monastic life. All chapters of collegiate churches, abbeys, ecclesiastical benefices not attached to parishes, lay benefices, and all brotherhoods and foundations to which an ecclesiastical service is annexed, were suppressed. Under certain regulations the ecclesiastical property was transferred to the state.

For the general article on the SEE AND CHURCH OF ROME See Britannica, Vol. XX, pp. 628-32 and Vol. XIX, pp. 478-510; and for latest statistics see RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS in these Revisions and Additions.

JAPAN. By the new constitution absolute freedom of religious belief and practice is secured, so long as it is not prejudicial to peace and order. The chief forms of religion are-(1) Shintoism, with ten sects; (2) Buddhism, with twelve sects and forty creeds. There is no state religion, and no state support. The principle Shinto temples are, however, maintained by state or local authorities. In 1888-Shinto temples, 193,034; priests, 14,548; students, 965. Buddhist temples, 71,973; priests, 51,377; students, 13,642. There are also numerous Roman Catholics, adherents of the Greek Church, and Protestants.

LÜBECK. On December 1, 1888, Protestants numbered 65,997; Roman Catholics 805, other Christians 101; Jews 664; and unclassified 111.

MADAGASCAR.-A large portion of the Hova and of the other tribes in the central districts have been Christianised, and Christianity is acknowledged and protected by the government. There is no state church, although the queen and principal officers of the government are connected with the churches formed by the London Missionary Society, which comprise the vast majority of the professing Christians of the country. These are not dependent on government except to a small extent. The system of church polity which has slowly developed itself is rather a combination of Independency, Presbyterianism, and Episcopacy. No state aid is given to religion or to education, except in freely recognized pastors and teachers from compulsory government service. An Anglican mission works chiefly on the east coast, with a bishop and cathedral at Antananarivo. A Roman Catholic bishop is also stationed at the capital. There are about twenty-eight missionaries of the L. M. S. in Madagascar, ten of the Friends' Mission, ten of the Anglican Mission, twenty-six of the Norwegian Lutherans, and about forty priests and brothers of the R. C. Mission, as well as several sisters of mercy. The London Missionary Society has about 750 native pastors, and about 100 evangelists or native. missionaries stationed in various parts of the country, many of them in quite heathen districts. There are about 350,000 Protestants and about 35,000 Roman Catholics. Fivesixths of the Malagasy are still pagans.

MAURITIUS. According to the census of 1881 the returns as to the religions showed that there were then over 200,000 Hindoos, 108,000 Roman Catholics, 35,000 Mahometans, and 8,000 Protestants. State aid is granted to both churches, the Roman Catholics receiving 80,313 rupees in 1889, and the Protestants 45,836 rupees; the Indians are mostly Hindoos.

MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN. - In this German Duchy nearly all the inhabitants are Protestants. In 1885 there were: Roman Catholics, 3,961; Jews, 2,347. The State Church included 478 Protest churches, and 346 clergymen. The total population of the Duchy numbered 575,152 in 1885. The parishes are generally well endowed.

MEXICO.-The prevailing religion is Roman Catholic, but the church and state are independent of

each other, and by law there is toleration of all religions. There are sixty-two Protestant churches with over 20,000 adherents. In 1867 the church property was confiscated; convents and religious houses were suppressed, and now no longer openly exist; nor are religious processions permitted. Civil marriage alone is valid, though the church ceremony in addition is not prohibited. The Protestant missionary churches have made considerable progress in Mexico and in other parts of the Republic. Among some of the Indians pagan emblems and ceremonies still survive; and in 1889 Lieutenant Schwatka found in Chihuahua cliff and cave-dwellers who were sun-worshippers.

MONACO. In this small principality (area, 13 square miles) there is a resident Roman Catholic bishop, but the church following is not reported. The whole population in 1888 was only 13,304.

MONTENEGRO.-The church is nominally independent of the state, except that the bishops are appointed by the prince; but the personal authority of the latter is all-pervading. The principal monasteries are possessed of sufficient property for their maintenance, aided by occasional contributions from Russia. The rural clergy are maintained by the communities. Orthodox Montenegro is divided into two dioceses, Cettinjé and Ostrog, but, actually the curé of both sees is united in the hands of the metropolitan bishop of Cettinjé. The former see comprises eight sub-districts, called protopresbyteries, with 84 parishes, and the latter into nine such districts with 75 parishes. The Roman Catholic archbishopric of Antivari contains ten parishes, all of which are situated in the districts recently acquired from Turkey, in which there are likewise ten Mussulman parishes.

