APPENDIX I

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF WORKS

ON

PALESTINE, JERUSALEM, AND MOUNT SINAI.

THE following List comprises, with slight exceptions, only such works as have been consulted in the preparation of these volumes. It is, I believe, nearly if not quite complete, down to the time of Breydenbach and Felix Fabri in A. D. 1483. Of the works subsequent to that period, only the more important or more popular are given. Yet the list even of these, at the time of its preparation, was fuller than any other extant. The Royal Library at Berlin, which I had the privilege of using, is rich in this department; and contains a large number of works on Palestine, from the sixteenth century and onward, which I have not found quoted in any catalogue. True, most of them only repeat each other, and are of little value; as is also the case with many of the more modern books of travels. Yet an enumeration of them all, would certainly belong to a catalogue which should claim to be complete.-A full account of some of the earlier travellers may be seen in BEOKMANN's Literatur der ältern Reisebeschreibungen, 2 Vols. Götting. 18081810.

The works of Josephus, the chief source next to the Bible for the history and antiquities of Palestine, are in all cases cited after the edition of Havercamp, 2 Vols. fol. Amsterd. 1726. The divisions are the same in the edition of Oberthür, 3 Vols. 8vo. Leipz. 1782-5. The portions of the geographical works of Ptolemy (fl. 250), which relate to Palestine, are given in full by Reland, Palæstina p. 426 sq. The same is also the case with that part of the Tabula Peutingeriana which comprises the Holy Land; ibid. p. 421. This remarkable Table owes its name to Peutinger, a scholar and statesman of Augsburg, who was long its possessor. It is a rude chart or delineation of

the military roads of the Roman empire, with the distances between the towns, constructed not later than the fourth century, and sometimes referred to the reign of Theodosius the Great, about A. D. 380. Hence it occasionally also bears the name of Tabula Theodosiana. Mannert and others place its construction under the reign of Alexander Severus, between A. D. 222 and 235. The present copy, the only one known to exist, appears to have been made in the twelfth or thirteenth century. It is a long narrow chart, wound on two rollers, one at each end; and is preserved with great care in the Imperial Library at Vienna. Scheyb first published it fully in fac simile, fol. Vienna 1753; and Mannert again, fol. Lips. 1829.

The first of the following Lists includes only works by authors who had themselves travelled or resided in Palestine, etc. The second and third comprise geographical descriptions by other writers. The year prefixed to a work is the actual date of the journey or residence in Palestine. Where this is indefinite, c. for circa is prefixed. A star (*) is likewise put before the more important works.

*

I. ITINERARIES, JOURNALS, TRAVELS, ETC.

By actual Residents and Travellers.

c. 330-400. EUSEBII ET HIERONYMI Onomasticon Urbium et Locorum S. S. Græce et Lat. ed. J. Bonfrerio, fol. Par. 1631, 1639; also in Hieron. Opp. ed. Martianay Tom. II.-Ed. J. Clerico, fol. Amst. 1707, appended to Sanson's Geogr. Sacra. Reprinted in Ugolini Thesaur. Tom. V.-The work of Eusebius was written in Greek, and translated into Latin by Jerome with many changes and additions. See Text, Vol. I. Sec. VII. p. 254.

The three following Itineraries were published together by P. Wesseling, with Notes, in 1 Vol. 4to, Amst. 1735.

I. ANTONINI AUGUSTI Itinerarium; a mere list of names and distances. The date is not known; but the work is obviously later than the Antonines. The portion relating to Palestine is given by Reland; Palæst. p. 416 sq.

II. * 333. ITINERARIUM HIEROSOLYMITANUM seu BURDIGALENSE; from Bourdeaux to Jerusalem. The date is known by the mention (under Constantinople) of the consuls Zenophilus and Dalmatius. Reland has given the names and distances of the places mentioned in Palestine; but not the description of Jerusalem and the vicinity, which is important; Palæst. p. 415. There are earlier editions of this Itinerary; and the text of Wesseling is reprinted in the Appendix to Chateaubriand's Itineraire.

