UNITED STATES OF AMERICA VI. Public Land Sales and Grants. The immense extent of land, forming part of the United States, as yet chiefly uninhabited and uncultivated, is held to be National property, at the disposal of Congress and the Executive of the Republic. The public lands of the United States which are still undisposed of lie in nineteen States and six Territories, including Alaska. The public lands are divided into two great classes. The one class have a dollar and a quarter an acre designated as the minimum price, and the other two dollars and a half an acre, the latter being the alternate sections, reserved by the United States in land grants to railroads, etc. Titles to these lands may be acquired by private entry or location under the homestead, pre-emption, and timber-culture laws; or, as to some classes, by purchase for cash. The homestead laws give the right to 160 acres of a-dollar-and-a-quarter lands, or to 80 acres of two-dollar-and-a-half lands, to any citizen or applicant for citizenship over twenty-one who will actually settle upon and cultivate the land. The title is perfected by the issue of a patent after five years of actual settlement. The only charges in the case of homestead entries are fees and commissions. Another large class of free entries of public lands is that provided for under the Timber-Culture Acts of 1873-78. The purpose of these laws is to promote the growth of forest trees on the public lands. They give the right to any settler who has cultivated for two years as much as five acres in trees to an 80-acre homestead, or, if ten acres, to a homestead of 160 acres, and a free patent for his land is given him at the end of three years instead of five. In the middle of 1889 there were 1,815,504,147 Of the acres of public lands in the States and Territories, of which 981,631,984 had been surveyed. total area of the United States, 1,400,000 square miles, or 896,000,000 acres, were unoccupied at the census of 1880. Upwards of 88 million acres of land are settled under the Homestead and TimberCulture Acts. In 1889 there were 6,029,231 acres taken up under the Homestead Act, and 3,735,305 under the Timber-Culture Act. In 1888, 5,317,906 acres were sold for cash, and the total number of acres of public lands disposed of during that year was 30,116,684, the money received being $13,547,137. Of the public lands in 1889, 369,529,600 acres were in Alaska unsurveyed. It is provided by law that two sections, or 640 acres of land, in each "township," are reserved for common schools, so that the spread of education may go together with colonization. The power of Congress over the public territory is exclusive and universal, except so far as restrained by stipulations in the original cessions. PRESIDENTS OF THE EARLY AMERICAN CONGRESSES. The following is a full list of presidents of Congress up to the date of the adoption of the National Constitution, with the dates severally of their administrations:* Peyton Randolph, of Virginia.. Elias Boudinot, of New Jersey. John Hancock signed first as President of the Elias Boudinot signed as president the definitive Thomas Mifflin received as president Washington's commission when he resigned it in 1783; while Richard Henry Lee presented the immortal resolution which declared the colonies to be free and independent States. CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORIC OUTLINE OF THE UNITED STATES. Coast of Florida discovered by Ponce de Leon 1512 1540 Raleigh establishes first settlement in Virginia 1585 Warr.. 1607 New Amsterdam-now New York-built by 1614 1614 1614 New Jersey settled by the Dutch. Dec. 25, 1620 Delaware settled by Swedes and Dutch 1614-1627 Roger Williams organized at Providence, R. An unsuccessful "Plan" was formulated to 1639 1641 1644 1649 Maryland Assembly passed an act giving Many Quakers suffering persecution in Eng- An Indian church was organized in Natick, The General Court of Massachusetts published 1652 1657 [France ceded to Britain, Acadia, Hudson Bay and its borders, and Newfoundland, and admits Britain's supremacy in the American fisheries; the Assiento Treaty is transferred to England, which undertakes to carry to the Spanish West Indies 4,800 negroes a year for 30 years, paying on 4,000 a duty of $33.33 per head, and for all over 4,000 a duty of $16.67 a head; during the 30 years not far from 30,000 are taken from Africa by the English annually, as against 15,000 a year for the previous 20 years. The population of the Engglish colonies was about 400,000.] A public bank was opened in Massachusetts.. 1716 Pennsylvania settled by William Penn. Louisiana settled by the French 1682 1719 William Penn published a frame of government for Pennsylvania... 1682 The first newspaper was started in Philadelphia.. 1719 Philadelphia founded (there being "three or four little cottages") .... 