MOROCCO.-The Sultan of Morocco and his subjects are of the Malekite sect of the Sunnite Mohammedans. The differences are chiefly in the postures assumed during the recital of prayers.

NEW SOUTH WALES.-Of the population of 1881, 516,612 were Protestants, 207,606 Roman Catholics, 3,266 Jews; others, 1,042; Unspecified, 136,971; Pagans, 9,345. Of the Protestants, 34,238 belong to the Church of England; 72,545 Presbyterians; 64,352 Methodists.

The following statement refers to 1885:-Anglican churches. 519; ministers, 256; average attendance, 62,005. Presbyterians: churches, 194; ministers, 115; attendance, 16,708. Wesleyan Methodists: churches, 325; ministers, 120; attendance, 29,801. Other Protestants: 222 churches; 112 ministers; attendance, 89,189. Roman Catholics: 324 churches; 207 ministers; 69,438 attendance.

NETHERLANDS.-According to the terms of the constitution, entire liberty of conscience and complete social equality are granted to the members of all religious confessions. The royal family, and the majority of the inhabitants, belong to the Reformed church. The government of the Reformed church is Presbyterian; while the Roman Catholics are under an archbishop, of Utrecht, and four bishops, of Haarlem, Breda, Boermond, and Hertogenbosch. The salaries of several Kritish Presbyterian ministers, settled in the Netherlands, and whose

Belonging to other religious bodies, or of unknown creed, were 15,798 persons.

NEW ZEALAND.-There is no State church, and no State aid is given in New Zealand to any form of religion. When the settlements of Canterbury and Otago were originally founded, the bodies in connection with the Church of England and the Free Church of Scotland respectively obtained endowments from the societies by which the settlements were organized, which they still retain. For purpose of the Church of England the colony is divided into six dioceses-Auckland, Waiapu, Wellington, Nelson, Christchurch, and Dunedin. The Bishop of Wellington is now the Primate. The Roman Catholic church has four dioceses. The Archbishop resides at Wellington. The list of officiating clergy under the marriage act shows the numbers given below. The churches and chapels are given from the census:

According to the ceusus of 1886, 40 17 per cent. of the population (exclusive of Maoris) belong to the Church of England, 22:59 were Presbyterians, 9'55 per cent. Methodists, other Protestant sects represented being Baptists, Independents, Lutherans, Friends, and Unitarians. The total Protestants numbered 461,340, and Roman Catholics, 79,020, or 1,366 per cent. of the population. There were 1,595 Jews, 4,472 Pagans, and 19,889 objected to state their religion.

NORWAY.-In Norway the Evangelical Lutheran religion is that of the national church, and is the only one endowed by the state. Its clergy are nominated by the king. All other Christian sects (except Jesuits) are tolerated and are free to exercise their religion within the limits prescribed by

the law and public order. Ecclesiastically Norway is divided into 6 bishoprics, 83 Provstier (provostships, or archdeaconries), 469 parishes. In 1875 there were 7,238 dissenters, including 502 Roman Catholics, 2,789 Methodists, 879 Baptists, 542 Mormons, 432 Quakers.

OLDENBURG.-In 1885 Oldenburg contained 264,304 Protestants (77.3 per cent.), 74,363 Roman Catholics (21.7), 1,180 other Christians (.35), 1,650 Jews (.48) and 28 unclassified. The State Church (Protestant) is under the ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs.

ORANGE FREE STATE.-The government contributes £6,800 for religious purposes. The state is divided into 30 parochial districts for ecclesiastical purposes. There are about 80 churches. The principal body is the Dutch Reformed Church with 51,716 adherents; of Wesleyans there are 514; English Episcopalians 1,321; Lutherans 282; Roman Catholics 340; Jews 67.

PARAGUAY.-The Roman Catholic Church is the established religion of the state, but the exercise of other religions is permitted.

PERSIA. Of the population 6,860,600 belong to the Shia'h faith, 700,000 Sunnis, 8,500 Parsis (Guebres), 19,000 Jews, 43,000 Armenians and 23,000 Nestorians.

