INDEX.

Aberdeenshire, granite of, 647, 649.
Aberration of the Stars, 43.

Abyssinia, wild oat found by Bruce in,
567; climate of, 601.

Achray, view of Loch, 465; citation from
Walter Scott regarding, 465,
Acotyledones, 551.

Actinolite, the mineral, 623. 644, 663.
Adaptation of external nature to man's
wants, 570, 571.

Adelsberg Cave, description and view of,
243, 244. 247, 248.

Adige, the river, its rapid descent, 284,
490; view of the valley of the, 413.
Adour, the river, 402. 549.
Adria, ancient city of, 400.

Adriatic Sea, changes about the, 399, 400.
Adventurers, mining, their ignorance of
geology, 620.

Egina and Egean Sea, view of, 346; part
of, 357.

Aerolites, 130-143; derivation of the
word, 131; table of, by M, Izarn, 132;
fall of, at Ensisheim on the Rhine, 132,
133; one seen to fall by Gassenor, at
Nice, 133; several fell at La Grange-
de-Juillac, in France, 133, 134; a re-
markable one fell in Yorkshire, 134;
several fell near Benares, in India, 134;
an immense fall of, in Normandy, 135;
nature and composition of aerolites,
135; recent instance at the Cape of
Good Hope, 136; many fall which are
never observed, 136; metallic masses
supposed to be meteoric, 136; a remark-
able fragment in the British Museum,
136; particulars of one that fell in the
Punjaub, 136; probable origin of aero-
lites. 136, 137; Laplace's theory, 137;
Chladni's, 137; Sir H. Davy's, 137;
Arago's and Olmstead's ideas on me-
teoric showers agree with the Chlad-
nian hypothesis, 142; but the subject
involved in great uncertainty, 142, 143.
Africa, eastern and western. floras of, 562;
granite mountains of, 645; animals of,
590; population of 596.
Agalysian rocks, 657.

Agassiz, professor, 670, 679, 684-688.765.
Aged persons, account of various, 607, 608.
Agriculture improved by geology, 620.
Aiguilles, the Swiss, 647, 648.

Air, its nature and uses, 435 (see Atmos-
phere); effects of vitiated, 458, 459; its
composition, 461.

Airy, professor, 36. 188.

Aix, in Provence, hot springs of, 270.
Alban Mount volcanic, 427.
Albinos, 599, 600.

Aleutian islands, 375. 558. 588.
Alexandria, city of, its foundation, 8 its
celebrated library, 8; the seat of ex-
tended astronomical science, 8, 9; Alex-
andrians early constructed various in-
struments, including astrolabes, or
armillary spheres, 16; bay of, 397.
Algæ, or sea weeds, 558.

Algol, the star, its position, 170.
Ali Pasha, 323.

Alleghany Mountains, land-slip in the,
420, 421; view of the, 494.

Allen, Bog of, 769.

Alligators, 579, 580.

Alluvial period, the, 637, 639; formation,
640.

Alluvium, position of, 641; chapter on
recent formations of, 766-782; organic,
766-772; marine, 772-775; lacustrine,
775, 776; fluviatile, 776, 777; chemical
and mineral, 777,778; volcanic, 778-782.

Alluvium of rivers, 386

Almagest, or Great Collection of Ptolemy,
contents of the, 11; contained 48 con-
stellations, 147.

Alphonsine tables, their invention and
uses, 18.

Alphonso of Castile, his irreverent re-
mark, 19.

Alpine flora, southern, 560; mountains,
622.

Alps, the, 207, 236, 237. 408-415; crétins
of the, 459; Tyrolese, characteristics
and view of, 490; fossiliferous remains
of the, 635; granite mountains of, 645.
649, 650.

Altaian mountains, 649.

Alterations of coast line, chapter on, 386
-486; encroachments by the ocean, 386
-397; accretions to the land, 397–400;
accumulations of shore sands, 400—402;
volcanic elevations of shores, 402-406.
Altitudes of various localities in the globe,
205. 221.

Alum Bay, Isle of Wight, 628; fossils at,
738, 739, 742; view of, 742.
Amazon, river of, 232; descent of its
waters and junction with the Atlantic,
281. 294, 302. 304, 305; east winds in,
439; wooded banks of the, 555; valley
of the, 584; jaguars near the, 586; raft
islands at the mouth of the, 593.
America, climate of the continents of, 490,
-495; population of, 596; granite moun-
tains of, 645; fossil elephants of, 753;
rhinoceros, 753; megatherium, 757,
758 sivatherium, 758; fossil horses
of, 758. 762, 763.

American lakes, 312; transparent water
of the, 322; races of men, 605.
American, or indigenous copper-coloured
race of mankind, 603.
Ammonite shells found at Whitby, 617;
at Hornsea, 639; catina, view of the,
638; varieties of, 719, 720.
Amygdaloids, 655.

Anacreon, citation from, 482.
Analogy of mineral water, 276, 277; of
sea water, 328-330.

Analogy between the vegetable and ani-
mal world, 571.
Anaxagoras, 7, 8.
Anaximander, 7.

