Introduction to Chemical Physics: Designed for the Use of Academies, High Schools, and Colleges. Illus. with Numerous Engravings, and Containing Copious Lists of Experiments with Directions for Preparing Them

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D. Van Nostrand, 1873 - 550 páginas
 

Conteúdo

Convection in Gases 61 Illustrations of Convection
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xvi
40
What makes heated Water and Air ascend 63 The ascension of heated Liquids and Gases illustrated
41
The third mode of diffusionRadiation 65 Radiant Heat follows the same laws as Radiant Light
43
Nature of surface affects the rate of Radiation 67 Other circumstances affecting the rate of Radiation
45
Radiation takes place from points beneath the surface 69 Practical applications
46
The radiation of the Earth
47
The theory of Radiation 72 The reflection of Radiant Heat
48
The Law of the reflection of Heat 74 Concave Mirrors
49
Experiments with two Concave Mirrors
50
Illustrations of Conduction
51
The different reflecting powers of different substances
52
The apparent radiation and reflection of Cold
53
The material of Mirrors affects their reflection 79 Practical applications
54
The reflection of Heat by Fireplaces
55
The absorption of Radiant Heat
56
The conducting power of different Gases different
57
37 38 33 40 41 42 43
60
55
69
The refrangibility of rays of heat may be altered by re radia
74
Expansion of Solids proved
80
Transmission of Heat depends upon the source from which it proceeds
84
Transmission of Heat from different sources of equal intensity different for the same substance
85
Transmission of Radiant Heat from the same source different for different substancesDiathermancy
86
Diathermancy not proportioned to Transparency
87
Mellonis experiments on diathermancy of Solids
88
The diathermancy of Liquids
89
The diathermancy of Gases
90
Diathermancy explained on the supposition that there are differ ent kinds of Heat
91
The existence of different kinds of Heat proved
92
The different kinds of Heat separated from each other
93
Different kinds of Heat emitted by different sources of Heat
94
Water expands in freezing
98
The Mercurial Thermome
104
Heat of Composition
112
58
119
PAGE
125
Vaporization
126
Wollastons Hypsometer
133
The successive action of the same current on ve sels containing
134
59
135
61
138
62
140
64
144
65
146
66
149
The Boilers of Locomotives
152
69
153
The Spheroidal state explains the explosions of Boilers
162
Evaporation
169
The elastic force of Vapor in two connecting vessels cannot rise
177
Removal of Atmospheric Pressure hastens Evaporation and
183
Effect of the condensation of the watery Vapor of the Air
187
A change in the Specific Heat of a body affects its Temperature
202
EXPERIMENTS EFFECTS OF HEATEVAPORATION209
209
Specific Heat determined by the rise of Temperature produced
215
The distribution of temperature in the atmosphere explained
226
The Sources of Heat
232
The Specific Heat of a body may be changed by altering
241
CHAPTER III
246
The double refraction and polarization of Light
252
Proof that Heat is produced by Motion
257
The Chemical rays of the Solar beam
258
Heat may be converted into Light
263
Spectra produced by the light of the Nebulæ and by Artificial
265
The dark lines of the Solar Spectrum exactly coincident with
271
PAR PAGE 289 The dark lines of the Solar Spectrum explained
272
289 The Solar Specturm sometimes crossed by bright lines
273
290 Spectra of the Moon and Planets 291 Of the Stars
275
292 Spectra of the Nebulae 293 Spectra of Comets
276
Effects of Light on Vegetation 291 Summary of these 277
277
The effects of Solar Light on Chemical compounds
279
The Daguerreotype process 294 The Photograph 280
280
The Photographic Camera
283
Photographs are produced solely by the Chemical rays
284
Practical importance of distinguishing between the Illuminating and Chemical rays of Light
285
All surfaces are affected by the Suns light
286
The relations of the rays of Heat Light and Chemical effect in the Solar Spectrum
287
CHAPTER IV
289
The nature of Electricity
290
The sources of Electricity
291
Electrical attraction and repulsion
292
Two bodies similarly electrified repel each other
293
Conductors and NonconductorsInsulation
294
Vitreous electricity cannot be produced without a corresponding amount of Resinous electricity and vice versa
295
Induction of Electricity
296
The intervention of solid matter no obstacle to Induction
297