The Mohametans of Persia are mostly of the sect called Shia'h, differing to some extent in religious doctrine, and more in historical belief, from the inhabitants of the Turkish Empire, who are called Sunni. The Persian priesthood (Ulemâ) is very powerful, and works steadily against all progress. Any person capable of reading the Koran and interpreting its laws may act as a priest (Mullâ). As soon as such a priest becomes known for his interpretation of the divine law, and for his knowledge of the traditions and articles of faith, he is called a Mujtahid, a chief priest. There are many Mujtahids in Persia, sometimes several in one town; there are, however, only four or five whose decisions are accepted as final. The highest authority, the chief priest of all, is the Mujtahid, who resides at Kerbelâ, near Baghdâd, and some consider him the vice-regent of the Prophet, the representative of the Imâm. The shah and the government have ro voice in the matter of appointing the Mujtahids, but the Sheikh-el-Islâm, chief judge, and the Imâmi-Jum'ah, chief of the great mosque (Masjed-i-Jum'ah) of a city, are appointed by the government. Under the Inmâm-i-Jum'ah are the pish nemaz or khatib (leader of public prayers and reader of the Khutbeh, the Friday oration), the mu'azzin (crier for prayers), and sometimes the Mutavalli (guardian of the mosque). This latter, as well as the mu'azzin, need not necessarily be a priest. All mosques and shrines have some endowments (wakf), and out of the proceeds of these are provided the funds for the salaries of the priests attached to them, The shrines of some favorite are so richly endowed as to be able to keep an immense staff of priests, servants and hangers-on.

The Orthodox Armenians are under a bishop residing at Ispahan; there are also a few hundred Roman Catholic Armenians in Persia. There is a wide tolerance exercised towards Armenians and Nestorians, Jews and Guebres in cities where Europeans reside; in other places, however, the nonMussulmans suffer under great oppression.

PERU. By the terms of the constitution there exists absolute political, but not religious freedom, the charter prohibiting the public exercise of any other religion than the Roman Catholic, which is declared the religion of the state. But practically there is a certain amount of tolerance, there being in Callao and Lima Anglican churches, as well as

Jewish synagogues. At the census of 1876 there were 5,087 Protestants, 498 Jews; other religions, 27,073.

PORTUGAL.-The Roman Catholic faith is the state religion; but all other forms of worship are tolerated. The Portuguese Church is under the special jurisdiction of a "Patriarch" (of Lisbon), with extensive powers, two archbishops (Braga and Evora) and fourteen bishops (including the islands. The Patriarch of Libson is always a cardinal, and, to some extent, independent of the Holy See of Rome. Under the Patriarch are five home and five colonial bishops; under the Archbishop of Braga, who has the title of Primate, are six; and under the Archbishop of Evora, three bishops. The total income of the upper hierarchy of the church is calculated to amount to 300,000 milreis. There are 93,979 parishes, each under the charge of a presbitero, or incumbent. All the conventual establishments of Portugal was suppressed by decree of May 28, 1834, and their property confiscated for the benefit of the state. At that period there existed in the country -632 monasteries and 118 nunneries, with about 18,000 monks and nuns, and an annual income of nearly a million sterling. This revenue was applied to the redemption of the national debt; while a library of 30,000 volumes was set up at the former convent of San Francisco, at Libson, from the collection of books and manuscripts at the various monasteries.

A few religious establishments are still permitted to exist; but their inmates are in a state of great poverty, and the buildings are gradually falling to ruin. The lower ranks of the priesthood are poorly educated, and their income scarcely removes them from the social sphere of the peasants and laboring classes. The number of Protestants in Portugal, mostly foreigners, does no exceed 500. They have chapels at Lisbon and Oporto.