Ancients, the, noticed all the celestial
phenomena open to unaided visual ob-
servation but annular eclipses, 15, 16;
their instruments of observation simple
and imperfect, 16; pyramids and obe-
lisks with them served as measurers
of hours, days, and years, 15; their
clepsydras, or water-clocks, 15; the
economy of the universe was a sealed
book to the, 16; had but a circum-
scribed knowledge of the globe, 194;
carefully fortified mountain passes,
216; their limited knowledge of phy-
sical geography, 346; were little ad-
dicted to physical inquiry, 433; used
lightning conductors, 521, 522; had
glimpses of geological science, 615, 616,
Andes, incidental notices of the, 219. et
al., 645. 653.

Andrew's, castle and coast of St., 393,
394.

Anemometer kept by the Royal Society,
459.

Angelucci, Father, his account of the
Fata Morgana, 539.

Angitas, the river, sources of the, 299,
300

Anglo-Saxon race, the, 608.

Angular lamination in strata, 625.
Animalculæ, fossil, 635; perfect preser-
vation of, 639; tertiary, 749; lacustrine,
776.

Animals, chapter on the distribution of,
571594; modern and ancient clas-
sifications, 571; plant animals, 572; in-
sects, 572-574; fishes. 574-578;
whales, &c., 578, 579; reptiles, 579,
580; birds, 580-584; quadrupeds, 584
-591; localities of animals, 592; means
of their dispersion, 592-594; lime in
the bodies of, 624; bodies and traces of
in strata, 631. et al; the less complex
tribes of appeared the first, 637; list of
fossil of the several periods, 638, (39;
of the Old World superior to those of
the New, 586, 587. 589, 590; distribu-
tion of by the Creator, 592; uncon-
sciousness of, 595; disseminate plant
seeds, 566, 567.

Anio, the, or Teverone, its cascade, 386;
its ravages, 416.

Annelidans, fossil, described and illus-
trated, 666.

Anning, Miss Mary, 723.

Anoplotherium, the, 745; skeleton of
the, 639.

Antarctic continent, the, 596; Bora of,
562,

Anthracotherium, the, 745.
Anthropophagists, 597.

Antipodes Island, its situation, 196.
Antiquity of the earth, 429. 434.
Antisana, Mount, 645.

Antrim, granitic mountains of, €50.

Ants, white, or termi es of India and
Africa, 573.

Apennines, the, 650.

Apes, 590; class of, 592.
Aphelia, I.

Appian, 575.

Apples, fabled, of the Dead Sea, 315.
Apricot, poisonous variety of the, 568, 569,
Apterix australis, the, 786

Aquarius, or coustellation of the Water-
bearer, 152.

Aquatic plants, 548.

Aqueous atmospheric phenomena, chap-
ter on, 461-483; atmospheric vapours,
their amount and distribution, 461–
463; forms and nature of clouds, in-
cluding cirrus and cumulus, 464, stra-
tus, 464-467; cirrocumulus and cirro-
stratus, 467; cumulostratus, 467, 468;
nimbus, 468; statisties of rain, 468-
474; formation, nature, and localities
of snow, 474-478; of hail, 478-480; of
dew, 480-482; of hoar frost, 483.
Arabia, wells of. 262; is nearly rainless,
471; intense heats of, 495, 496; flora
of, 563; Gulf of, 577; locust-eaters of,
597.

Arabs, the, improved and enlarged the
astrolabe or armillary sphere, 16; began
their career by the destruction of the
Alexandrian library, 17; their mental
cultivation began with the Abassidian
dynasty, 18; in astronomy and geo-
graphy adopted the system of Ptolemy,
18; their inventions and discoveries de-
tailed, 18; Arabian cultivation spread
to various countries, 18; were ac-
quainted with the rarefaction of the at-
mosphere, 25.
Arago, M., 47. 469. 499; distinguishes
three kinds of lightning, 519; his theory
of meteors, 142.

Aral, lake or sea of, 324. 423. 578.
Ararat, Mount, 203. 593; account of, 201;

Argali, the, 606.

Argo, constellation of the ship, 155.
Aries, or constellation of the Ram, 149.
Ariosto, a noted saying of, 619.
Aristarchus, of Samos, his ingenuity, 9,
10.

Aristotle, 2, 3; astronomical physics of
founded on false data, 13; is not an.
swerable, however for the vain inven-
tions of all who called themselves Aris-
totelians, 14; mentions an occultation
of Mars and the moon, 14; speaks of
mirrors being used in his time for ob-
serving eclipses, 16; cited, 527. 535.
571.

Armillary spheres, early used by the Alex-
andrians, 16.

Aromatic plants grow best in the central
lands of the tropics, 554.
Arran, isle of, 647. 652, 653. 655.
Artesian wells, account of, 265, 266.
Ascension Island, 379.

Asia, south-western, great levels of, were
the birth-place of astronomical know-
ledge, 2; that district possessed many
advantages therefore-what they were,
2; granite mountains of, 645; fossil
elephant of, 753; mastodon of, 755.

