of the United States, he put in practice the rectangular system of dividing the public lands in squares of one mile with meridian lines, which has been of such vast utility in the settlement of the West. It seems that Hutchins conceived of this simplest of all known modes of survey in 1764 while with Bouquet. It formed a part of his plan of military colonies north of the Ohio, as a protection against Indians. An article upon this subject, "Surveys of the Public Lands of Ohio," by Col. Charles Whittlesey, is among the introductory articles of this work. (See page 133.) BROADHEAD'S EXPEDITION. In the war of the Revolution, in the summer of 1780, a second expedition was undertaken against the towns of the Delaware Indians in the forks of the Muskingum. It arose from the deepened feeling of antipathy to the Indians con sequent upon some depredations and outrages committed upon settlers in Western Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Eastern Ohio. It had also been reported that the Delawares, contrary to pledges, were joining the British. Its commander was Col. Daniel Broadhead, who was at that time in command of the Western military department, with headquarters at Fort Pitt, now Pittsburg, an officer well experienced in Indian warfare. The narrative of this, usually known as the "Coshocton Campaign," we derive from "Doddridge's Notes." The place of rendezvous was Wheeling; the number of regulars and militia about 800. From Wheeling they made a rapid march, by the nearest route, to the place of their destination. When the army reached the river, a little below Salem, the lower Moravian town, Col. Broadhead sent an express to the missionary in that place, the Rev. John Heckewelder, informing him of his arrival in the neighborhood, with his army, requesting a small supply of provisions and a visit from him in his camp. When the missionary arrived at the camp, the general informed him of the object of the expedition he was engaged in, and inquired whether any of the Christian Indians were hunting or engaged in business in the direction of his march. On being answered in the negative, he stated that nothing would give him greater pain than to hear that any of the Moravian Indians had been molested by the troops, as these Indians had always, from the commencement of the war, conducted themselves in a manner that did them honor. A part of the militia had resolved on going up the river to destroy the Moravian villages, but were prevented from executing their project by Gen. Broadhead, and Col. Shepherd of Wheeling. At White Eyes' Plain, a few miles from Coshocton, an Indian prisoner was taken. Soon afterwards two more Indians were discovered, one of whom was wounded, but he, as well as the other, made his escape. The commander, knowing that these two Indians would make the utmost despatch in going to the town, to give notice of the approach of the army, ordered a rapid march, in the midst of a heavy fall of rain, to reach the town before them and take it by surprise. The plan succeeded. The army reached the place in three divisions. The right and left wings approached the river a little above and below the town, while the centre marched directly upon it. The whole number of the Indians in the village, on the east side of the river, together with ten or twelve from a little village some distance above, were made prisoners without firing a single shot. The river having risen to a great height, owing to the recent fall of rain, the army could not cross it. Owing to this the villages, with their inhabitants on the west side of the river, escaped destruction. Among the prisoners, sixteen warriors were pointed out by Pekillon, a friendly Delaware chief, who was with the army of Broadhead. A little after dark a council of war was held to determine on the fate of the warriors in custody. They were doomed to death, and by order of the commander they were bound, taken a little distance below the town and despatched with tomahawks and spears and scalped. 66 66 Early the next morning an Indian presented himself on the opposite bank of the river and asked for the big captain. Broadhead presented himself and asked the Indian what he wanted. To which he replied, "I want peace. "Send over some of your chiefs," said Broadhead. Maybe you kill,' said the Indian. He was answered, "They shall not be killed.' One of the chiefs, a well-looking man, came over the river, and entered into conversation with the commander in the street; but while engaged in conversation, a man of the name of Wetzel came up behind him, with a tomahawk concealed in the bosom of his hunting-shirt, and struck him on the back of his head. He fell and instantly expired. About 11 or 12 o'clock the army commenced its retreat from Coshocton. Gen. Broadhead committed the care of the prisoners to the militia. They were about twenty in number. After marching about half a mile, the men commenced killing them. In a short time they were all dispatched, except a few women and chil dren, who were spared and taken to Fort Pitt, and, after some time, exchanged for an equal number of their prisoners. After the Gnadenhutten Massacre, which occurred the next year, in what is now Tuscarawas county, the few remaining Indians gradually left this region. In 1795 this long-favorite home of the Delawares came into the full possession of the United States. A few straggling members of the nation, more particularly the Moravians, until after the war of 1812, moved about the locality, hunting, selling their pelts, and then all turned away forever from its loved haunts and the graves of their fathers. William E. Hunt, in the "Magazine of Western History," gives us these interesting items of its succeeding history: The Forks of the Muskingum, in subsequent years, and in the possession of a new race, was still a marked locality. Its flour and whiskey have given it fame in far-off lands, albeit of the latter none is now made. Forty thousand gallons of it, however, were once sent by one shipment to California. Its sons and daughters are widely scattered and many of them well known. It has been the dwelling-place of such men as the Buckinghams, Joseph Medill, the famous Chicago editor; of Noah H. Swayne, of the United States Supreme Court; Rev. Dr. Conkling, of New York City; Governor Stone, of Iowa, and of many others of scarcely less distinction. The junction of the Ohio and Walhonding canals, with an unlimited supply of water-power and with thick-set mills and factories, is within gunshot of the Forks. Within sight are numerous collieries. The thriving towns of Coshocton and Roscoe on either hand, with really noticeable hotels, business houses, schools and churches, catch the eyes of the myriads of passengers over the Panhandle and other railways passing by them. King Charley-Probably no man ever had so much