PRUSSIA.-In Prussia religious liberty is guaranteed by the constitution. Nearly two-thirds of the population are Protestants, and one-third Roman Catholics. At the last census, taken Dec. 1, 1880, the Protestants numbered 17,633,279, being 6464 per cent. of the total population of the kingdom, and the Roman Catholics 9,206,283, or 3374 per cent. At the census of 1875, the Catholics numbered 8,625,840, or 331⁄2 per cent., while the Protestants have increased about one million in the same period. The number of Jews was 363,790, or 1334 per cent, of the population, at the date of the census; in 1875 it was 339,790, or 1:32 per cent. In the provinces of Prussia, Pomerania, Brandenburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Hanover, HesseNassau, and Saxony, the great majority are Protestants; while in Posen, Silesia, Westphalia, and Rhenash Prussia, the Roman Catholics predominate. "There are a few members of the Greek Church, mostly immigrants from Russia, and 22,006" without creed." Jews are to be found in all the provinces, but principally in Posen, Silesia, Berlin, Rhine Province, and Hesse-Nassau. At the census of Dec. 8, 1864, there were in the kingdom, as then constituted, 11,736,734 Protestants, being 60.23 per cent. of the total population, and 7,201,911 Roman Catholics, equal to 36.81 per cent., besides 262,001 Jews, and about 52,000 adherents of other creeds. The annexation of the new provinces, after the war of 1866, altered the proportion in favor of the Protestant ascendancy, the former kingdom of Hanover adding 1,682,777 Protestants, and only -226,009 Roman Catholics; Schleswig-Holstein and Lauenburg 890,085 Protestants and 1,953 Roman Catholics; and Electoral Hesse, Nassau, Homburg, and Frankfort, 905,605 Protestants and 336,075 Roman Catholics.

The Protestant Church is governed by consistories," or boards appointed by government, one for each province. There are also synods in most circles and provinces, and general synods representing the old provinces only. The constitution of the Catholic Church differs in the various provinces. In the Rhenish provinces it is fixed by the concordat entered into between the government and Pope Pius VII. But in every other part of the monarchy, the Crown has reserved to itself a control over the election of bishops and priests. There were in 1880 9,146 Protestant ministers, and 8,300 Roman Catholic priests, besides 300 monks and 4,600 nuns. The higher Catholic clergy are paid by the state, the Prince-Bishop of Breslau receiving 34,000 mark a year, and the other bishops about 22,700 mark. The incomes of the parochial clergy mostly arise from endowments. In the budget of 1885-6 the sum of 2,529,136 mark is set down as expenditure in Evangelical churches, and 2,556,044 mark for the Catholic church.

QUEENSLAND.-There is no State Church. Previous to 1861 valuable grants of land had been made to the principal religious denominations, which they still retain, free of taxation. The following are the proportions the various religious denominations bore to the total population at the last published census taken in 1881:-Church of England, 3462; Church of Rome, 25'47; Presbyterians, 1059; other Protestant churches, 19:48; other religions, 9'07.

REUSS.-There are two of the Thuringian states known by this name: the older and younger branches, and their statistics are reported separately. On December 1, 1885, there were in the elder branch 109,202 Protestants; 582 Catholics; 149 other Christians; 49 Jews; and 6 "unclassified." In the younger branch there were 55,072 Protestants; 921 Catholics; 340 other Christians; 129 Jews; and 52 "unclassified."

ROUMANIA. Of the total population of Roumania Proper 4,526,000 belong to the Orthodox Greek Church, 114,200 are Roman Catholics, 13,800 Proestants, 8,000 Armenians, 6,000 Lipovani (Russian heretics), 400,000 Jews, 2,000 Mahometans. The government of the Greek Church rests with two archbishops, the first of them styled the Primate of Roumania, and the second the Archbishop of Moldavia. There are, besides, six bishops of the National Church, and one Roman Catholic bishop.

RUSSIAN EMPIRE.-The established religion of the empire is the Græco-Russian, officially called the Orthodox-Catholic Faith. It has its own independent synod, but maintains the relations of a sister church with the four patriarchates of Constantinople, Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria. The Holy Synod, the board of government of the church, was established with the concurrence of the Russian clergy and the four Eastern patriarchs.

The emperor is head of the church; he appoints to every office in the church, and is restricted only so far as to leave to the bishops and prelates the privilege of proposing candidates; and he transfers and dismisses persons from their offices in certain cases. But he has never claimed the right of deciding theological and dogmatic questions. Practically, the Procurator of the Holy Synod enjoys wide powers in church matters.

The points in which the Græco-Russian church differs from the Roman Catholic faith are, its denying the spiritual supremacy of the Pope, its not enforcing the celibacy of the clergy, and its authorizing all individuals to read and study the Scriptures in the vernacular tongue. With the excep tion of the restraints laid on the Jews, all religions may be freely professed in the empire. The dis

senters have been and are still, however, severely persecuted, though recently some liberty has been extended to those of the "United Church." It is estimated that there are more than 12,000,000 dissenters in Great Russia alone. The affairs of the Roman Catholic Church are entrusted to a Collegium, and those of the Lutheran Church to a Consistory, both settled at St. Petersburg. Roman Catholics are most numerous in the former Polish provinces, Lutherans in those of the Baltic, and Mohammedans in Eastern and Southern Russia, while the Jews are almost entirely settled in the towns and larger villages of the western and southwestern provinces.

