garet Fuller. the Countess D'Ossoli; Margaret was said to have been not only the best conversationalist of her time but to have the magnetic faculty by her speech to so stimulate the talking powers of any ordinary mortal as to astonish listening relatives to discover that our Jack" or "Dolly"-whichever it was-knew so much.

Willis said "nature uncorks her champagne twice a day, morning and evening." Then shade darkens into shade in infinite gradation, while the high lights on the distant water or the mountain summits attract with a power of beauty akin to Divine truth on the heart of man. On that long ago passage up the river it was towards the close of a day in early June that we sat on the upper deck and drank in the beauty of the upper Ohio. From the continual changes in the valley the river came under the eye as a succession of beautiful lakes bordered with grassy meadows and softly sloping wood-crowned hills.

Just above Steubenville, on the West Virginia side, is a spot known as the Englebright or Half Moon farm, which is greatly admired. It occupies a broad expanse of meadow land a mile and a half long in the shape of a half moon, with the river on the west making the inner curve, while lofty hills frame the outer convex line.

Cole, the artist, in his youth, nearly seventy years ago, lived in Steubenville. He made studies of the Ohio river scenery and introduced it largely in his pictures, notably in his celebrated series, "The Voyage of Life." He was early famous for his exquisite paintings of our autumnal scenery, and took some specimens to England. The English critics, who knew nothing of the glories of our forests at that season, their own being devoid of any such brilliancy of hue, poohpoohed at his pictures as untruthful and farcical.

In travelling through the West one often meets with scenes that remind him of another land. The foreigner who makes his home upon American soil does

not at once assimilate in language, modes of life, and current of thought with that congenial to his adopted country. The German emigrant is peculiar in this respect, and so much attached is he to his fatherland that years often elapse ere there is any perceptible change. The annexed engraving illustrates these remarks. It shows the mud cottage of a German Swiss emigrant, now standing in the neighborhood of others of like character, in the northwestern part of this county. The frame-work is of wood, with the interstices filled with light-colored clay, and the whole surmounted by a ponderous shingled roof of a picturesque form. Beside the tenement hop vines are clustering around their slender supporters, while hard by stands the abandoned log-dwelling of the emigrant-deserted for one more congenial with his early predilections.

The preceding paragraph is from our original edition. This Swiss cottage was in Knox township on the old State road about sixty rods west of the Mahoning, and near the site of a Switzer cheese factory. This township was settled by Swiss and is noted for its manufacture of Switzer cheese.

On our first appearing in this county we unexpectedly came across this unique structure, when we alighted from old Pomp and made a pencil sketch for this engraving. On our second appearing we learned it had stood up to within a few years; and as there is, alas! nothing permanent in this world, gone too must be that feeding curly tailed specimen in the foreground, whose sole business and high pleasure in life was to eat, grunt and grow fat; his usefulness to our kind coming when he should no longer eat but be eaten.

WELLSVILLE IN 1846.-Wellsville is at the mouth of Yellow creek, on the great bend of the Ohio river, where it approximates nearest to Lake Erie, fifty miles below Pittsburg and fourteen from New Lisbon. It was laid out in the autumn of 1824 by William Wells, from whom it derived its name. Until 1828 it contained but a few buildings; it is now an important point for the shipment and transshipment of goods, and does a large business with the surrounding country. The landing is one of the best, in all stages of water, on the river. This flourishing town has 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal Methodist, 1 Reformed Methodist, and 1 Disciples church, 1 newspaper printing-office, 1 linseed-oil and 1 saw-mill, 1

pottery, 1 raw-carding machine, 1 foundry, 16 mercantile stores, and in 1840 had a population of 759, and in 1846, 1,066. The view, taken from the Virginia bank of the Ohio, shows but a small part of the town. About a mile below, on the river-bank, in a natural grove, are several beautiful private dwellings. The "Cleveland and Pittsburg railroad," ninety-seven miles in length, will commence at Cleveland and terminate at Wellsville, and whenever built will tend to make Wellsville a place of great business and population. A survey for this work has been recently made, and there is a good prospect of its being constructed.-Old Edition.

Wellsville, situated on the Ohio river, at the confluence of Little Yellow creek, forty-eight miles below Pittsburg, on the P. C. & W. R. R. Newspapers: Evening Journal, Independent, Edward B. Clark, publisher; Union, Republican, F. M. Hawley, publisher; Saturday Review, W. B. McCord, publisher. Churches: Presbyterian, Methodist, Disciples, Episcopal, Catholic, and Baptist. Banks: First National, J. W. Reilly, president, James Henderson, cashier; Silver Banking Company, Thomas H. Silver, president, F. W. Silver, cashier.

