its real possibilities became apparent; until then the machine had been, so to speak, on trial. There had been some defects that interfered with its rapid growth and favor. From 1882 until the present time, its history is one long record of suc

CALIGRAPH.

cesses, abroad as well as at home, and these successes are due perhaps not so much to the fading away of prejudices as to actual improvements in the machine itself.

In the Remington Typewriter the type arms or bars, each bearing a lower-case letter and its corresponding capital, are thrown up by pianoforte lever action. Each impression causes the frame carrying the rollers which hold the paper sheet to move one space. The types are of tempered steel and are practically indestructible. The perfection of its mechanical construction is attested by the immense amount of daily work which the machine does without strain, and by the fact that experts can work the keys so fast as to give clear impres

THE REMINGTON.

sions of a letter at the rate of thirteen to a second. Among the improvements of recent years have been the introduction of capital and lower-case letters in the same machine without increasing the number of keys-a radical and vast improvement the strengthening of the machine, the addition of some parts, the elimination of others. The noise made by the old machine has been greatly lessened, and its liability to get out of order reduced.

The most remarkable achievement of the typewriter, the chief reason of its success and popularity, has been the saving of time effected in business offices. According to innumerable tests and to the experience of nine out of ten of our active business houses, the typewriter, as compared with the pen, saves forty minutes an hour, or, to carry out the calculation, five hours and twenty minutes in a business day. In a country like ours, where time means money, it is very easy to estimate how many times the typewriter must pay for itself every year in a busy office. Last summer, in England, Miss Emiline S. Owen, who went over to show Englishmen what could be done with the Remington typewriter, wrote for three minutes at a speed of ninety-nine words a minute, the same matter having been previously written out in longhand by Mr. Thomas Allen Reed, one of the most rapid longhand writers in the world, at the unprecedented rate of sixty-five words per minute, the best that he could do.

THE NATIONAL.

Mr. E. D. Easton, one of the leading legal stenog. raphers of Washington, in his summary of what the typewriter has done for him, says that in the Guiteau case two operators and machines answered for getting up the copy, one each for an associate reporter and himself. Something like 21,000 folios were transcribed, at a saving over the old method of about four cents per folio, or $840 in three months. In the Star Route cases, which lasted about a year, there were in the neighborhood of 70,000 folios written. The two machines and operators saved about three thousand dollars. In a recorded test made in New York city some time ago, Miss M. E. Orr wrote an article containing 384 words from dictation, in the presence of witnesses, in four minutes and twenty-nine seconds, without error. The average was eighty-five words per minute. Others have written at the rate of more than one hundred words per minute. At many public institutions, in the United States, such as the Cooper Institute and the Young Women's Christian Association, in New York city, there are free classes in typewriting. There are over two hundred machines in use in the several business colleges and shorthand schools, for purposes of instruction, in New York city alone. Typewriting is now taught in some of the public schools, and it is, probably, only a question of time when it will be in many of them.

TYPH-FEVER, a term now coming into use to designate continued low fever. The best marked varieties of this affection are known as typhus and typhoid fevers, which in typical cases are easily distinguished from each other, but not infrequently it is difficult to decide whether the disease should be classed as typhus or typhoid fever; hence, the general term typh-fever is a very convenient one

UEA,

or UVEA, a circle of islets in the South Pacific Ocean. See Britannica, Vol. XV, p. 30. UGANDA, or BUGANDA, the largest and most powerful of the East Africa equatorial states. See Britannica, Vol. XXIII, pp. 717-18.

The sovereign, who bears the official title of Kabakawa Buganda (Emperor of Uganda) and Overlord of Unyoro, Buzongora, Karagwe, Buzinza, Usoga, etc., is theoretically an autocrat, but his power is restricted by custom and by the Lukiko, a sort of privy council, composed of the Katikiro (chief judge) and the Aba-Saza (great chiefs), who, however, are all appointed by the king himself, as are also the Batongole (court officials), and even the under officers of the five great territorial lords of Lubiro (in the center about the capital), Kyagwe (in the east), Bulemezi (in the northwest), Budu (in the west), and Singo (in the north). Another important functionary is the Gabunga (head admiral), who commands a fleet of several hundred | canoes on Lake Victoria. The territorial lords are bereditary feudal chiefs, enjoying almost royal privileges. The revenue is collected by the Basolonzi, or tax-gatherers, chiefly in the form of brass and copper wire, bark cloth, and cowrie shells. The capital, which was at Banda in 1862, has since then been shifted, with the royal caprice, to Rubaga, Nabulagala, and Mungo, which was the royal residence in 1891.

