2. Each State fhall appoint, in fuch manner as the legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of fenators and reprefentatives, to which the ftate may be entitled in the Congrefs. But no fenator, or reprefentative, or perfon holding an office of truft or profit under the United States, fhall be appointed an elector.

3. The electors fhall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two perfons, of whom one, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the fame State with themselves. And they fhall make a lift of all the perfons votedfor, and of the number of votes for each; which lift they fhall fign and certify, and tranfmit fealed to the feat of the government of the United States, directed to the Prefident of the fenate. The Prefident of the fenate fhall, in the prefence of the fenate and house of reprefentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes fhall then be counted. The perfon having the greatest number of votes fhall be the Prefident, if fuch number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who bave fuch majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the house of repres fentatives fhall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President, and if no perfon have a majority, then, from the five highest on the lift, the faid But in choofing the Prehoufe fhall in like manner choose the Prefident. fident, the votes fhall be taken by States, the reprefentation from each State, having the vote: quorum for this purpose shall confift of a member or members from two-thirds of the States: and a majority of all the States fhall be neceffary to a choice. In every cafe, after the choice of the Prefident the perfon having the greatest number of votes of the electors, fhall be the VicePrefident. But if there fhould remain two or more, who have equal votes, the fenates fhall choose from them, by ballot, the Vice-President.

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4. The Congrefs may determine the time of choofing the electors, and the day on which they fhall give their votes; which day shall be the fame throughout the United States.

5. No perfon, except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President. Neither fhall any perfon be eligible to that office, who fhall not have attained to the age of thirty five years, and been fourteen years a refident within the United States.

6. In cafe of the removal of the Prefident from office, or of his death, refignation, or inability, to difcharge the powers and duties of the faid office, the fame fhall devolve on the Vice-Prefident; and the Congiefs may, by law, provider the cafe of removal, death, refignation, or inability, both of the Prefident and Vice-Prefident, declaring what officer fhall then act as Prefident; and fuch officer fhall act accordingly, until the difability be removed, or a Prefident fhall be elected.

7. The Prefident thall, at flated times, receive for his fervices, a compenfation, which shall neither be encreased nor diminished, during the period for which he fhall have been elected and he shall not receive, within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them.

8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he fhall take the follow ing oath or affirmation :

"I do folemnly fwear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office * of Prefident of the United States; and will, to the best of my ability, “preserve, protefl, and defend the Conflitution of the United States."

No. 23.

SECTION II,

1. The Prefident fhall be commander in chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the feveral States, when called into the actual fervice of the United States. He may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officers in each of the executive departments, upon any fabjects relating to the duties of their refpcctive offices; and he fhall have power to grant reprieves and pardons, for offences against the United States, except in cafes of impeachment,

2. He fhall have power, by and with the advice and confent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators prefent concur and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and confent of the Senate, fhall appoint ambaffadors, other public minifters and confuls, judges of the fupreme court, and all other officers of the United States, whofe appointments are not herein otherwife provided for, and which shall be established by law, But the Congress may, by law, veft the appointment of fuch inferior officers, as they think proper, in the Prefident alone, in the courts of law, or in the beads of departments.

3. The Prefident fhall have power to fill up all vacancies that may hap pen, during the recefs of the Senate, by granting commiffions, which fliall exs pire at the end of their next feffion.

SECTION III

He fhall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of the gate of the Union; and recommend to their confideration fuch measures as ho hall judge neceflary and expedient. He may, on extraordinary occafions, convene both houfes or either of them and in cafe of difagreement between them, with refpect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to fucks time as he fhall think proper. He fhall receive amballadors and other public minifters. He fhall take care that the laws he faithfully executed and half commiffion all the officers of the United States,

Section IV.

The Prefident, Vice-Prefident, and all civil officers of the United States, fhall be removed from office, on impeachment for, and conviction of treaton, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors,

Article 3. SECTION 1.