Manufactures and Employees.-C. & P. R. R. shops, railroad repairs, 295 hands; Wellsville Plate and Sheet-Iron Company, plate and sheet-iron, 210; Wellsville Terra-Cotta Works, sewer-pipe, etc., 45; Whitacre & Co., wood-turning, 45; Stevenson & Co., sewer-pipe machinery, 25; J. Patterson & Son, yellow-ware, 32; Pioneer Pottery Works, white granite-ware, 87.-State Report for 1887. Population in 1880, 3,377. School census, 1,386; James L. McDonald, superintendent.

WALKER'S, forty-six miles below Pittsburg, on the Cleveland and Pittsburg railroad, two miles east of Wellsville and two west of East Liverpool, is the location of the oldest and most extensive works in America manufacturing terra-cotta and vitrified clay goods. The works are built at the foot of the highest bluff on the Ohio between Pittsburg and Cairo, with a frontage of more than a mile on the river. Here are over 300 acres of land rich in clay and coal, on which are erected factories and dwellings for operatives. The deposits of clay are said to be the richest and largest in the Union, yielding a great variety of clays suitable for firebrick, sewer-pipe, and fancy terra-cotta wares. This great industry was established in 1852 by Mr. N. U. Walker.

The place has the advantage of low freightage to all points on the Ohio and Mississippi. The Cleveland and Pittsburg railroad also runs through the works, with ample sidings and direct communications with all main lines running east and west.

The Ohio "Geological Report" says: "Nearly all the river works make terracotta, but at N. U. Walker's the best ware of this district and the most of it is made. His daily product would amount to twenty-four tons of ware-about twenty in flues, etc., and four in statuary and finer grades of work."

LEETONIA, at the intersection of the P. Ft. W. & C. R. R. and Niles and New Lisbon R. R., was laid out in 1866 by the Leetonia Coal and Iron Company, of which William Lee, a railroad contractor, was one of the incorporators, and from him the village took its name. In 1866 the post-office was opened and first hotel started. Few places in the State can show such rapid growth in the same period of time. In 1865 it had but a single farmhouse; in 1870 a population of 1,800; it now contains about 3,000. Newspaper: Democrat, Democratic, T. S. Arnold, publisher. Churches: Presbyterian, Methodist, Disciples, Catholic, Lutheran. Bank: First National, William Smick, president, W. G. Hendricks, cashier.

Manufactures and Employees.-Cherry Valley Iron Company, pig, bar, and muck-iron, 360 hands; Grafton Iron Company, pig-iron, 70; Randall, Rankin & Co., flour and feed; Leetonia Boiler-Works Company, boilers and bridges.-State Report. Population in 1880, 2,552. School census 1886, 948; G. W. Henry, superintendent.

COLUMBIANA, sixty miles from Pittsburg, on the P. Ft. W. & C. R. R. Newspaper: Independent Register, Republican, John Flaugher, publisher. Churches: Reformed, Methodist Episcopal, Presbyterian, and Lutheran. Banks: J. Esterly & Co., J. Esterly, manager; Shilling & Co., S. S. Shilling, manager.

Principal Industries.-Enterprise Works, formerly Columbiana Pump Works; Eureka Flouring Mills; two bending works, planing-mill, and extensive buggy manufacturing. Census in 1880, 1,223. School census in 1886, 379; W. W. Weaver, superintendent.

SALINEVILLE, on Yellow creek and C. P. & W. R. R., sixty-three miles from Pittsburg. Newspaper: Ohio Advance, J. K. Smith, proprietor. Churches: Methodist, Presbyterian, Disciples, and Catholic. Bank: Cope & Thompson. Principal industries: manufacturing salt and coal-mining. Population in 1880, 2,302. School census in 1886, 974; William H. Hill, superintendent.

EAST PALESTINE, formerly called Mechanicsburg, was incorporated in 1875. Newspapers: Valley Echo, Independent, T. W. & R. M. Winter, publisher. Reveille, S. H. Maneval, publisher. Churches: 2 Presbyterian, 1 United Brethren, 1 Methodist. Bank: Chamberlain Bros. & Co. Principal industry: coal-mining.

Population in 1880, 1,047. School census in 1886, 626; G. B. Galbreath, superintendent.

WASHINGTONVILLE, on the boundary-line of Columbiana and Mahoning counties, and on the Niles and New Lisbon R. R., about one and a-half miles north of Leetonia. It claims a population of about 1,600 people; the main occupation being coal-mining and coke-burning. The principal mines are operated by the Cherry Valley Company, of Leetonia. They also operate between twenty and thirty coke ovens.

COSHOCTON.