Minor, view of the coast of, 398; elec-
trical phenomena in, 517; the cradle of
the human race, 594; population of, 596;
intense cold in the north-east of, 597.
Ass, native country of the, 588.
Asterias, fossil, 721.

Asteroids, the, 91; their anomalous move.
ments, 92; their fragmentary appear-
ance, 93.

Asters, botanical region of the, 561.
Astrolabes, or armillary spheres, early
used at Alexandria, 16; were improved
and enlarged by the Arabs, 16.
Astrology, judicial, origin of, 3.
Astronomers royal, different, 36.
Astronomical discovery, history of, 1-

32.

Astronomy the most perfect and ancient
of all sciences. 1.

Atchabalaga, great raft of the river, 593.
Athos, Mount, 326; promontory of, 661.
Atlantic ocean, the, 329. 337.; coasts
of the, 345; basin of the, 346; sea-
weeds in the, 348; current of, 359. 361,
362; trade winds of the, 438, 439; gales
of the, 473.

Atlas, range of Mount, 203.
Atmosphere of the earth, 75; of the moon
doubtful,81; of the earth and its currents,
chapter on the, 435-460; its height, 435;
weight, 436; movement, how caused,
436; velocities, 437; trade winds, 438,
439-442; monsoons, 442-444; land and
sea breezes, 444-446; Etesian winds.
447; Khamsin, Samiel, Simoom, Har-
mattan, and Scirocco, 447-450; Mis-
tral, Autun, Bise, 450, 451; hurricanes,
451-456. 458, 459; land storms, 456,
457; waterspouts, 457, 458; winds of
Great Britain, 459, 460; is principally
composed of oxygen and nitrogen, 622.
Attica, ignorant pride of its natives,
609.

Attraction, that between bodies mutual
and proportioned to size and distance,
40; causes perturbation, 40; its action
is inevitable and universal, 182.
Augite, the mineral, 623. 645. 652,
Augustine, St., 574.

Aurora Australis, 526, 527; do sounds
accompany the? 528, 529; elevation of
the, 529.

Aurora Borealis, 523–526 ; views of, 524.
526; phenomena of, 527---529.
Aurora Island, 326.

Australia, or Oceanica, animals of, 591,
592; population of, 596; contains pe-
culiar forms of insects, 573.

Author of the universe known only to
man, 595.

Autun, synonym of Bise, which see.
Auvergne, extinct volcanoes of, 427-429.
656; geology of, 619.
Avalanches, their formation and devas-
tations, 207; their effects, 412, 413.
Avernus, lake of, 403.

Avon river, at Bristol, tide of, 358, 359.
Aymestry limestone, 678. 680.

Azara, señor, 600, 601.

Azof, sea of, or Palus Mæotis, 371.
Azore islands, the volcanic, 375, 376.

Back, Captain, 318. 322.
Bacon, Lord, 613.

Baden, grand duchy of; its hot springs,
270.

Bagnes, Val de, inundation of, 413-415.
Bahamas, the, 333. 348.

Baiæ, territory of, with illustrative chart,
403; view, 773.

Bahr Assal, lake of, 317.
Bailey, Professor, 776.

Baikal Lake, Siberia, 311. 318. 320, 321.
Baily, Mr., discovers letters of Flam-
stead, 37.

Bakewell, Mr., 270. 412. 428.647.651.729.
Bala limestone, 662. 664.

Bala-pool, or Pimble-Mere, 325.
Balbi, Signor, 596.

Baltic, waters of the, 328, 329; has
scarcely any tides, 357; climate near
the, 506.

Banda Oriental, the, 569. 587.
Banana, or plantain, the, 557.
Banyan, or pagod tree, account and view
of the, 554.

Baobab, the gigantic tree, 550. 562.
Barbadoes, hurricanes in the island of,
454, 455.

Bareges, 663.

Barren Island, 375; view of, 788.
Barrens of North America, 234.
Barrow, Mr., 332.

Barrow's Strait, 589.

Basalt, peculiarities of, 626, 627. 652-
654; illustrations of its forms, 626-653.
Bases of earths, alkalies, and alkaline
earths, 623.

Basin, the great European geological,
660.

Basins, tertiary, of Europe, 739. et al.

three grand, in which the oceanic
waters are divided-northern, western,
and south-eastern, 197.
Bass rock, view of the, 370.
Bath, city of, its thermal waters, 269.
stone of, 725. 727.

Bats, order of, 590.
Bauhinias of the tropics, 555.
Bauhman's Höhle, in the Hartz, 254.
Bayer, John, his Uranometria, 146.
Bayonne, port of, 402.

Beachy-head, land-slip at, 392.
Beads, St. Cuthbert's, 677.
Bear, constellation of the Great, or Ursa
Major, is the most conspicuous in the
northern hemisphere, 152; sometimes
called Charles's Wain, 152; and Helicè,
153, 154; its place in heaven, 153; in-
dicates the Pole-star by its Pointers.
153; is important in navigation, 153;
diagram of its movement around the
pole, 153.

the polar, 588, 589; common, 589.
Bearings of strata, 627.
Beaufort, Captain, 397.
Beaver, the, 589.
Becceria, 130.