There are no exact figures as to the numbers of adherents of different creeds-many dissenters being inscribed under the head of Greek Orthodox; they are only estimated as follows:

The Russian Empire is divided into 62 bishoprics (eparchiya) which, according to the latest published report, were, in 1886, under three metropolitans, 16 archbishops, and 43 bishops; the latter had under them 33 vicars; all of them are of the monastic clergy. The Greek Orthodox population of the 62 bishoprics in 1886 numbered 65,549,096, to which the Orthodoxes of the army and navy must be added. There were, same year, 44,111 churches, both public and private (out of which: cathedrals 680; parish churches, 33,416; yedinovyertsy's, or nonconformists recognized by Church, 248 and 14,885 chapels), with 47,682 priests and deacons, and 42,353 cantors, &c. The monasteries numbered 484, and had 6,890 monks and 3,466 aspirants, and 198 nunneries with 6,037 nuns and 16,018 aspirants.

The Holy Synod has a capital of about £5,000,000 sterling at its disposal, and the various churches received in 1886, 11,327,529 roubles of donations, and and 1,953,941 roubles from the Orthodox brotherhoods. The expenditure of the Synod in 1889 was: 13,967,551 roubles contributed by the imperial budget (for schools, 1,740,260 roubles; Armenian clergy, 14,204 roubles; Catholic clergy, 1,549,102 roubles; Lutheran clergy, 121,282 roubles; Mussulman clergy, 50,955 roubles), and 6,834,294 roubles contributed by the Synod chiefly for schools. The total expenditure was 20,801,845 roubles. SANTO DOMINGO.-The religion of the state is Roman Catholic. Other forms of religion are permitted under restrictions. There are 54 parishes. SAXE-ALTENBURG.-In 1885 there were 160,156 Protestants (90.1 per cent.); 1,113 Catholics; 147 other Christians; 39 Jews, and 5 unclassified.

SAXE-COBURG GOTHA.-There were in 1885 195,710 Protestants (98.4 per cent.); 2,472 Catholics; 98 other Christians; 219 Jews, and 30 "unclassified."

SAXE-MEININGEN.-In 1885 there were 210,188 Protestants (97.8 per cent.); 2,930 Catholics; 214 other Christians; 1,521 Jews, and 31 "unclassified."

SAXE-WEIMAR.-In 1885 there were 301,333 Protestants (96 per cent.); 10,880 Catholics; 405 other Christians; 1,313 Jews and 15 "unclassified."

SCHWARZBURG-RUDOLSTADT.-In 1885 there were 83,205 Protestants (99.2 per cent.); 527 Catholics; 45 other Christians, and 14 "unclassified." SCHWARZBURG-SONDERSHAUSEN.---In 1885 there were 72,667 Frotestants (98.7 per cent.); 648 Catholics; 53 other Christians; 237 Jews, and one ́unclassified."

SAXONY. Although the royal family is Roman Catholic in religion, the vast majority of the inhabitants of Saxony are Protestants. The distribution of the different creeds was as follows in 1885: Protestants, 3,075,961, or 96.6 per cent.; Roman Catholics, 87,762, or 2.76 per cent.; other Christians, 10,263, or .32 per cent.; Jews, 7,755, or .24 per cent.; unclassified, 262. In 1887 the kingdom contained 1,286 Moravian Brethren or Herrnhuter, mostly at Herrnhut, the chief seat of this sect. Catholic Apostolics number 2,540 and "Old Catholics" 2,166. The head of the state (Protestant) church are the ministers "in evangelicis." The chief governing-body is the Landes-Consistorium or National Consistory at Dresden; and it also has a representative Synod (Synode) with 29 clerical and 35 lay members. Ecclesiastically the kingdom is divided into 960 parishes.