COSHOCTON COUNTY was organized April 1, 1811. The name is a Delaware word, and is derived from that of the Indian village Goschachgunk, which is represented on a map in Loskiel as having stood north of the mouth of the Tuscarawas river, in the fork formed by its junction with the Walhonding. The surface is mostly rolling; in some parts hilly, with fine broad valleys along the Muskingum and its tributaries. The soil is varied, and abruptly so; here we see the rich alluvion almost overhung by a red-bush hill, while perhaps on the very next acclivity is seen the poplar and sugar tree, indicative of a fertile soil. With regard to sand and clay the changes are equally sudden. The hills abound in coal and iron ore, and salt wells have been sunk and salt manufactured. It was first settled by Virginians and Pennsylvanians. Area, 540 square miles. In 1885 acres cultivated were 90,218; in pasture, 150,500 woodland, 60,619; lying waste, 2,150; produced in wheat, 72,992 bushels; corn, 992,890; wool, 788,979 pounds; coal, 52,934 tons. School census 1886, 8,770; teachers, 192. It has

42 miles of railroad.

Population in 1820 was 7,086, 1840, 21,590; 1860, 25,032; 1880, 26,642, of whom 22,909 were Ohio-born.

One hundred and twenty years ago there were six or more Indian villages within the present limits of Coshocton county, all being Delaware towns except a Shawanese village on the Wakatomika, five miles from its junction with the Tuscarawas. The spot of their junction of these two branches of the Muskingum is at Coshocton, and is the locality, so famous in history, known as "The Forks

of the Muskingum;" it is 115 miles from its mouth at Marietta. At the Forks was the principal village of the Turtle tribe of the Delawares, called Goschachgunk, the name now modernized into Coshocton. It occupied the site of the lower streets of Coshocton, stretching along the river bank below the junction. As described by explorers at that day it was a very noticeable place. From two to fourscore of houses, built of logs and limbs and bark, were arranged in two parallel rows, making a regular street between. Prominent among these was the council-house, in which the braves of the different tribes assembled, smoked their pipes, and conducted their councils in dignity and with decorum. At one time, in 1778, it is said that 700 warriors assembled in the place. In 1781 Brodhead destroyed the village.

In 1776 the Moravian missionaries, Rev. David Zeisberger and John Hickswelder, with eight families, numbering thirty-five persons, started a mission village two and a half miles below the Forks. They called it Lichtenau, that is, a "Pasture of Light"-a green pasture illuminated by the light of the Gospel. They selected this site in deference to the wishes of Netawatwees, a friendly Delaware chief, who with his family had become Christianized, and dwelt in Goschachgunk. On the first Sunday after the spot had been prepared by felling trees, writes

"The chief and his villagers came to Lichtenau in full force to attend religious services. On the river's bank, beneath the gemmed trees ready to burst into verdure, gathered the congregation of Christian and pagan worshippers. Zeizberger preached on the words, Thus is it written and thus it behooved Christ to suffer, and to rise from the dead the third day; and that repentance and remission of sins should be preached in His name among all nations, beginning at Jerusalem.' Afterwards fires were lighted, around which the converts continued to instruct their brother Indians until the shades of evening fell." And this was doubtless the first sermon, either Protestant or Catholic, preached within the present limits of Coshocton county.

Great hopes were cherished of Lichtenau until 1779, when some hostile Wyandots and Mingo warriors having made it a rendezvous and starting-point for a new war-path to the white settlements it was abandoned, and thus was terminated the only Moravian mission ever established within the present limits of the county.

The large number of Indian towns along the Muskingum river and its branches made this region of great historic interest long before it was settled by the whites. In peace these towns were frequented by white hunters and traders; in war large numbers of white captives were brought here from Virginia and Pennsylvania, some to remain and others en route to the Wyandot and Shawnee towns on the Sandusky, and when the Moravians came here the history of their operations in its results added a chapter of unique and tragic interest. The first white occupant known to the history of this territory was a woman-Mary Harris-the heroine of the "Legend of the Walhonding," in 1740. She had been captured when verging into womanhood, somewhere between 1730 and 1740, and adopted as a wife by an Indian chief, Eagle Feather. As early as 1750 she was living in a village near the junction of the Killbuck with the Walhonding, about seven miles northwest of "The Forks of the Muskingum." So prominent had she become, that the place was named "The White Woman's Town," and the Walhonding branch of the river thence to the Forks was called in honor of her "The White Woman's River."

In 1750 Capt. Christopher Gist, in the interest of the Ohio Land Company, of Virginia, established in 1748, was sent out to explore the country northwest of the Ohio. The object of this company was to secure permanent possession for the English of the interior of the continent. To accomplish this-"to secure Ohio for the English world"-Lawrence Washington, Augustus Washington, of Virginia, and their associates, proposed a colony bevond the Alleghenies.

In his journal Gist says that "he reached an Indian town near the junction of