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAR PAGE 312 The theory of Induction
298
Electricity confined to the external surface of bodies
299
Theories of Electricity
300
Correction of Galvanis theory by Volta
313
The Voltaic Pile
314
True theory of the Pile
315
Chemical constitution of the substances used to produce Voltaic Electricity
316
Proof that Chemical decomposition is the source of Galvanic Electricity
317
The decomposing plate is the point of departure of the Electrical current
318
Mode of transfer of the Hydrogen
319
The part played by the Copper plate
320
The polarization and transfer of the elements of the Liquid and the polarization of the Solid particles of the circuit necessary for the electric force to c...
321
Proof that a state of electrical Tension exists in the plates before the actual passage of the current
323
The energy of the current proportionate to the Chemical activity
324
The direction of the current dependent upon the direction of the Chemical action
325
Direct metallic connection between the generating and conduct ing plate not necessary
326
The Gas Battery
327
The Galvanic Battery
329
PAR PAGE 341 Batteries of Intensity and Batteries of Quantity
330
Improved Batteries
331
The Sulphate of Copper Battery
332
Daniells Battery
333
Groves Battery
335
Bunsens Battery
336
Sinces Battery
337
De Lucs Pilethe dry Pile
339
Proof of the similarity of the electricity of the Battery and that of the Electrical Machine
340
The difference between Galvanic and Statical Electricity
341
Heating effects of the Galvanic current
343
Luminous effects
344
Duboscqs Electric Lamp
345
Discovery of the Electric Light
346
The properties and intensity of the Electric Light
347
Heating effects are best produced by batteries of Quantity
348
The decomposition of Water by the Battery
349
The decomposition of Water is effected by the polarization and transfer of its component elements
350
The decomposition of other compound Liquids
352
The decomposition of Metallic Salts in solution
353
The Glass Cup with porous diaphragm
354
Secondary decomposition
355
The experiment of three cups connected by Syphons
357
Sir H Davys experiment in which the Acids and Alkalies under the influence of the current seem to lose their ordinary affinity
358
The successive action of the same current on different vessels of Water
359
ElectroNegative bodies
361
Magnetic effects of the current
367
The diamagnetism of Gases
373
The Astatic Galvanometer
379
The Magnetic Telegraph
387
PAR PAGE 408 The Telegraphic manipulator and Morses alphabet
391
The Relay 409 M ssages sent by breaking the circuit 393
393
The transmission of messages
395
Telegraphic Batteries
396
Caillauds Battery
397
The Sand Battery
398
The velocity of the telegraphic current
401
The Atlantic Telegraph Cable
403
Thomsons Reflecting Galvanometer
405
The actual arrangement of the Cable
406
The Rate of transmission
407
History of the Atlantic Telegraph
408
Application of Electromagnetism to the production of Motion
409
The Electromotor of M Froment
410
The Electromotor of M Jacoby
412
Stewarts Electromotor
414
Electro magnetic Clocks
416
The Electric Firealarm
417
Electric Gaslighting
420
Progress of discovery in Electro magnetism
421
Galvanic Induced Electricity 433 Voltaelectric Induction
423
Faradays Experiments
425
The inductive effect of the Primary current often takes place through a considerable distance
427
Induction of a momentary Secondary current by the approach and removal of the primary current
429
The conditions of Induction and properties of induced currents
431
Induction of a Secondary current in the primary wire itself
433
Induced Tertiary currents Henrys Coils
436
History of the discovery of Voltaelectric Induction
438
MagnetoElectricity 442 Magneto electric Induction
439
220
440
Electricity induced by induced magnetism
441
History of the discovery of Magnetoelectricity
442
The magnetism of the Earth induces secondary currents of Elec
448
Ritchies improved Ruhmkorffs Coil
455
The Luminous effects
466
illumination of Mines
472
Saxtons Magnetoelectric Machine
480
471 Ladds first Machine 472 Ladds second Machine
500
PAR PAGE
502
Progress of discovery in the induction of electricity and
508
Thermomultiplier of Melloni
514
Various sources of Electricity and its relations to the other
522
The convertibility and equivalency of Forces true of all
528
EXPERIMENTS ON GALVANIC ELECTRICITY ELECTROMAGNETISM
543
497 498
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