SCOTLAND.-The Church of Scotland (established in 1560 and confirmed in 1688) is organized on the Presbyterian system of government, in which the clergy are all equal, none of them having preëminence of any kind over another. There is in each parish a parochial tribunal, called a kirk session, consisting of the minister or clergyman, who acts as president or moderator, and of a number of laymen called ruling elders. There are in all 84 presbyteries, meeting frequently throughout the year and these again are grouped in 16 synods, which meet half-yearly and can be appealed to against the decisions of the presbyteries. The supreme court of the Scottish Church is the General Assembly, which consists of 386 members, partly clerical and partly lay, chosen by the different presbyteries, boroughs and universities. It meets annually in May (under the presidency of a moderator appointed by the assembly, the sovereign being represented by a nobleman known as lord high commissioner), sitting for ten days, the matters not decided during this period being left to a commission.

The number of parishes, old and new (1890), is 1,332, and the number of churches, chapels and stations, 1,663; the total number of clergy, with and without charges or appointments, exceeds 1,700. The parishioners are allowed, under certain regulations, to choose their own ministers. The entire endowments of the church from all sources, including the annual value of the manses and glebes, amount to about £350,000 per annum. Since 1845, members of the church have erected and endowed churches, the value of which, with endowments, is reported to be little short of £2,250,000. In 1889, voluntary contributions independently of over £200,000 derived from the interest of invested contributions, grants from two trusts, and pew rents levied in 460 churches) amounted to £354,480. Exclusive of "adherents," the Established Church in 1878 had 515,786 members or communicants. 1889 the number was 587,954.

In

The Presbyterians not members of the Established Church of Scotland have the same ecclesiastical organization as the parent church. Of these, the largest body is the Free Church, formed from a secession in 1843, with 1,249 ministers and missionaries, 1,088 churches, 339,717 members, and claiming as “population connected with the Free Church, 1,165,000" in 1890. Its income in 1889-90 from all sources at home was $649,714. The aggregate funds raised in Scotland for all purposes during the forty-four years from the Disruption amount to £18,500,000. Next is the United Presbyterian church, formed from the amalgamation of several bodies of seceders, one dating as far back as 1741, with 615 ministers, 567 churches, 48 home mission ctations, 184,354 members (besides adherents), and an income in 1889 of £367,893. There are also Bap

tists, Independents, Methodists, and Unitarians. The Roman Catholics have increased largely of late years, chiefly from the influx of Irish population. The Episcopal church in Scotland, which includes a large portion of the nobility and gentry, has 7 bishops, 268 churches and missions, and 266 clergy, and claims the adherence of about 80,000 of the population.

The Roman Catholic Church had two archbishops and four bishops in Scotland in 1890, 352 priests, and 335 churches, chapels, and stations. The number of Roman Catholics is estimated at 326,000.

SERVIA. The state religion is state-orthodoxy. According to the census of 1884 there were, of the total population: Greek Orthodox, 1,874,174; Catholic, 8,092; Protestants, 741; Jews, 4,160; Mohammedans, 14,569. To the last belong, beside the Arnants and Turks, nearly all the Gipsies. The church is governed by the synod of bishops. All the ecclesical officials are under the control of the minister of education and public worship. There is unrestricted liberty of conscience.

SIAM.-The prevailing religion is Buddhism.

SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLIC.-The Dutch Reformed Church is the dominant religious body, claiming, in 1888, 43,821 of the population. Other Dutch churches have 18,100: the English church, 6,581; Wesleyans, 3,866; Catholics, 3,000; other christian churches, 1,500; Jews, 2,000.

SOUTH AUSTRALIA.-The aggregate number of churches and chapels in 1888 was 1,014. At the census of 1881 there were 76,000 members of the Church of England; 42,928 Catholics; 42,013 Wesleyan Methodists; 19,617 Lutherans; 17,917 Presbyterians; 14,000 Baptists; 10,790, other Methodists; 10,500 Bible Christians; 9,908 Congregationalists; and 702 Jews. No state aid is granted to church purposes.