1683 The South Sea and Mississippi Bubble Companies bursted and spread ruin... 1720 A printing press was set up in Philadelphia where there were 600 houses 1686 1688 A French Census showed a population in French America of 11,249 persons-about one-twentieth of the population of the English American Colonies. France declared war against England, lasting till 1697, greatly disturbing the Colonies... 1689 A semi-official estimate showed the population of the Colonies to be about 200,000, as follows: Massachusetts including Maine and Plymouth, 44,000; New Hampshire, 6,000; Rhode Island and Providence, 6,000 Connecticut, 19,000; New York, 20,000; New Jersey, 10,000; Pennsylvania and Delaware, 12,000; Maryland, 25,000; Virginia 50,000; Carolina (to Florida), 8,000 1690 1695 A public post is established to send letters from Philadelphia to the Potomac eight times a year!.. England and France signed articles of peace at Ryswick Sept. 20, 1697 Lemoine D'Iberville, commissioned by Louis XIV. of France sailed with four ships and immigrants to mouth of Mississippi... Mississippi explored and settled by the 1698 Battle of Bunker Hill French 1699 Yale College was founded at Saybrook, Conn., Nov. 11 (chartered Oct. 1701). Flag adopted by act of Congress United States named by Congress. 1700 Washington defeated at the Brandywine, Detroit founded by La Mothe Cadillac (with 100 French colonists)... Sept. 11, 1777 1701 England declared war against France and Spain (the war of the Spanish succession, lasting till 1713). 1702 New York Assembly appropriated £1,500 to fortify the Narrows (Lord Cornbury embezzled it).... The States recognized by France.. 1703 A Federal government adopted by Congress, Lafayette and other French officers join the Americans.. The British troops evacuate Philadelphia..... 1778 Major André hanged as a spy Nov. 15, 1777 1777 1777 ...Oct. 2, 1780 The Boston News-Letter, the earliest newspaper in America, started in Boston.. High Church party in South Carolina disfranchised dissenters (two-thirds of the population) Surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, First Church erected in North Carolina. 1710 A committee of English Commons report that the American plantations ought to be furnished with negroes at reasonable prices.......... 1711 An Anglo-Colonial fleet of 15 ships, 40 transports, and 10,000 men sailed from Boston to conquer Canada; 8 ships were wrecked and expedition utterly failed. Indians besieged Detroit but were repulsed by the French... 1711 1712 April 17, 1790 .June 17, 1791 1788 United States Government organized, March 4, 1789 George Washington, 1st President... April 30, 1789 Present departments of State established.... 1789 Death of Benjamin Franklin.. United States bank instituted... City of Washington chosen Re-election of Washington. John Adams, 2d President.. Washington dies.... capital....July 8, 1792 March 4, 1793 March 4, 1797 Dec. 14, 1799 1800 Seat of government removed from Philadelphia to Washington..... Sept. 3, 1783 John Adams, first American ambassador to England... 1785 The cotton plant introduced into Georgia.. 1786 Quakers of Philadelphia emancipate their slaves... Death of Vice-President Hendricks, Nov. 25, 1885 Statue of Liberty unveiled in New York Harbor .Oct. 26, 1886 Ex-President Arthur dies .Nov., 1890 .March 4, 1891 International Copyright Law became operative, and President Harrison announced by proclamation that the provisions of law now extended to Belgium, France, Great Britain, and Switzerland .July 1, 1890 Ex-Vice-President Hamlin died......July 4, 1891 Hon. James G. Blaine, Secretary of State announced reciprocity treaties with Brazil, San Domingo, and some other countries,* Oct. 14, 1891 The Attorney-General of the United States announced a Treaty of Agreement between the Governments of the United States and Great Britain, to submit to arbitration the important questions growing out of the Bering Sea and Fishery Controversies,Nov.10, 1891 Funeral of James Russell Lowell in Boston Mass.. Centennial of Admission of Vermont into U. S. celebrated... .Aug. 14, 1891 .Aug. 19, 1891 A building in Park Place New York collapsed killing 62 people... A wreck on Western North Carolina R. R. killed and wounded 50 persons.. News of defeat of Balmaceda Army in Chili received in U. S... German Government removed the tion of American pork. Tennessee legislature refused abolish Convict lease system .Aug. 22, 1891 Aug. 27, 1891 .Aug. 28, 1891 prohibi Sept. 3, 1891 Sept. 5, 1891 New Chillian Government recognized by U. S. Government Death of Balmaceda by suicide announced Oklahoma's new lands opened Leland Sanford Jr. University .Oct. 1, 1891 at Chicago Oct. 7, 1891 San Domingo has made a reciprocity treaty with flour and pork upon the free list, besides a large number of other articles. Other treaties for reciprocity are in progress. Germany without negotiating a formal treaty, has removed the prohibition on pork, and our Government, in consideration thereof, has left her sugar on the free list. This opens to us an entirely new market, and $15,000,000 to $20,000,000 of American pork will be consumed per annum where not a pound has been taken for ten years.