NOTE. These two Itineraries have been republished under the title: Itinerarium Antonini Augusti et Hierosolymitanum ed. G. Parthey et M. Pinder, Berl. 1848. 8vo.

III. HIEROCLIS GRAMMAT. Synekdemus, Græce, a list of places in Palestine and elsewhere. The date is not known; but the tract is assigned by Wesseling to the early part of the reign of Justinian, c. 530; Prolegom. p. 626.

*

C.

373. AMMONII MONACHI Relatio de sanctis Patribus barbarorum in

cursione in Monte Sinai et Raithu peremptis, Gr. et Lat. in 'Illustrium Christi Martyrum lecti Triumphi, ed. F. Combefis,' Lut. Par. 1660. 8vo. p. 88.

* c. 400. St. NILI MON. EREMITE Narrationes quibus cædes Monachorum Montis Sinai describitur, Gr. et Lat. in 'Sancti Patris NILI Opera quædam nondum edita, ed. Petro Possino,' Lut. Par. 1639. 4. Lat. in Acta Sanctor. Jan. Tom. I. p. 953.1

c. 600. Itinerarium B. ANTONINI MARTYRIS (seu PLACENTINI) ex Museo Menardi, Juliomagi-Andium (Angers) 1640. 4. Printed from another manuscript in the Acta Sanctorum, Maii T. II. p. x. Ugolini Thesaur. Tom. VII.The date of this Itinerary is uncertain; but it appears to be later than the time of Justinian (ob. 565) and earlier than the Muhammedan conquests.

c. 697. ADAMNANUS (ex AROULFO) de Locis Sanctis Libri III, ed. Gretsero, Ingoldst. 1619; reprinted in Gretseri Opp. Tom. IV. Ratisb. 1734. Printed also in Mabillon Acta Sanctor. Ord. Benedict. Sæc. III. P. II. p. 499. English in Wright's Early Travels in Palestine, p. 1 sq.-Arculfus, a French bishop, returning from a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, was cast away upon the island of Iona on the western coast of Scotland; where Adamnanus was then abbot of the celebrated monastery. The latter wrote down this account of Palestine from the relation of Arculfus; and presented it in A. D. 698 to Alfred, king of Northumberland. The tract of the Venerable Bede de Locis Sanctis, printed in his works, is merely an abstract of this work of Adamnanus. See Beckmann, Vol. II. p. 508 sq.

5

c. 765. ST. WILLIBALDI Vita seu Hodœporicon, containing a notice of his pilgrimage to the Holy Land; printed in Canisii Thesaur. Monumentor. Eccl. et Hist. ed. Basnage, Tom. II. P. I. p. 99 sq. Also in Mabillon Acta Sanctor. Ord. Benedict. Sæc. III. P. II. p. 365. The latter editor gives the date A. D. 786. English in Wright's Early Trav. in Pal. p. 13 sq. St. Willibald was born in England, and became bishop of Eichstädt in Germany A. D. 742. There exist two recensions of this tract, both of which are given by Mabillon. See Brocardus below.

c. 870. BERNHARDI (Sapientis Monachi) Itinerarium in Loca Sancta, in Mabillon Acta Sanctor. Ord. Benedict. Sæc. III. P. II. p. 523. [472]. Printed also from a MS. in the Cotton Library in "Relations des Voyages de Guil. de Rubruk, Bernard le Sage, et Sæwulf, par F. Michel et T. Wright,” 4to. Paris, 1839. p. 201 sq. English in Wright's Early Trav. in Pal. p. 23 sq. Mabillon's copy contains only the very brief Itinerary of Bernard and his two companions; that of Michel and Wright gives also a more particular account of the sacred places, which is merely written out from the tract of Adamnanus, probably, by a later hand. Bernard relates, that he received the benediction of the pope Nicholas in the beginning of his journey; doubtless the first of that name, who died A. D. 867; for there was no other pope Nicholas until A.