SPAIN. The national church of Spain is the Roman Catholic, and the whole population of the Kingdom adhere to that faith, except (in 1887) 6,654 Protestants, 402 Jews, 9,645 Rationalists, 510 of other religions, and 13,175 of religion not stated. There were in 1884 in Spain 32,435 priests in the 62 dioceses into which the country is divided; 1,684 monks resident in 161 monastic houses, and 14,592 nuns in 1,027 convicts. The number of cathedrals was 65, of religious colleges 30, of churches 18,564, and of convents, religious houses, sanctuaries, and other buildings of a religious character 11,202. According to article 12 of the constitution of 1876, a restricted liberty of worship is allowed to Protestants, but it has to be entirely in private, all public announcements of the same being strictly forbidden. The constitution likewise enacts that "the nation binds itself to maintain the worship and ministers of the Roman Catholic religion." Resolutions of former legislative bodies, not repealed in the constitution of 1876, settled that the clergy of the Established Church are to be maintained by the state. On the other hand, by two decress of the Cortes, passed July 23, 1835, and March 9, 1836, all conventual establishments were suppressed, and their property confiscated for the benefit of the nation. These decrees gave rise to a long dispute with the head of the Roman Catholic Church, which ended in the sovereign pointiff conceding the principle of the measure. By a concordat with Rome concluded in August, 1859, the Spanish government was authorized to sell the whole ecclesiastical property, except churches and parsonages, in return for an equal amount of untransferable public debt certificates bearing interest at the rate of 3 per cent.

SWEDEN.-The mass of the population adhere to the Lutheran Protestant Church, recognized as the

state religion. There are 12 bishoprics, and 2,409 rural parish churches and chapels in 1889. At the census of 1880, the number of "Evangelical Lutherans" was returned at 4,544,434, the Protestant Dissenters, Baptists, Methodists, and others numbering 16,911, including 6,091 unbaptised children. Of other creeds, there were 810 Roman Catholics, 17 Greek-Catholics, 89 Irvingites, 2,993 Jews, and 414 Mormons. No civil disabilities attach to those not of the national religion. The clergy are chiefly supported from the parishes and the proceeds of the church lands.

SWITZERLAND.-According to the constitution of 1874 there is complete and absolute liberty of conscience and of creed. No one can incur any penalties whatsoever on account of his religious opinions. No one is bound to pay taxes specially appropriated to defraying the expenses of a creed to which he does not belong. No bishopries can be created on Swiss territory without the approbation of the Confederation. The order of Jesuites and its affiliated societies cannot be received in any part of Switzerland; all functions clerical and scholastic are forbidden to its members and the interdiction can be extended to any other religious orders whose action is dangerous to the state, or interferes with the peace of different creeds. The foundation of new convents of religious orders is forbidden.

The population of Switzerland is divided between Protestantism and Roman Catholicism, about 59 per cent. of the inhabitants adhering to the former, and 40 per cent. to the latter. According to the census of Dec. 1, 1888, the number of Protestants amounted to 1,724,257, of Roman Catholics to 1,190,008, and of Jews to 8,386. The Roman Catholic priests are much more numerous than the Protestant clergy, the former comprising more than 6,000 regular and secular priests. They are under five bishops, of Basel, Chur, St. Gall, Lausanne, and Sion, and an Apostolic administrator in the canton of Tessin. The government of the Protestant church, Calvanistic in doctrine and Presbyterian in form, is under the supervision of the magistrates of the various cantons, to whom is also intrusted, in the Protestant districts, the superintendence of public instruction.

TASMANIA. The government contributes 1,2861. annually for various religious purposes. On Jan. 1, 1889, it is estimated that there belonged to the Church of England 80,906 of the population; Roman Catholics, 32,689; Wesleyan Methodists, 10,952; Presbyterians, 13,815; Independents, 5,999; Jews, 348; Baptists, 1,424; Friends, 121; other sects, 4,226.

TURKEY.-The adherents of the two great religious creeds of the Turkish dominions in Europe and Asia, as reduced in its limits by the Treaty of Berlin, signed July 16, 1878, are estimated to consist of sixteen millions of Mahometans, and of five millions of Christians. The Mahometans form the vast majority in Asia, but only one-half of the population in Europe. Recognized by the Turkish government are the adherents of seven non-Mahometan creeds, namely:-1. Latins, Franks, or Catholics, who use the Roman Liturgy, consisting of the descendants of the Genoese and Venetian settlers in the empire, and proselytes among the Armenians, Bulgarians, and others; 2. Greeks; 3. Armenians; 4. Syrians and United Chaldeans; 5. Maronites, under a Patriarch at Kanobin in Mount Lebanon; 6. Protestants, consisting of converts chiefly among the Armenians; 7. Jews. These seven religious denominations are invested with the privilege of possessing their own ecclesiastical rule. The bishops and patriarchs of the Greeks and Armenians, and the "Chacham-Baschi," or high-rabbi of the Jews, pos