-[Sec. Blaine's Letter.j First Session of 52d Congress opened (Chas. C. Crisp of Georgia elected speaker) Dec. 5, 1891 Edward M. Field, New York arrested for forgery.. .Dec. 15, 1891 The Poet Whittier celebrated in Boston his 84th birthday.. .Dec. 24, 1891 A collision on Hudson River R. R. killed 14 persons.... Dec. 24, 1891 The wheat crop for 1891 was reported by the U. S. Government figures at the enormous total of 611,780,000 bushel, nearly 100,000,000 bushels larger than any previous year, Jan. 1, 1892 Randolph Rogers the American Sculptor died in Rome Italy aged 69.. Jan. 15, 1892 Chief Judge Ruger of New York Court of Appeals died.. Jan. 16, 1892 UNIVERSALISM, a belief that all mankind will eventually be redeemed from sin and suffer-author, born at St. John, New Brunswick, in ing and brought back to holiness and God. See RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS in these Revisions and Additions. UNIVERSAL LEGATEE, a legatee to whom the whole estate of a deceased party is given, subject only to the burden of other legacies and debts. It nearly corresponds to residuary legatee in England. UNIVERSITIES. SEE COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES IN UNITED STATES in these Revisions. UPHAM, CHARLES WENTWORTH, an American 1802; died at Salem, Mass., in 1875. He came to Boston in childhood, and graduated at Harvard in 1821. From 1824 till 1845 he was pastor at Salem. In 1853-4 he served in the United States Congress. He wrote Lectures on Witchcraft and biographies of Gen. Fremont, Francis Peabody, and Timothy Pickering. UPHAM, THOMAS COGSWELL, author, born at Deerfield, N. H., in 1799; died in New York city in 1872. He graduated at Dartmouth and AndoUNNA, a small town of Prussia, in Westphalia, ver colleges, and became in 1825 professor of philosonineteen miles northwest of Arnsberg. It was for-phy in Bowdoin College, which post he held for merly fortified, was one of the Hanse towns, and forty-two years. During this time he published played a role in the history of the Femgerichte. Elements of Mental Philosophy (3 vols.); Life and About a mile to the north are the famous salt- Opinions of Madame Guyon; Life of Faith; Divine works of Konigsborn, which yield 120,000 cwts. of Union; and Letters from Europe, Egypt and Palessalt annually. Population in 1872, 6,915, who are tine. employed in weaving linen and hosiery and in brewing and distilling. UNYORO, a kingdom of Central Africa. See Britannica, Vol. XXIII, p. 859. UPLAND, a borough of Pennsylvania, two miles west of Chester. It manufactures cotton goods, and is the seat of Crozer Theological Seminary. Population in 1890, 2,286. UPPER SANDUSKY. A village, the countyseat of Wyandot county, Ohio. It produces a variety of manufactures. Population in 1890, 3,568. Kabba Regga, the present sovereign of Unyoro, bears the official title of "King of Kitwara," being the direct representative and lineal descendant of the dynasty of Wa-Huma (Galla) conquerors, who UPTON, EMORY. An American general, born formerly ruled over the vast empire of Kitwara, at Batavia, N. Y., in 1839; died at San Francisco, now broken up into the states of Unyoro, Uganda, Cal., in 1881. He graduated at West Point in Karagwe, Ruanda, and other territories. Kabba May, 1861. During the Civil War he fought at Bull Regga holds sway, directly or indirectly, over the Run, where he was wounded; in the battle at region inclosed east and north by the middle and Rappahannock Station, Va. (1863), and in the lower course of the Somerset Nile, separating it Wilderness campaign of 1864, especially at Spottfrom the former equatorial province of Egyptian sylvania, where he was again wounded while leadSudan. On the southeast is Uganda, and it ing the assaulting column of twelve regiments of stretches westward to Lake Albert Nyanza, beyond his corps. For this he was appointed, on the spot, which are the subject or vassal territories of brigadier-general of volunteers. He was present Awamba, Ukonju, Uzongora and Uhaiyana. Islam at the siege of Petersburg, in the defense of the has been accepted by most of the Wa-Huma (Galla) chiefs. The royal residence, formerly at Masindi, on an affluent of Lake Albert Nyanza, was removed, in 1877, to Nyamoga, which occupies a central position in the region inclosed between the lake and the great bend of the Somerset Nile below M'ruli. Other stations are Koweira and Magungo, both, till recently, held by the Khedival governor, Emin Pasha, and M'bakovia (Baker's Vacovia), on Lake Albert Nyanza, the center of a large salt industry. capital in July, 1864, and in the Shenandoah campaign, where, while commanding a division of infantry at the battle of Opequan, he was again severely wounded. In April, 1866, he was mustered out of the volunteer service. In 1870-75 he was commander of cadets in the United States military academy. In 1875-77 he was sent on a tour of inspection of the armies of Europe and Asia, and on his return he was assigned to the artillery school at Fortress Monroe, where he wrote his official report, published in 1878. In 1880 Upton |