THLANS, light cavalry of Asiatic origin, introduced into the north of Europe along with the colonies of Tartars who established themselves in Poland and Lithuania. They were mounted on light, active Tartar horses and armed with saber, lance, and, latterly, with pistols. The Prussian Uhlans won great renown in the Franco-German war of 1870-71 by their bravery and marvelous activity. The Prussians applied the term, rather loosely, however, including all their light cavalry, under the designation.

UJEIN, one of the seven sacred cities of Hindustan, in Sindia's dominions, of which it was formerly capital, on the right bank of the Sipra, thirty-five miles northwest of Indore. It is surrounded by walls with round towers, is six miles in circumference, contains the grand palace of the Sindia family, several mosques and mausoleums, an observatory, and an antique gate, supposed to date from before the Christian era. An active trade is carried on in cloths, opium, etc. The number of the inhabitants is not ascertained.

UJHELY-SATORALYA, a market town of Hungary, 105 miles northwest of Pesth. It stands on the Hagyalya Mountains, contains several churches and a gymnasium, and is noted for its wine culture. Population, 7,200.

UKASE, or UKAS, a term applied in Russia to all the orders or edicts, legislative or administrative, emanating from the government. The ukases either proceed directly from the emperor, and are

then called imenny ukas, or are published as decisions of the directing senate. Both have the force of laws until they are annulled by subsequent decisions.

ULODENDRON, a singular genus of coal-plants, found on stems which occur chiefly in the roofshales. The stems are covered with small rhomboidal scars, as in Lepidodendron, formed by the bases of leaves or scales; but they differ remarkably from that genus in having a double series of large oval or circular markings, arranged linearly on the opposite sides of the trunk. These markings are variously interpreted as representing the cicatrices produced by the bases of cones, by branches, or by leaf-stalks. It is, like many of the coal-fossils, an extremely enigmatical plant; and it is difficult to determine its position in the vegetable kingdom.

ULRIC, ST., bishop of Augsburg, venerated as one of the Fathers of the German Church. born at Augsburg about the year 890; died in 973. His father, Hupald, was one of those counts of Dillingen who play so important a part in mediæval German history. He was educated at the celebrated Benedictine monastery of St. Gall in Switzerland, and returned to his native diocese of Augsburg, where he received holy orders. In accordance with the usage of his times, he made a pilgrimage to Rome, and soon after his return was consecrated bishop of Augsburg, on the death of Hiltine in the year 923. Bishop Ulrie bore an important part in the public affairs of the empire during the reign of Henry I. and his son Otho; and he was the guiding spirit of the several councils in Germany which, in the tenth century, labored at the work of reformation.

ULSTER BADGE. On the institution of the order of baronets in England by James I., a sinister hand, erect, open and couped at the wrist gules, the armorial ensign of the province of Ulster, was made their distinguishing badge, in respect of the order having been intended for the encouragement of plantations in the province of Ulster.

ULTIMATUM, in diplomacy, the final conditions or terms offered by one government for the settlement of its disputes with another; the most favorable terms which a negotiator is prepared to offer, whose rejection will generally be considered to put an end to negotiation.

ULTIMUS HERES, in the law of Scotland, the crown which is the last heir after all the kin have become exhausted, and succeeds to the property of those who die without leaving next of kin, or who, being bastards, have no next of kin.

ULULATION, a howling, or loud lamentation; a wailing. It sometimes happens that articulate sounds or cries which resemble and perhaps imitate those of animals, or are a mere shrieking and howling, form the sole or chief symptom and characteristic of a morbid mental state. The act is

automatic, and may be regarded as indicative of grave changes in the physical and moral nature. In the Middle Ages, during great religious excitement, and those mental epidemics which involved large communities, such phenomena appear to have been of frequent occurrence. It appears that in the eighteenth century, a family of five sisters, in the county of Oxford, were affected with a modification of hysteria, during which they howled or barked like a dog; and that, about the same period, a large religious community of females in France, one and all, and at the same hours, shrieked or mewed like cats; and were only reduced to sobriety and to silence by the presence of military. ULUNDA, or LUNDA, a native feudal state of Africa, the largest and most populous empire in the Congo basin, comprising most of the territory lying between the Kwango and Kasai. Its ruler bears the official title of Muata Yanvo, and is the fourteenth in descent from the founder of the dynasty in the seventeenth century. He is the suzerain of about 300 monas and muenes, that is, vassal chiefs and kinglets, who pay tribute in kind-ivory, lion and leopard skins, corn, cloth, salt, etc.-so long as the central power is strong enough to enforce it. Its present area cannot be estimated at much less than 100,000 square miles, with a population perhaps not exceeding 2,000,000.