1 There exists a small tract ascribed to EUCHERIUS, bishop of Lyons in the 5th century, entitled: Epistola ad Faustinum de sitú Judææ urbisque Hierosolymitanæ, printed in Labb. Biblioth. nov. Manu

scriptor. Tom. I. p. 665-7. Ugolini Thesaur. Tom. VII. But Eucherius apparently was never in Palestine; and the tract is drawn from Josephus, Jerome, and others, and has little intrinsic value.

D. 1059. This justifies the date of A. D. 870, which is assigned to this Itinerary by William of Malmsbury, de Regibus Anglor. cap. 2. See Beckmann, II. p. 518. The Cotton and Oxford MSS. give the date erroneously, A. D. 970.

1096-1125. FULCHERII CARNOTENSIS Gesta Peregrinantium Francorum cum armis Hierusalem pergentium; in Bongars' "Gesta Dei per Francos," p. 381. More complete in Du Chesne Scriptores Francic. Tom. IV. p. 816. Paris 1641.—Fulcher of Chartres, a monk or presbyter, accompanied Robert duke of Normandy to Palestine, in the first crusade, A. D. 1096. His history extends from A. D. 1095 to A. D. 1124.1

1102-3. SEWULFI Relatio de Peregrinatione ad Hierosolymam et Terram Sanctam; printed for the first time in Michel and Wright's "Relations des Voyages de Guil. de Rubruk, etc." Paris, 1839. 4to. p. 237 sq. English in Wright's Early Trav. in Pal. p. 31 sq.

c. 1125. DANIEL (Igoumen) Journey to the Holy Land. Daniel was a Russian abbot ('Hyouμevos) who visited Palestine in the beginning of the twelfth century. His journal is one of the earliest documents of the old Slavonic language, and was first printed in "Puteshestwia Russkich ludei w tchuja zemli," or "Travels of the Russians in foreign Lands," St. Petersburg, 1837. 8.

c. 1150. EL-EDRîsi Geographia Universalis, containing an account of Palestine about the middle of the twelfth century. Extracts in Arabic, Rome 1592. 4to. Madrid 1799. 8vo. French, Geographie d'EDRISI, par P. A. Jaubert, Tom. I. Paris 1836. 4to. The part which treats of Syria, is printed in Arabic and Latin in Rosenmüller's Analecta Arabica, P. II. Lips. 1828.2

* 1160-73. BENJAMIN TUDELENSIS Itinerarium, Travels of Benjamin of Tudela, a Spanish Jew. Often printed e. g. Hebraice cum Vers. et notis Const. l'Empereur, Lugd. Bat. 1633. 8. French, Voyages de Rabbi Benjamin etc. par J. P. Baratier, 2 Tom. Amst. 1734. 8; also in another version in Bergeron's Voyages, Tom. I. la Haye 1735. 4. Eng. Travels of Rabbi Benjamin, Lond. 1783. 12mo. Hebrew and English, by A. Asher, with Notes, 2 vols. Berlin, 1840. This last is the best edition of all, and is the one constantly referred to in the text. Also in Wright's Early Trav. in Pal. p. 63 sq. Rabbi Benjamin has often been reproached as being full of inaccuracies and fables, and as never having visited the countries he describes. But the former faults are common to the writers of that age; and I have found his account of Palestine, so far as it goes, to be that of an eyewitness, and quite as accurate and trustworthy as any of the narratives of those days.

c. 1175-80. R. PETACHIA Peregrinatio etc. Heb. et Lat. in Wagenseil "Exercitationes sex Varii Argumenti," Altorf, 1687. 4. Alt. et Norimb. 1719. 4. Hebrew and French, Tour du Monde ou Voyages du R. Pethachia, par M. E. Carmoly, Paris 1831. 8. Rabbi Petachia was a Jew of Ratisbon; his Itinerary is of far less value than the preceding work of Rabbi Benjamin. 1175. GERHARDI, Friderici I. in Egyptam et Syriam ad Saladinum

1 The histories of Fulcher, William of Tyre, and Jacob de Vitry, are inserted in this list on account of the many valuable topographical notices contained in them.

2 It is not certain that Edrîsi had himself visited Syria; but his description is of too much importance not to be mentioned here.