Beche, M. de la, 657. 721.

Bed of the ocean, 326; upheavings of,
374-385.

Beds, successive, of the new red sand-
stone system 708.

Beech-trees said to be safe from light-
ning, 521 habitat of, 553.

Beechey, Captain, his researches, 384,
385. 525. 529.
Behemoth, the, 756.
Belemnites, 720.

Beloochistan, 484; plains of, view of the,
485.

Belus, temple of, 2.

Ben Lomond, view of, 646; outhne of,
647; Lair, 659.

-, atmospheric apparitions seen from,
541, 542.

Beunachie, mount of, 648.

Ben Nevis not our highest mountain,
204; electrical observations made on,
517.

Benares, annual rain-falls at, 471.
Bengal, annual rain-falls at, 471; bay of,
579.

Bennet and Tyerman, Messrs., 482.
Benzenberg, Professor, 131.
Berg-mehl, 776.

Bernard, hospice of Great St., the highest
fixed habitation in Europe, 215; its
dogs, with an illustration, 477.
Bex, salt-mines of, 712.
Bible, the, a book for general use, and
therefore adapted to popular compre-
hension, 31; wrong conclusions have
been drawn from it in past times and
present, 32.

Biela's comet, 111.

Bifurcation of streams, 299.
Bimana, order of, 595.

Biot, M., his accouut of the Fata Mor-
gana, 540.

Birch-tree, regard of Linnæus for the,

552.

Birds, the class of, 580-584; are natu-
rally divided into the three orders of
aerial, terrestrial, and aquatic, 580;
bird-rocks of the northern seas, 580,
581; tameness of many kinds, 581, 582;
singing-birds, 582; locomotive powers
of birds, 582, 583; localities of birds,
and their migrations, 583, 584; distri
bution of the varieties of, 592, fossil
remains of, during the several periods,
638, 639.

great dispersers of plant-seeds, 547,
566.567.

Birs Nimrood, the earliest supposed as
tronomical site, I; ruins of, 2.
Bise, Mistral, or Autun wind is salu-
brious, 450; but causes tempests in
France, 450.

Bison, or buffalo, the, 589. 598.
Bituminous, or pitch springs, 275, 276;
fossils, 640; matter, 778.

Blanc, Mont, description of, and ascents
to, 203.

Black Sea, 347, 366; was once united to
the inland Asian seas, 578.
Blisson, Mr., his researches regarding
the ignis fatuus, 544, 545.
Bloomfield, Robert, 467.
Blue John Mine, description of, 248;
view of "organ stalactite in, 249.
Blumenbach, professor, 601. 604, 605,
606. 753.

Boa constrictor, the, 579, 580.
Bode, professor, his observation of the
planetary system, 46; his catalogue of
the stars, 158.
Bodies, the heavenly, were anciently
objects of superstitious regard and
fear, 3.

-, animal and vegetable, contain car-
bonate of lime, 624.

Body, the human, can bear great ex-

tremes of heat and cold, 484; its bones
and teeth contain much carbonate of
lime, 624.

-, diversities of the human, in diffe-
rent races, 605, 606; its growth, decay,
and diseases the same in all races,
608.

Bohemian coal-mines, 702, 703.
Boleslaw lake, in Bohemia, 320.
Bolton and Manchester Railway, fossil
trees on the, 705.

Bombay, annual rain-falls at, 470, 471.
Bone, how to petrify, 640.
Bone Well, view of the, 667.
Bones principally composed of carbonate
of lime, 624.

Bonpland, Aimé, 518, 576.

Bootes, the headsman, or bear-keeper,
constellation of, 6. 153; apparently
pursues Ursa Major round the pole of
the heavens, 154.
Boothia, western coast of, 523.

Borelli developed the influence of gravity,

37.

Berghaus, his theory of mountains, 201.
Borrowdale, pure plumbago found in,

624.

Borrowstonness, fossil shells at, 774.
Bory de St. Vincent, M., 548.

Bosphorus, mouth of the, 199; view of,
347; drains the Black Sea, 366.
Botanical regions of plants, 560-564.
Bothnia, gulf of, 328.
Bouguer, M., 533.

Boulders, 342. 761, 762; fossil, 640. 751.
760, et seq.

Bourbon, isle of, 581.

Bovine race, the, 507. 598. 600, 601. 605,
606.

Brachiopoda, fossil, illustrated, 665.
Bradley, Rev. James, was the third as-
tronomer royal, 42; discovered the
cause of the aberration of the stars, 43;
also the notation of the earth's axis,
43; his great industry, 43; his death
ignorantly interpreted as a divine judg-
ment, 43, 44.

Brande, professor, 131. 734.
Brazil, forests of, 556.

Bread-fruit tree, the, 563.

Breakwater in Plymouth Sound, 350,
351.

Breccia, its formation, 624.

Brecon, view of hills near, 667. 682.
Breeds, mixed human; as mulattos, ter-
cerous, quadroons, mastizos, zambos,
604; animal, 609.

Breezes, alternate land and sea, 444-
446.

Bremontier, M., 549.