notoriety in connection with the Forks, and especially gave so much notoriety to the locality, as old Charley Williams, or "King Charley, as he was called. He was born in 1764, near Hagerstown, Maryland. In his boyhood the family removed to Western Virginia, near Wheeling. He subsequently struck out for himself, and was engaged for a time at the salt works, ten miles below Coshocton, but in the closing years of the last century he settled at "the Forks." He is generally regarded as the first permanent white settler in what is now Coshocton county. He died in 1840. Of hardy stock, he grew up in the severest discipline of pioneer life. He was a successful trapper, scout, hunter and trader. Clever, shrewd, indomitable, not averse to the popular vices of his day, and even making a virtue of profanity, he was for forty years a prominent feature of the locality and for twenty-five years the real ruling power of the region. He held every office possible in that day for a man of his education, from roadsupervisor up to tax-collector and member of the legislature. He kept the Forks ferry and tavern near by. He was a good shot, a fine dancer, a colonel in the militia. King Charley and Louis Phillippe. Among the accepted traditions of the locality is one telling how the Colonel once kicked Louis Phillippe, afterwards the famous French king, out of his tavern. G. W. Silliman, a lawyer of Coshocton, was in Paris as bearer of dispatches to the American minister, having been sent by his uncle, General Lewis Cass, Secretary of State, and heard the king speaking of his travels in the western country, when a refugee in America. The king complained that he had been very shabbily treated at the Forks tavern. And this confirmed Williams' oft-told tale, which was that Louis complained of the accommodations as utterly unfit for a real king, and Williams told him that he had entertained hundreds of sovereigns (all the people of his country being such), and if he was not satisfied with what had pleased them he could get out of the house, and as the king withdrew he gave him a little lift with the toe of his boot. 66 66 In The story, at any rate, helped no little to make Williams, in the eyes of the early settlers, a biger man than old Grant. the days of the militia musters, and at the time of the court balls," held at the close of each term of court, the old tavern shone in its brightest glories. For a year or so after the county-seat was established at Coshocton, the courts were all held in Williams' house, and several of the earlier sermons at the Forks were preached in Old Charley's bar-room. What the Forks were to the wide adjacent region, that " Old Charley's" tavern was to the Forks. Some of its features can still be seen in far-western regions, but some are no longer found even in the pioneer tavern. For many of the old settlers about the Forks, in its day, life would have been hardly worth living without the old tavern. Mother Renfrew-In what may be termed the second stage of settlement of the region about the Forks, there came to be very widely known a house of marked contrast with the old tavern, and no picture of the locality is complete without it. Less widely known, it yet is more deeply embalmed in the memories of the very many who did know it-residents, movers, traveling preachers, home sick emigrants, fever-stricken settlers, unlettered children, and all that longed for heavenly light and rest. For year after year it was the "headquarters" of the godly, the ministers' "hold." The chief figure in that house was a woman. She came from the grand old Scotch-Irish stock, which, whatever glory is due unto another race for what was done in the outset of our career, or may yet be attained by possibly still another, it must now be admitted, has furnished so immensely the brain and brawn whereby this great land has become what it is. Although for a number of years prior to coming to the Forks she had lived in Western Pennsylvania, she was herself an emigrant from Ireland, and thus knew the heart of a stranger. She had been reared in a family connection famed for its earnest piety and the large contribution of its sons to the ministry. She had experienced the griefs of widowhood, and had learned the care of a family. She came to the Forks with the children of her first marriage, as the wife of the leading "store-keeper" of the region. He was also from the "Green Isle," and had full proportion of the keen wit and strong sense characterizing his people generally. He was in full sympathy with her in her religious views, which were always tinged with the bright and loving blue of true Presbyterianism, and cheerfully supported by his means all her endeavors in the hospitable and charitable line. And so she wrought, leaving imperishable marks, and making her name, Mother" Renfrew, to be still cherished in many a household at the Forks and far away. CRAWFORD. It CRAWFORD COUNTY was formed April 1, 1820, from old Indian Territory. formed a part of the "New Purchase." This included the last part of the State under Indian domination, and was ceded to the United States in accordance with a treaty made at the foot of the Maumee Rapids, September 29, 1817. The New Purchase was divided into seventeen counties. The surface of the county is generally level and in parts slightly rolling. The south and west part is beautiful prairie land, comprising a part of the great Sandusky Plains, and covered with a rich vegetable loam of from six to fifteen inches deep; the subsoil in most parts is clay mixed with lime, in some others a mixture of marl. Save on the plains, the land originally was covered with a dense growth of heavy timber. The original settlers were largely of New England origin; later, about 1832, a heavy immigration set in direct from Germany. In 1848 the political troubles of Germany brought a great addition to the Teutonic element, so that it obtained the ascendancy. The area is 400 square miles. In 1885 the acres cultivated were 135,300; in pasture, 32,056; woodland, 41,324; lying waste, 857; produced in wheat, 512,287 bushels; oats, 448,783; corn, 927,107; wool, 245,572 pounds. School census in 1886, 10,019; teachers, 171. It has 72 miles of railroad. Population in 1830 was 4,788; in 1840, 18,167; 1860, 23,881; 1880, 26,862, of whom 22,634 were Ohio-born, and 2,531 natives of Germany. BUCYRUS IN 1846.-Bucyrus, the county-seat, is on the Sandusky river-here a small stream-sixty-two miles north of Columbus, and forty-six from Sandusky [The new view shows on the right the same frame building seen in the old view; also, the new opera house. On the left appears the court-house and Methodist church.] city. The view shows on the right the Lutheran church, and on the left the county buildings and the academy. It contains 1 Presbyterian, 1 Lutheran, 1 Baptist, 1 |