of Collegiate Church. It consisted in a group of seven bishops placed together in one church; and they were brought closer to the tribal

48 Colgan, A.SS., p. 312. St. Mochonoc's church was called Gailinne nam Breatan, or Gallen of the Britons, in King's County.

49 St. Paulinus of Nola says (Ep.

7) of some of the monks of his time in Gaul, that they were 'casta informitate capillum ad cutem cæsi, et inæqualiter semitonsi et destituta fronte prærasi.'

system based on the family which prevailed in Ireland, by these bishops being usually seven brothers selected from one family in the tribe. We see the germs of something of the kind in Tirechan's Annotations, where it is said that towards the end of his career 'Patrick passed the Shannon three times, and completed seven years in the western quarter, and came from the plain of Tochuir to Dulo Ocheni, and founded seven churches there.' And again, 'The seven sons of Doaththat is Cluain, Findglais and Imsruth, Culcais, Deruthmar, Culcais and Cennlocho-faithfully made offerings to God and Saint Patrick.'50 But Angus the Culdee in his Litany gives us a list of no fewer than one hundred and fifty-three groups of seven bishops in the same church, all of whom he invokes. A few of these we can identify sufficiently to show that they usually consisted of seven brothers living together in one church, and that they belong to this period. For instance, he invokes the seven bishops of Tulach na'n Epscop,' or Tulach of the Bishops; and we find in the old Irish Life of St. Bridget, who died in 525, that on one occasion at Tealagh, in the west of Leinster, pious nobles, i.e. seven bishops, were her guests.'51 Again he invokes the seven bishops of Drom Arbelaig;' and in the Irish Calendar on 15th January we have 'seven bishops, sons of Finn, alias Fincrettan of Druimairbealagh.' Again he invokes 'the seven bishops in Tamhnach ;' and in the Calendars on 21st July we have this notice: The seven bishops of Tamhnach Buadha, and we find seven bishops, the sons of one father, and their names and history among the race of Fiacha Suighdhe, son of Feidhlimidh Reachtmhar, son of Tuathal Teachtmhar.' Again he invokes the seven bishops of Cluan Emain;' and we are told in the Life of Saint Forannan that, after the Council of Drumceatt Columba was met by a large concourse of ecclesiastics, among whom the descendants of Cennaine, the

50 Betham, Ant. Res., App., pp. xxxiii. xxxix.

51 O'Hanlan, Lives of the Irish Saints, vol. ii. p. 84.