Brescia, disastrous explosion in the city
of, 521.

Breddin, group of hills, 680.

Bridge, natural, in Virginia, descrip-
tion and view of, 291; Ain-al-Laban,
301.

Bridlington bay, 594.

Brighton, atmospherical spectra seen at,
540, 541.

Brinkley, Dr., his supposed discovery of
parallax, 163.

Bristol Channel, tide in the, 356. 358.
Britain, early surface of 771. 782; dia-
gram of the succession of strata in,
641; coal strata of, 652; granitic rocks
of, 645.

Britain, climate of; the Roman invasion
of, 507.

British Association, 350.

Channel, the, produced by a disrup-
tion between France and England,

578.
British Museum, remarkable slab in the,
715; Saurians in the, 721.

Britons, the native; paucity of their
fruits before the Roman conquest, 56.
Brittany, climate of, 493.

Broaw, peat district of Loch, 769.
Brocken, account of the spectre of the,
with illustrative view, 541.
Brockhill, view of trap dyke at, 681.
Brooke, Sir A. de Capel, 332.

Brongniart, M., 643. 651. 657. 703, 704.
736. 738.

Brown, Mr. R., his botanical researches,
565, 566.

Brown, professor, his table of the order

and succession of fossil animals and
plants, 638, 639.

Bruce, James, of Kinnaird, his imagined
discovery of the source of the Nile;
279; his description of its localities,
295; of the simoom, 447; of a sand-
storm, 456, 457; of wild oats, 567.
Brute creation, unconsciousness of the,

595.

Brydone, citations from his Tour in Sicily
and Malta, 161, 162. 369. 539, 540; his
account of a scirocco, 449.
Bûch, Von, 619. 650. 711.
Buckland, Dr., investigations of, 251-
254. 619. 630.

Buenos Ayres, drought at, 472; hail.
storm in, 479; fatal thunder-storm in,
518; insects of, 574; estuary deposits
near, 567.

Buffon, the Count de, 586, 587.
Burnes, the late Sir Alexander, 422.
Buxton wells, 269.

Byron, citations from the works of Lord,
261. 286. 326. 366. 399 448.
Buckland, Professor, 672, 673. 681, 682.
702, 703. 712. 714. 720, 721. 723. 725.
734.757.762.

Bullers of Buchan, 648.
Burdie-house, limestone, 694.

Cabra di capello, 579.

Cactus family of plants, indigenous only
to America, 558; botanical region of
the, 561.

Caddis-worms, fossil, 745.

Cader Idris, lake near, 324; porphyritic
columnar trap of, 627.
Caen stone, 725.

Cairngorm, district of, 649.

Calamnites in carboniferous strata, view
of, 706.

Calcutta, an' ual rain-falls at, 471.
Calm at sea, illustration of a, 438.
Cambrian system, 637. 662.
Camel, the, 590.

Campagna di Roma, is mainly volcanic,
427.

Canada, lakes of, 318; climate of, 497.
Canaries, history of the, by Abbé Viera,

362.

Canary Islands, 441.

Cancer, or constellation of the Crab, 150.
Canis Major, and Canis Minor, constella-
tions of, 154.

Canton, unwonted snow-fall at, 475.
Cape Horn, view of, 318; Aurora Aus-
tralis seen at. 527.

Cape of Good Hope, coast and harbour,
503; thistle butterfly found at the, 572.
Capricornus, or constellation of the Goat,

152.

Caprifoliaceæ, region of the, 561.
Caraccas, coast of, 362. 364; earthquakes
in, 431, 432.

Caradoc sandstones, 668, 669; group,
674; hill of Caer, 680.
Carbonate of lime, enters into composi-
tion of organic and inorganic bodies,
623, 624.

Carboniferous period, the, 638.
Carboniferous system, 641,642; coal often
turned to coke in the, 652; chapter on
the, 690.

Cardona, salt mines of, 711, 712.

Cardoon plant, the, its wonderful fer-
tility, 569.

Carex plant, of great use to the Lap-
landers, 560.

Carlsbad, granitic veins at, 650.
Carniola, caverns of, 571.
Carnivorous races of men, 597.
Carnans, fall of the mountain Rampe de,

408.

Carrara marble, 624. 632.

Caryophillæ, botanical region of the, 560.
Caspian, the, 311. 314. 323, 324. 578.
Cassia plants, 563.
Cassiquaire river, 299; singularity of
the, 280;
its junction with the Amazon,
555.
Cassini discovered satellites of Saturn,
34. 45.

Cassiopeia, constellation of, new star ap-
pears in the, 167.

Castalia, or Castaly, fountain of, 260,
261; view of, 614.
Castleton Dale, cavern, description of,
244, 245.

Cat, notices of the, 588. 598,

Catalogues of stars, 143. 158. 166. et al.
Catania, city of, 410.

Cataracts, how formed, 203. 283; of the
Nile, 284.

Catecucaumene, or burnt-up region of
Asia Minor, 429; view in the, 430.
Catten, Mr., 762.

Catenipora escaroides, view of the, 638.
Cattle, varieties of, 601. 606.