The succession goes to one of the sons of the two chief wives, chosen by four official electors and confirmed by the Lukoshesha, or" Mother of the Kings and Peoples." The Lukoshesha, whose election is made in the same way from the daughters of the two chief wives, and ratified by the king, is exempt from his jurisdiction and "above all law," holding her own court, ruling over her own territories, and enjoying independent tribute.

The Mussamba, or royal residence, is displaced at every succession, within a certain limit. The dominant people in the empire are the Ka-Lunda, a negroid race of Bantu speech. They import woven goods and ironware from the south, and copperware from the southeast, and have also long had dealings with the Portuguese half-breeds from the west and the Arab slave-hunters from the east. The chief exports are ivory and slaves. But trade languishes, being regarded as a royal monopoly, and burdened with many restrictions.

ULUNDA, or LUNDA, a territory of Africa, in the Lake Moero district, which about the middle of this century was ruled over by the powerful Muata Kazembe, heir of the Morupwe dynasty, the most potent in South Central Africa during the sixteenth century. The present Muata Kazembe retains a mere semblance of authority, and is now the vassal of Msidi (Msiri), founder of the new kingdom of Garenganze (Katanga), in the region between the Luapula and Lualaba, head streams of the Congo within the limits of the Congo Free State, and continuous southward with British Zambesia (Barokeland and Mashukulumbweland), UM, a Kaffir or Zulu word signifying river, and used as a prefix in the names of most of the rivers on the southeast coast of Africa, from the Great Kei, where the names of Hottentot origin appear to cease, nearly as far to the northeast as the Sofaia coast, where the names Imhambane, Imhampoora, have the same prefix in a corrupted state. The Hottentot word Kei has the same meaning, and is still preserved in the Kei and

Keiskamma rivers, and other streams on the east coast of the Cape Colony.

UMBILICAL CORD. In botany, the connecting link between the placenta of the ovary and the ovule, through which pass the vessels that nourish the ovule until it ripens into seed. In some plants the ovules are so closely connected with the placenta that no umbilical cord can be said to exist; in others it is of considerable length.

UMBRELLA TREE. A small magnolia tree (Magnolia umbrella), whose large leaves are crowded on the summit of the flowering branches in umbrella-like circles. Its range is from southeast Pennsylvania along the Alleghenies to central Alabama, and westward through Kentucky and Tennessee to northeast Mississippi. It also occurs in Arkansas. Like all the magnolias it is a handsome tree, bearing large, white, highly-scented flowers, and a rose-colored fruit.

UMPIRE. In law, a third person appointed by two arbitrators in the event of their differing in opinion. When the reference or arbitration has devolved upon the umpire, his award or umpirage becomes final and binding upon the parties.

UNALASHKA, an island belonging to the United States, in the North Pacific, one of the Fox Islands, in lat. 55° 52′ N., and 166° 32′ W. It is seventy-five miles long, and in some parts twenty miles broad, has a rugged, mountainous surface, and is thinly peopled. Ships are here supplied with all necessaries except wood.

UNDINES, the name given, in the fanciful system of the Paracelsists, to the elementary spirits of the water. They are of the female sex. Among all the different orders of elementary spirits, they intermarry most readily with human beings. Baron de la Motte Fouque has made this Paracelsist fancy the basis of an exquisite tale, entitled Undine.

UNION, or TOKELAU, a group of three clusters of islets in the Pacific Ocean. The principal are: Fakaapo or Bowditch, Mikuhimo or Duke of Clarence, and Atafu or Duke of York. They lie between 8° 30′ and 11′ S. lat., and 171° and 172° W. long. The group, which has been annexed to Great Britain, is of importance, chiefly, as a stage in the proposed telegraph route between British Columbia and Australia, and as a coaling station for steamers along the same route.

UNION CITY, a town of Pennsylvania, about twenty-two miles southeast of Erie. It has manufactories of leather, flour, barrels, furniture and carriages, and contains an extensive oil refinery. Population in 1890, 2,255.

UNION COLLEGE, a college in Schenectady, N. Y., incorporated in 1795, chiefly by the efforts of General Philip Schuyler. It was named Union from its being established by the coöperation of several religious denominations. Its first president was John Blair Smith of Philadelphia, who was succeeded in 1799 by Jonathan Edwards, the younger; but its great prosperity and usefulness were secured under the presidency of Rev. Eliphalet Nott, from 1804 until his death in 1866. By his zeal, enterprise, and large benefactions, it was endowed and furnished with spacious buildings, a large library, and extensive cabinets of natural history. Dr. Nott was succeeded by Dr. Laurens P Hickok, the distinguished metaphysician.

In 1869, Dr. Aiken of Princeton was called