On French Broad River and its waters, Jonesborough, Greenville, Newport, Dandridge, and Sevierville.

On Tennessee River and its waters, Maryville, Washington, Pikeville, Madison, Winchester, Fayetteville, Pulaski, Shelbyville, Columbia, Vernon, and Reynoldsburg.

On Cumberland River and its waters, Montgomery, Monroe, Sparta, Carthage, Gallatin, Lebanon, M'Minnville, Murfreesborough, Jefferson, Franklin, Haysborough, Charlotte, Springfield, Clarksville, and Dover.

On the Mississippi River, Memphis.

Roads, Canals, and Public Improvements.-There are several great public roads through Tennessee, and some of them are kept in pretty good order. There are no canals, but the state has an extensive inland navigation. Improved roads will, it is presumed, soon be made.

Government and Laws.-In 1796 the state formed a government on the same model as the other states, being legislative, executive, and judiciary. The legislative power is vested in a senate and house of representatives; the members of both branches being elected every two years. The number of representatives is fixed in a ratio according to the taxable inhabitants, and the senators must not be more than one-half nor less than one-third of the representatives. The members of both houses must have been three years in the state, and one in the county, immediately preceding the election, and be possessed of 200 acres of land. They must also be 21 years of age. The executive power is vested in a governor, who is elected for two years, and is eligible six years out of eight. must be 25 years of age, have resided in the state four years, and have a freehold of 500 acres of land. The judiciary power is vested in courts of law and equity. The judges are appointed by the legislature, and hold their offices during good behaviour. The elective franchise is

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vested in all freemen, 21 years of age and upwards, who possess a freehold in the county, and have resided in the state six months preceding the election.

Education and Manners.-There are ample funds in Tennessee for the support of education. There are several colleges and academies in the state; common schools are increasing, and the desire for knowledge is general.The citizens of Tennessee are generally hardy, active, and industrious; possessing great valour and a spirit for enterprise, which was often manifested during the late war with Great Britain. Information is generally diffused throughout the state, and the state of society is improving.

Boundaries.-Kentucky is bounded north by Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio; east, by Virginia; south, by Tennessee; and west, by Missouri.

Face of the Country.-Kentucky makes part of the great valley of the Ohio, and is at a considerable elevation above the level of the sea. In the eastern part the lands are high, and at the extremities, bordering upon the states of Virginia and Tennessee, there are considerable mountains. The country slopes to the westward; in the middle part it is undulating and agreeably uneven, and there are level plains and prairies to the south-west.

Rivers.-The Ohio River, already described, forms the northern and north-western boundary of the state, a distance of 632 miles. The Mississippi forms the western boundary, a distance of 51 miles. The other principal streams are Big Sandy, Licking, Kentucky, Salt River,

Green River, and Rolling River, which have been all partially described in the general view. A few particulars may be added here.

Big Sandy River forms the eastern boundary of the state for about 70 miles.

Licking River rises among the Cumberland Mountains, in the eastern part of the state, and pursues a very crooked course, but generally N. W. to its outlet, where it is 80 yards wide. During the spring floods it can be navigated downwards, but affords no navigation the remainder of the year.

Kentucky River rises also among the mountains, near the sources of Licking River. Its course is also very crooked, but generally north-west. It runs mostly in a deep bed of limestone with perpendicular banks. It is 250 yards wide at its outlet, and is navigable for boats of considerable size, 180 miles during the floods; but the navigation is not permanent.

Salt River is of no great length, but has a great number of tributary branches, spreading over an interesting tract of country.

Green River rises in the interior of the state, near Crab Orchard, and runs a very crooked, but a general westwardly course to its outlet. It affords more permanent navigation than any other river in the state; being passable by boats at all seasons for 50 miles to the rapids. Above the rapids it is navigable with small boats and canoes for 30 miles.

Geological Formation.—Kentucky is wholly of the secondary formation, and is bedded on limestone throughout its whole extent. The rocks appear to be very porous, and in many places there are large caves, so that the country is very dry, and in summer the waters often disappear.

The elevation of the central part of Kentucky is probably about 550 feet above the level of the sea.

Soil and Natural Productions.-Kentucky has every variety of soil, from the very best to the worst, but a great deal of it is of excellent quality, producing every variety of vegetation suitable to the climate. Timber, some of it very large, grass, flowering shrubs, and other vegetables. The country is well stocked with game, and the rivers with fish. The Mammoth has existed in this state, probably in numbers, more of the bones being found here than in any of the other states.

Minerals, and Mineral Waters.-Iron ore is abundant, but not of the best quality. Limestone, a salready mentioned, abounds throughout the whole state. Marble is found extensively on the banks of Kentucky River. Coal is found in some places; and a few specimens of lead, copperas, and alum have been found. There are a great many salt springs in the state, from which, in 1810, upwards of 300,000 bushels of salt were made, but since the discovery of the valuable Kanhaway works, they have become of less utility. The Olympian springs, 47 miles east from Lexington, are in a romantic situation. There are three different kinds of water, all medicinal. Near Harrodsburg, in Mercer county, there is a spring strongly impregnated with epsom salts. Many of the salt springs are impregnated with medicinal substances, and are used as medicines.

Climate.-Kentucky is in the central part of what has been denominated the temperate climate, and the result of the whole of the observations made upon it, has been to confirm the general theory laid down in this work. At Lexington it has been found that in summer, the thermometer does not often rise above 80, nor fall below 25 in winter, although they have occasionally the extremes of

both heat and cold. The mean annual temperature is about 58°. The air is generally sweet and pure, and except in the neighbourhood of swamps and stagnant waters, which are not numerous, the country is generally very healthy.

Historical View.-Originally Kentucky constituted part of the state of Virginia. It is uncertain by whom the country was first discovered, but in 1752, a map of the country on Ohio and Kentucky Rivers was published by Lewis Evans. In 1754 it appears to have been partially explored by James M'Bride. In 1767 John Finley, of North Carolina, travelled into Kentucky, and communicated the result of his discoveries to Daniel Boone, and others, who undertook a journey to explore the country. In 1771 Boone returned to North Carolina, and two years afterwards he emigrated to Kentucky with his own and a few more families. In 1775 they formed a settlement on Kentucky River. By the year 1778 considerable emigrations had taken place to Kentucky, but owing to various circumstances, principally the hostility of the savages, they were on the point of abandoning the country; but the Indians being at last defeated, the inhabitants felt more secure, and the settlements gradually extended. In 1782 a supreme court was established in the district, and in subsequent years, a great part of the country was surveyed and patented, and subdivided into counties. In 1790 Kentucky, by consent of Virginia, became a separate state, and in 1792 was admitted into the union, of which it has become a very patriotic and valuable member.

Population. In 1790, the inhabitants amounted to 73,677; in 1800, 220,959; in 1810, 406,511; and in 1820, 564,317, situated as in the following