Caucasian race of men, 601, 602. 609.
Caucasus, mountains of the, 216; road
made in by Alexander of Russia, 217;
great plain of the, 224; steppes of the,
225; snows of the, 488.
Caverns, temperature diverse in, 249-
251; fossils of, 251-254; of Carniola,
571; and subterranean passages, 238-
258; general notices of, 238, 239; the
Delphian in Greece, 239; Thor's, in
Derbyshire, 239; of Sweden, Norway,

&c., 240, 241; of Fingal, in Staffa, 241,
242; of Iceland, 242; of Eldon Hole,
242, 243; of Peveril of the Peak, 243,
244; of Castleton Dale, 244, 245; of
the Guacharo, 245, 246; stalactitic,
such as Antiparos, 247; and Adelsberg,
247, 248; of Blue John mine, 248, 249;
of Kirkdale, 251, 252; of Devonshire,
&c., 253; of Germany, 254; of Gailen-
reuth, with view and section, 254, 255;
Grotto del Cane, at Naples, with a
view, 255, 256; others similar to it, 256;
of Dudley Castle, with view, 257; of
Odin's Mine, with view, 258; at Not-
tingham Castle, view of, 707.
Cayenne, humidity of, 470.
Cayman, the, or crocodile, 579, 580.
Cayster, the river, 398.

Cedar-tree, respect of the Arabs for the,
559.

Celano, lake, the ancient Fucinus, 313.
Century, eighteenth, opened with the
physical demonstrations of Newton,
and closed with the telescopic disco-
veries of Herschel, 44; nineteenth,
commenced with additions to the pla-
netary system, 46.

Cephalaspis, the, illustrated, 6×6, 687.
Cerastes, the, or horned snake, 579.
Cereals, the, or cultivated grains, 552,

553; tropical regions not favourable to
the growth of, 553, 554. 597; origin of
the, 567. 594.

Ceres, the planet or asteroid, 91.
Cerithium giganteum, view of the, 744.
Ceylon, island of, 590.

Chaetodon rostratus, or insect-shooting-
fish, 575.

Chalcedony, 655.

Chaldea, the plains of, the primal seat of
astronomy, 4.

Chaldeans, their priests noted the rising
and setting of the stars, 2; eclipses, 3;
were acquainted with cycle of days, 3;
invented the zodiac, 3.

Chalk, notices of, 635. 636, 637, 638. 640.
642 of Kent and Sussex, &c., 731 ; of
England, Ireland, and foreign coun-
tries, 731. et seq.; composition of, 733.
Challenger, loss of the frigate, 365.
Chalmers, Mr., 520.

Chamouni, valley of, 200. 208, 209. 372;
645. 647.

Champagne, poor soil of, 736.

Chandler, Dr., his account of Castaly,

261. 398.

Change common to man and universal
nature, 370.

Changes in oceanic regions, chapter on
the, 370-386; by denudation of the
land, 370-372; by accretions, 373; by
elevations of the bed of the sea, as of
volcanic islands, 374--380; and coral
islands and reefs, 380-385.
Charles' Island, 581.

Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire, 645;
granitic veins in, illustrated, 650; rocks
of, 662.

Charybdis and Scylla, 367-369.
Chateaubriand, M., his adventure at
Niagara Falls, 290.

Chellastori gypsum, 711.

Chert, 677.

Cheshire, rock-salt of, 712, 713. 777.
Chiastolite slate, 663.

Chichester, antique slab found at, 728.
Chill, accounts of earthquakes in, 405,
406. 431; its climate, 486; its flora,
562. 564; Chonos archipelago, near,
568.

Chiltern Hundreds, the, 736.
Chimboraço, Mount, 202; its composi-
tion, 203; height, 204. 219. 645.
China, flora of, 563; people of, 602, 603.
Chinese claim the honour of first observ-
ing the celestial sphere, 4; their native
histories of dubious credit, 4.
Chinese porcelain, felspar a component
of, 648.

Chinese seas, the, 371; boatmen, their
complexions, 603.

Chirotherium, view of fossil traces of
the, 714, 715.

Chlorite, its nature, and where found.
623.659.

Chronology, geological, 621.
Cicero's villa, alleged remains of, 405.

Cinchona, or medicinal barks, 561.
Cirknitz, lake of, 323.

Cirrocumulus, or sonder-cloud, 467.
Cirrostratus, or wane-cloud, 467.
Cirrus, or curl-cloud 464.
Civilisation has arisen out of the wants
and weakness of man, 596; is favour-
able to longevity, 607.

Classes of mankind, five grand, 601-604.
Classes of plants, 548-550; of animals,
571.

Classification of rocks, 622.

Clay slate formations, 662. et al.
Clay slate and silurian period, 638.
Claystone, a kind of basalt, 653; por-
phyry, 654.

Clearness of the ocean waters, 331 332.
Cleavage planes in strata, 630.

Clermont, valley of, its characteristics,

428.

Cleveland basaltic wall, 654.