The judicial power of the United States fhall be vefted in one fupreme court, and in fuch inferior courts as the Congrefs may, from time to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the fupreme and inferior courts, fhall hold their offices, during good behaviour; and fhall at flared times, to reive for their fervices, a compenfation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office,

SECTION II.

1. The judicial power fhall extend to all cafes, in law and equity, ariling under this conflitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which fhall be made, under their authority; to all cafes atfecting amiraffador, other public minifters, and confuls; to all cafes of admiralty and maritime jurifdittion; to controverfies to which the United States fhall be a party s to controverfies between two or more States, between a ftate and citizens of another state, between citizens of different States, between citizens of the fame State, claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens or fubje&te.

2. In all cafes affecting ambaffadors, other public miners and confuls, and thofe in which a flate fhall be a party, the fupreme court fall have csár YOL. IV.

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ginal jurifdiction. In all the other cafes before mentioned, the fupreme court fhall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under fuch regulations as the Congress fhall make.

3. The trial of all crimes, except in cafes of impeachment, fhall be by jury and fuch trials fhall be held in the State where the faid crimes fhail have been committed; but when not committed within any flate, the trial fhall be at fuch place or places, as the Congress may by law have directed.

SECTION III.

1. Treafon again the United States, fhall confift only in levying war again them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No perfon fhall be convicted of treafon unlefs on the teftimony of two witneffes, to the fame overt act, or on confeflion in open court.

1. The Congrefs fhall have full power to declare the punishment of treafon; but no attainder of treason fhall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the perfon attainted.

Article. IV. SECTION I.

Full faith and credit fall be given in each ftate, to the public afts, records and judicial proceedings in every other flate. And the Congress may, by general, laws preferibe the manner in which fuch acts,records and proceedings hall be proved and the effect thereof.

SECTION II.

1. The citizens of each flate fhall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the feveral flatcs.

2. A perfon charged in any flate with treafon, felony, or other crime, who fhall flee from juftice, and be found in another flate, fhall, on demand of the executive authority of the flate from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the flate, having jurifdiction of the crime.

3. No perfon, held to fervice or labour in one ftate, under the laws thereof, efcaping into another, fhall in confequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from fuch fervice or labour; but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom fuch fervice or labour may be

due.

1.

SECTION III.

New States may be admitted by Congress into this union; but no new State fhall be formed or ere&ted within the jurisdiction of any other State-nor any flate be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States-without the confent of the legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress.

2.

The Congrefs fhall have power to difpofe of, and make all needful rules and regulations refpecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this conflitution fhall be conftructed, as to prejudice any claims of the United States; or any particular State.

SECTION IV.

The United States fhall guarantee to every State in this union, a republican form of government; and shall protect each of them against invation, and on application of the legislature, or of the executive, (when the legiflature cannot be convened) againft domestic violence.

ARTICLE V.

The Congrefs, whenever two-thirds of both houfos fhall deem it neceffary, fhall propofe amendments to this conftitution, or, on the application of the legiflatures of two thirds of the feveral flates, fhall call a convention for propofing amendments, which in either cafe fhall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this conflitution, when ratified by the legislatures of

three-fourths of the feveral ftates, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be propofed by the Congrefs; provided that no amendment, which may be made prior to the year one thoufand eight hundred and eight, fhall in any manner affect the firft and fourth claufes in the ninth section of the first article; and that no state, without its confent, fhall be deprived of its equal fuffrage in the Senate.

ARTICLE VI.

1. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into before the adoption of this conflitution, fhall be valid against the United States, under this conflitution, as under the confederation.

2. This conftitution and the laws of the United States, which fhall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which fhall be made, under the authority of the United States, fhall be the fupreme law of the land and the judges, in every state, shall be bound thereby, any thing in the conftitution or laws of any ftate to the contrary notwithstanding.

