PELAGIUS-PELLEGRINI. 425 Pelagius, the leader of the sect called "Pelagians," is supposed to have been born in Britain. He commenced preaching his doctrines in. Rome about 400 A. D. He admired the teachings of Origen and opposed those of St. Augustine on predestination. He maintained that the sin of Adam did not affect the rest of the human family, but that the salvation of each person depended upon himself. His doctrines were condemned by several councils, and he was banished from Italy in 418. He was a subtle reasoner, and his life was eminently pure. Pelham, Henry, an English statesman, brother of the Duke of Newcastle, was born in 1694. He became Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1742, and was associated with his brother, a leading Cabinet Minister, from 1743 to 1754, in which year he died. cated at Christ Church, Oxford, where | 2, 1850, from injuries received a few he won unusual distinction; entered days previous by being thrown from Parliament in 1808, and supported his horse. the Tory administration. He became Under-Secretary for the Colonies in 1811, and Chief Secretary for Ireland in 1812. Three years later he challenged Daniel O'Connell, but the duel was prevented by the police. For his opposition to the Catholics he was called by his political enemies 'Orange Peel." He was elected to Parliament by the University of Oxford in 1818, George Canning being his opponent. Resigning his position as Secretary, he was made chairman of the Bullion committee and won a high reputation as a financier. He became Secretary of the Home Department in the Ministry of Lord Liverpool in 1822, resigned that position when Canning became Premier in 1827, and again accepted it the next year, when the Duke of Wellington was Prime Minister. Changing his views on the question of Catholic Emancipation, he made a very able speech in favor of the measure, which, however, caused him to lose his seat as member for the University of Oxford. He was afterward leader of the opposition to the Whig Ministry of Earl Grey, and in 1830 became, on the death of his father, a baronet and the possessor of a very large fortune. He opposed the Reform measures of 1831, and was elected to Parliament from Tamworth, which he continued to represent for seventeen years. He organized and became the leader of the Conservative party, and in December, 1834, with the Duke of Wellington, formed a new Ministry, of which Sir Robert Peel was First Lord of the Treasury and Premier. He resigned in the following year, as a Whig majority had been elected to the House of Commons. He again became Premier in 1841, and continued in that position for about five years, during which time he contributed greatly to the repeal of the Corn Laws, which was effected in 1846. He died July Pélissier, Amable Jean Jacques, Duc de Malakoff, a French general; born in 1794, and served with distinction as lieutenantcolonel in Algeria, where he is charged with having caused the death of a party of Arabs who had retreated to a cave, by causing a fire to be built at its mouth. He was made general of division in 1850, and Governor-General of Algeria the next year. He went to the Crimea as commander of the First Army Corps in 1855, participated in the siege of Sevastopol, and became general-in-chief on May 16 of that year. For the reduction of the fort of Malakoff (September 8) he was created a Field-Marshal and Duke of Malakoff. He was Ambassador to England in 1855, commander of the army of observation in the Italian campaign of 1859, and GovernorGeneral of Algeria in 1860. Died 1864. Pellegrini, Pellegrino, also known as Tibaldi, an Italian painter and architect. He is said to have improved upon the style even of Michelangelo. Born near Milan in 1527; died 1595. Pellico, Silvio, an Italian poet; born in Saluzzo, Piedmont, in 1789. He was the intimate friend of Lord Byron, Lord Brougham, Madame de Staël, Ugo Foscolo, and Monti.He was for several years imprisoned on political charges. An account of his confinement and sufferings, written by himself, entitled My Prisons, attracted great attention and sympathy and was translated into all the European languages. Died 1854. Pelopidas, a Theban general and statesman, and the intimate friend of Epaminondas. He became the leader of the popular party, and opposed the Spartans and the aristocratic faction, whom he surprised by night and drove out of Thebes, in 379 B. C. He was killed in battle 364 B. C. Pemberton, John Clifford, an American general; born in Pennsylvania August 10, 1814; graduated at West Point in 1837; served during the Mexican war; resigned his commission soon after, and in 1861 entered the Confederate service, became lieutenant-general, and (July 4, 1863) surrendered Vicksburg and twenty-five thousand prisoners to Gen. Grant. Died July 13, 1881. Penn, William, the founder of Pennsylvania, son of Sir William Penn, an English admiral, was born in London, October 14, 1644. About 1659 he was sent to Christ Church College, Oxford, where he became acquainted with John Locke, and where he listened to the preaching of Thomas Loe, a member of the Society of Friends, or Quakers, which made a deep impression upon him. For refusing to wear a surplice, according to the rules of the university, and forcibly interfering with those who did, Penn and several others were expelled from Oxford. It is stated that upon his return home his father at first treated him with great severity, causing him to be beaten and after ward turned out of doors, but that, subsequently relenting, he sent his son to Paris, in the hope that life in that gay capital would allure him from more serious subjects of contemplation. This project for the time appeared to be successful. Penn returned to London after making a tour of Europe, and commenced reading law at Lincoln's Inn Fields. He subsequently went to Ireland, visited the court of the Viceroy the Duke of Ormond, evinced courage and ability in suppressing a mutiny of soldiers at Carrickfergus, and was complimented by the Duke of Ormond. At the city of Cork, however, he again listened to the preaching of Thomas Loe, was deeply affected, and resolved to unite with the society of which Loe was a member. He was arrested, with several Friends, in Cork, in 1667, and was thrown into prison, but was released upon writing to the Earl of Orrery. Upon returning to England his father for a time again expelled him from his house. In the year following he produced several religious treatises and began to preach, and was afterward confined in the Tower for some time on account of his religious views, and subsequently in Newgate. Admiral Penn, a short time before his death, in 1670, requested the Duke of York, with whom he was on exceedingly friendly terms, to watch over his son and to protect him as far as possible from the difficulties and dangers to which he must inevitably be exposed. He is also said to have expressed his approval of the course pursued by his son. After publishing a large number of treatises in defence of his religious views, Penn married, in 1672, Gulielma Maria Springett, daughter of Sir William Springett, and in 1677 accompanied Robert Barclay on a journey to Holland and Germany. He favored and contributed by his pen to the election of Algernon Sidney to Parliament in 1679, and, becoming interested in a tract of land in America known as West Jersey, to which |