Climate, chapter on physical, 484-517;
definition of the term, 484: determin-
ing causes of, 484; by geographical
position 485; by land levels, 486-492;
by oceanic proximity, 492-495; from
various other causes, 495-504; in
equatorial and hot regions, 504, 505;
in warm, temperate, and cold regions,
505, 506; in frozen, 506, 507; changes
of, inquiry into, 507-509; excessive
winters, 509-513; summers, 513-515;
changes shown by geological researches,
515; extremes of heat and cold in op-
posite, 596, 597; influences complexion,
602; of the tropics, fatal to Europeans,
608.

Clinkstone, a felspathian basalt, 653.
Clithrariæ, fossil forests of, 730.

Clouds, 462-468; lightning, have been
traversed with impunity, 517.
Clyde, river, and Severn, singularity of
their courses, 280; vale of, 739.
Clywdd, vale of, 752.

Coal, localities of, 620; zig-zag stratum
of, 625; "fault" in strata, 629; decep-
tive signs of, 629; fossil leaves in, 631;
localities of, 642; strata of, 654; import-
ance of, 690; unknown to the ancients,
690; earliest mention of in English his-
tory, 690; coal bearing system, 692-
691; measures, 694; beds of, in Britain,
696-699; mining of, 699; districts, 700
-702; foreign localities of, 702, 703;
fossil ferns in, 703; sigillariæ in, 704;
trees in, 704.

Coasts, advance of, 397-400, 402-406
Coccosteus, the, illustrated, 687.
Cocoa-palm, the, 557.

Cod, view of sand-drift at Cape, 761.
Cod-fish, 577.

Col du Midi, 646.

Cold regions, climate of, 505.
Colebrook in Connecticut, gneiss at, 625.
Coleridge, S. T., his sublime idea of the
universe and its Creator, 184; citations
from his hymn before sunrise in the
valley of Chamouni, 209. 328; from
his Ancient Mariner, 450.
Colours of water in lakes, 322. 331; in
the ocean, 330, 331.

of the various races of men, 599-
601; of animals, 601.
Columbia, gold found in, 634.

river, springs of the, 279, 280;
bisons of the, 389; basaltic rocks of
the, 627.
Columbus, his great discovery, 194 359,

360. 439; first observed the trade-
winds, 439; incident in his second
voyage, 520.

Columnar structure of rocks, 626.
Comets, general observations on, opinions
of the ancients respecting, origin of the
word, their characteristics and diver-
sities. 108; differences between them
and planets, 109; opinions regarding,
of Aristotle, Seneca, Tycho Brahe, 109;
researches relative to, of Hevelius,
Halley, and Newton, 109; diagram of
the path of one, 110, statistics of, 110;
general characteristics of, 111; comet
of the year 1680, specula ions and cal-
culations regarding the, 112; comet of
1682, commonly called Halley's, 113;
predictions of that astronomer, 114;
verified by its return in the years 1758

and 1835, 114, 115; appearances of, and
speculations regarding, in former times,
115, 116; illustrations of cometary phe-
nomena, 116, 117. 119; details of various
other comets, 118-120; coinet of 1811,
121, 122; Arago's table of comets, 122;
Encke's and Biela's comets, 123; comet
of 1843, 124-127; general reflections
on comets. 127, 128; irrationality of
the fears indulged regarding them,
129, 130.

Commerce, the pursuits of, first stimu-
lated the knowledge of geography, 193;
extended, arose first in Egypt, 194;
thence spread to Western Europe, 194.
Como, lake of, 661; intermitting spring
near the, 266.

Complexion of the different races of men,
599-601.

Composite, arborescent, 562.
Composition of rocks, 624.
Compound stars, 116. See Stars.
Comrie, atmospheric phenomenon seen
near the village of, 542.
Conception, bay of, 775.
Condamine, M. de la, 239.
Conductors, lightning, their use and im-
portance, 520; were known to the an-
cients, 522.

Conglomerate rocks, 624.
Conglomerates, 662. et al.
Coniferæ, view of fossil, 706. 709.
Conjunction of the planets Saturn, Jupi-
ter, and Mars, 167.

Connecticut river, the, 714; valley, 715.
Constantine, the emperor, 33.
Constellations, general list of, 148, 149;
of the zodiac, 149–152; of the northern
hemisphere, 152-155; of the southern,
155, 156.

Conto, Mont, in the Val Bregaglia, 410.
Contorted lamination in strata, 625.
Conybeare, Mr., 619. 657. 682. 708. 721,
722. 736. 741. 752.

Cook. Captain James, his second voyage
and its results, 196. 504. 527. 563.
Copernicus. 8; revolutionised for ever
astronomical science, 8; particulars of
his life. 19. 20; his scheme of the uni-
verse, 20-22; anticipated the dis-
covery, seventy years after his death,
of the phases of Venus by Galileo, 30.
Copper and zinc conjoined in the Cornish
mines, 633.
Coprolites, 694.

Cor Caroli, constellation of, 147.
Coral islands and reefs, 380-385; blocks,
view of, 380; how formed, 382, 383;
those of New Holland, 383, 384; of the
Pacific ocean, 384; and Polynesia, 385;
usually inhabited. 596.
Coral ragstone, 726.