3. The Senators and Reprefentatives before mentioned, and the members of the ftate legiflatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States, and of the several flates fhall be bound, by oath or affirmation to fupport this conftitution; but no religious teft fhall ever be required as a qualification to any office of public truft under the United States.

ARTICLE VII.

The ratification of the conventions of nine ftates fhall be fufficient for the establishment of this conftitution between the ftates fo ratifying the fame.

Done in Convention, by the unanimous confent of the ftates prefent, the feventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand feven hundred and eighty-feven, and of the Independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witnefs whereof we have hereunto fubfcribed our names.

GEORGE WASHINGTON.
Prefident and Deputy from Virginia.

Newhampshire. John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman.
Maffachufetts. Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King.
Connecticut. William S. Johnfon, Roger Sherman.
New-York. Alexander Hamilton.

New-Jerfey. William Livingston, David Barcley, William Patterson, Jonathan Dayton.

Pennfylvania. Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, Robert Morris, George Clymer, Thomas Fitzfimons, Jared Ingerfoll, James Wilfon, Gouverneur Morris,

Delaware. George Reed, Gunning Bedford, junr. John Dickson, Richard Baffet, Jacob Broom.

Maryland. James M'Henry, Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, Daniel Carrol.

Virginia. John Blair, James Maddison jun.

North Carolina. William Blount, Richard Dobbs Spaight, Hugh Williamson.

South-Carolina. John Rutledge, Charles C. Pinckney, Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butler.

Georgia. William Few, Abraham Baldwin.

Atteft.

WILLIAM JACKSON, Sec.

CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Eegan and held at the city of New-York, on Wednesday, the fourth of March, one thousand feven hundred and eighty-nine,

The conventions of a number of flates, having, at the time of their adopting the conflitution, expreffed a defire, in order to prevent mifconftruction or abufe of its powers, that further declaratory and reftructive clauses should be added and as extending the ground of public confidence in the government will beft infure the beneficent ends of its conflitution.

RESOLVED, by the Senate and House of Reprefentatives of the United States of America, in Congress affembled, two-thirds of both Houses, Concurting, that the following articles be propofed to the legislatures of the feveral fates, as amendments to the conflitution of the United States, all, or any of which articles, when ratified by three-fourths of the faid legiflaties, to be valid, to all intents and purposes as part of the said conftitution, Viz.

ARTICLES, in addition to an amendment of the conflitution of the United States of America, propofed by Congrefs, and ratified by the legiflatures of the feveral flates, pursuant to the fifth article of the ori ginal conftitution.

1. After the firft enumeration, required by the first article of the conftitution, there fall be one reprefentative for every thirty thousand, until the humber iball amount to one hundred; after which, the proportion shall be to regulated by congress, that there fhall not be lefs than one hundred reprefentatives--nor less than one reprefentative to every forty thousand per fons-until the number of reprefentatives fhall amount to two hundred; after which the proportion fhall be fo regulated by congrefs, that there fhall not be lefs than two hundred reprefentatives, nor more than one reprefentative for every fifty thousand perfons.

II, No law, vary ing the compenfation for the fervices of Senators and Reprefetatives, fhall take effect, until an election of Reprefentatives fhall have intervened,

III. Congrefs fhall make no law refpecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the fee exercife thereof, or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the prefs; or the right of the people peaceably to affemble, and to petition the government for a redrefs of grievances.

IV. A well regulated militia being neceflary to the fecurity of a free flate, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, fhall not be infringed. V. No foldier fhall in the time of peace, be quartered in any house, without the confent of the owner; nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prefcribed by law.

VI. The right of the people to be fecure in their perfons, houses, papers, and effects, againft unreasonable searches and feizures, fhall not be violated and no warrants fhall iffue, but upon probable caufe, fupported by oath or affirmation and particularly defcribing the place to be fearched, and the perfons or things to be feized.

VII. No perfon fhall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a prefentment or indictment by a grand jury, except in cafes arifing in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual fervice, in time of war or public danger: nor fhall any person be subject for the fame offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb: nor fhall