according to the degrees of force with which it affects the mind, it may be considered either as an affection or a passion.

It also appears that Joy and Hope are very similar in their natures; and that the pleasing sensations they inspire, are very correspondent. The difference consists in the degree of uncertainty which intervenes before possession, and checks the ardour of hope; and as the object was in expectancy, the pleasure is not so powerfully quickened by the influence of Surprise. Yet where the object has been highly valued, and the anxiety great concerning its attainment, a release from this anxiety has communicated a delectable elasticity to the mind, and rendered its sensations as vivid as those excited by more unexpected causes.

As the above Passions and Affections are inspired by the contemplation of Good, thus are most of them of a pleasant nature. This is obviously the case with Joy, and all the affections connected with it. Hope is also, uniformly, a pleasant affection. Desire will vary according to its object, degrees of strength, and the different passions and affections so frequently arising from it. Although in its mildest state,

it possesses a degree of restlessness, which serves as a stimulus to exertions, yet its immediate attendants give a preponderancy in its favour. Desire, as defined above, has always some species of Good for its object, which is always a pleasant object; and it is encouraged in its attempts, by the possibility or probability of attainment. These two circumstances united, more than compensate for the degree of restlessness it in general occasions. The sportsman, who delights in the chase, who endures cold, hunger, and fatigue, with more than patience, inspired by the hopes of exercising his skill, and carrying home the triumphant, though trifling, reward of his assiduity, is a just emblem of the state of our minds, in the pursuit of objects we deem of superior importance. Desires are not only comfortless, but approach to misery, when they are impetuous and ungovernable,-when hopes are frequently checked by disappointments-when patience is wearied out by procrastinations, -and when desires are borne away by the whirlwind of turbulent passions, which they have excited.

The Wish, which characterizes the benevolent heart, is of a pleasing nature. When it refers simply to the melioration of our state, not being supported by hope, it subsides almost

as soon as it is formed. It is most painful, when it is excited by our own improper conduct, or by the neglect of advantages which are never to return.

ORDER II.

WE proceed to consider those Passions and Affections operating upon the Principle of Self-love, in which the idea of EVIL is immediately present to the mind.

These are distinguished into three Kinds: the first relates to actual losses and disappointments; the second, to evils of which we are apprehensive; and the third, to the conduct which seems to deserve reprehension. They inspire the passions of Sorrow, Fear, and Anger, with their different modifications and combina tions.

It is obvious from this general description of each, that they must be frequently blended together. Partial evils inspiring Sorrow, are frequently the harbingers of others which alarm our Fears; and both the evils we lament,

and those we dread, may be occasioned by a conduct calculated to excite our Anger. In consequence of such combinations, many of the affections under this class become so complicated, as to render it difficult to give them a specific arrangement.

Those which are the least complex demand our first attention.

1. SORROW.

Ir is scarcely necessary to observe, that Sorrow is the direct opposite of Joy. It expresses a mental suffering, under the privation of some good which we actually possessed, or concerning which we entertained a pleasing expectation. The one we term Loss, the other a Disappointment. When the loss or disappointment has been very great, and we feel it as a privation of something upon which our affections were strongly placed; when the event arrived in a sudden and unexpected manner, so that the mind was not able to collect itself or prepare for it, this passion produces extreme anguish. Surprise, Wonder, and Astonishment, exert their powerful influence, and greatly augment the pangs of sorrow. The senses are troubled; the soul is overwhelmed, and

sometimes sinks into a painful stupefaction. This state marks the Passion of Sorrow, according to the distinctions noticed in the preceding pages; for it is here that the mind is perfectly passive. As soon as it is able to collect its powers, it wanders over, and exaggerates, every distressing circumstance, every possible disadvantage that may be consequent upon the loss, until tumultuous emotions are excited, bordering upon phrensy. Violent agitations, and restless positions of the body, extension of the arms, clapping of the hands, beating the breast, tearing the hair, loud sobs and sighs, manifest to the spectator the inward agony of the soul. Such are the Emotions, which indicate the nature and strength of the Passion. Sometimes a flood of tears relieves these pathognomonic symptoms. Universal lassitude and a sense of debility succeed, with deep dejection of countenance, and languor in the eyes, which seem to look around, and solicit in vain for assistance and relief. thing, which used to communicate pleasure and inspire vivacity, appears frivolous, or becomes indifferent to the mind. The only delight which is now enjoyed, is to contemplate. the cause of its affliction; to enumerate all the excellencies and advantages of that which

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