Corals, formation of, 767; illustrations
of, 768.

Cordilleras, the, 219, et al.; insect swarms
of, 574; animals of the, 592; aged In-
dians of the, 607.

Corinth, limestone rocks in the gulf of,

612.

Cornbrash limestone, 724.

Cornwall, rich in felspar, 623; mines of,
633, 634; tin of, 649; view of rocking-
stone in, 762.

Corrao, volcanic island of, 376, 377. See
Hotham Island.

Corstorphine Hills, the, 652.

Cortes, a servant of, first sowed wheat in
America, 567.

Cotopaxi, 211. 219. 781.
Cotyledonous plants, 540.

Coulommiers, section of a hill at, 738.
Coup de soleil, 505.

Crab, the land, its migrations, 578.
Craigleith quarry, fossil trees in, 706.
Creator, original design of the, 785, et al.
Cretaceous period, 638; system, 641 ; de.
posits, chapter on the, 731-736; mem-
bers of the, 732.

Crétins, cagots, or goitred idiots of the
Alps and Pyrenees, 459.
Crich cliff, Derbyshire, view of, 628.
Crinoideans, 676.
Crocodile, the, 579. 590.

Crouburg Castle, and Entrance to the
Categat, view of, 363.
Crop out, the mining term, 629.
Cross, constellation of the, its composi-

tion, beauty, and utility, 158; Von
Spix and Martin's description of, 155;
lines ou, by Mrs. Hemans, 156.
Cruciferous plants, botanical region of
the, 560.

Crust of the earth, composition of the,
611, et seq.; stratified, 619; its mate
rials, 622; carbonate of lime forms one.
seventh part of it, 624; disturbances of,
beneficial, 629.

Crustac a, fossil, 638.

Cryptogamic plants, 550, 563, 565. 509,
570.

Crystallization of rocks, 631.

Crystals of snow, various forms of, 474,

475.

Cuba, island of, 606. 608; fresh springs
in the ocean near, 259.

Culmination of a star, what it is, 156.
Culture its ameliorating effects on plants,
568, 569.

Cumana, electrical action manifested at.
518: double halo round the moon seen
at, 530.

Cumulo-stratus, or twaincloud, 467.
Cumulus, or stackencloud, 464.
Currents of rivers, 281. 283. 572; of the
ocean, 359-36%; of the atmosphere,
437.
Curved strata in rocks illustrated, 625-
630.

Cuvier, observations of, 252. 254. 380.
397. 571. 590, 595. 604. 619. 713. 721.
723. 724, 725. 730, 731. 736. 738. 744.
748. 754, 755. 757, 758. 760.
Cumbrian system, 663, et seq.
Cunningham, Mr., 715.
Cycadeæ, view of fossil, 709.
Cygnus, the Swan, constellation of, 163;
temporary star in, 168

Dalton, Dr., 473. 480; his account of the

aurora borealis, 526. 529; his imperfect
perception of colour, 176.
Dampier, Captain, his account of the tro-
pical winds, 445. 456.

Daniel, Professor, his analysis of sea-

water, 329, 330; his account of prevail-
ing winds, 460: hygrometrical experi
ments, 462, 463. 470.

Danube, the river, 466, 467; account of
its shores, by Virgil, 508, 509.
Dardanelles, the. See Bosphorus and
Hellespont.

Darial, defile of the, 216, 217, 218.
Dartmouth hills, thunder-storm in the,
519.

Darwin, observations of Mr., 471, 472.
504, 555, 556. 564. 568, 569. 574. 581,
582. 585. 593. 650. 668, 755. 758. 761.
763.

Date-palm, the, 556.
Daubeny, Dr.. 433. 786.
D'Aubuisson, M., 617. 620. 649.
Davy, Sir Hmphrey, philosophic I re-
flection of, 399.768; his theory of earth-
quakes aud volcanic eruptions, 433, 434;
of mists, 465.

Dead Sea, the. 314-316; view of, 315;
fabled fruits of the, 315; analysis of its
waters, 316.

Dead fish in the ocean, 600.

De Candolle, botanical notices of M.,
331. 547, 548, 549, 550. 560, 569, 508,
Deccan, the, 652.

Dee, the river, 324, 325.

Deerfield in Massachusetts, remarkable
stratum at, 625.

Delaware Bay, 396.

De Luc. M., 648. 772.

Deluge, the great, was partial only, 504.
Dembia, lake of, 311.

Denderah, sculptured planisphere of, 5.
Denon, M., 421.

Denudation of the land by rivers, 370-
373; valleys of, 629.

Deposits, sedimentary, the origin of stra-
titied rocks, 627, et al.; were all origi
nally horizontal, 631.

Depths of lakes, table of, 322; of the
ocean, 326, 327.
Derbyshire, loadstone of, 655; lead-mine
of, 692, 693; peat-moss of, 770.
Deserts, great, 223; of Europe, 223, 224;
of Asia, 225. 228. 220; Africa, 25,
226; of Sahara, 226. 228; of the North,
229, 230; of America, 230-232. 24;