of Divorce," in which he justifies divorce on the ground of incompatibility or of mutual consent, especially if there be no children, and proposes sweeping changes in the marriagelaws; the tractate makes him notorious, and he is bitterly attacked, especially after his second and acknowledged edition of the tractate in February, 1643-44; publishes a second pamphlet on divorce in July, 1644; influenced by the demand that his books be burned and by the threat of prosecution because he had not obtained a proper license from the Stationers' Company, Milton writes his "Areopagitica," published November 24, 1644, and generally acknowledged to be the best of his prose works; publishes two more pamphlets on divorce in 1644-45, and proposes to apply his principles by marrying the daughter of one Dr. Davis, a lady immortalized in Milton's Sonnet to "Lady Margaret"; meantime his wife's parent's lose their property, and she begs his pardon and asks to be received again; Milton reluctantly consents, and they take a house in the Barbican (a street near Aldersgate Street) large enough to accommodate his increasing number of pupils; by Mary Powell, Milton has four children: Anne, Mary, John (who died in infancy), and Deborah; Mrs. Milton dies in 1652; Milton publishes the first collected edition of his poems in 1645, placing the Latin and the English verses on separate pages; his pupils increase in number, and include several sons of prominent families; in the autumn of 1647 Milton removes to a house in High Holborn and gives up teaching; it is supposed that he inherited a competency from his father, who died in March, 1646-47; in his sonnet to Fairfax and in other writings he expresses deep sympathy with the Puritan cause; writes paraphrases of seventeen of the Psalms and a "History of Britain; " immediately after the execution of Charles I., he publishes a pamphlet on "The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates," and is consequently invited to become Latin Secretary to the Council of State; he accepts, and takes office March 15, 1648-49, at a salary of about £730 a year; his duties are to translate the

foreign dispatches of the government into dignified Latin, to examine papers found on suspected persons, and to act as a licenser of books; he is directed by the government to answer the "Eikon Basilike," a book then popularly supposed to have been written by Charles I., in defence of his character and position, but really written by the Bishop of Exeter; Milton publishes his answer October 6, 1649, under the title "Eikonoklastes," of which a French translation is ordered made by the Council of State; Milton is ordered by the council, in January, 1650, to reply to Salmasius, a professor at Leyden "a man of enormous reading and no judgment ' whom the Scottish Presbyterians had invited to write in defence of their theological and political position, and who had accordingly published, in 1649, the " Defensio Regio pro Carolo I.; Milton's reply, "Pro Populo Anglicano Defensio," appears in March, 1650, and he refuses £100 voted him by the council as payment for the work; completes the destruction of his eyesight by overwork on his "Defence;" in March, 1652, he is attacked with gross personal abuse by one Peter du Moulin in a book entitled "Regii Sanguinis Clamor ad Cælum," dedicated to Alexander More, formerly professor of Greek at Geneva, and attributed to More by Milton; he is ordered by the council to reply to the "Clamor," and publishes his answer in May, 1654, under the title "Defensio Secunda," a book full of savage abuse, but containing, also, valuable autobiographical passages and an apostrophe to Cromwell; More replies, denying the authorship of the

Clamor," and Milton writes a third book, "Pro Se Defensio," in August, 1655; while Latin secretary he occupies for a time chambers at Whitehall; later removes to another "pretty garden-house," afterward 19 York Street, subsequently occupied successively by Bentham, James Mill, and Hazlitt, and demolished in 1877; he lives here till the Restoration; is assisted in his duties as secretary by Andrew Marvell and others; in 1655, apparently because of his blindness, Milton's salary

is reduced to £150 a year, which was to be paid during his life, and was soon increased to 200; on November 12, 1656, he marries Catherine Woodcock, by whom he has one child, but mother and child die in February, 1658; Milton is said to have had an allowance first from Parliament and afterward from Cromwell for the maintenance of a " weekly table" for the entertainment of eminent foreigners, who came to England especially to see him; in 1659 he publishes two pamphlets favoring a purely voluntary ecclesiastical system, and in 1660 one proposing that Parliament make itself perpetual; in April, 1660, writes "Brief Notes," attacking a royalist sermon; at the Restoration Milton conceals himself in a friend's house in Bartholomew Close; on June 16, 1660, it is ordered by the Commons that his " Pro Populo Anglicano Defensio" be burned by the common hangman and that he be indicted and taken into custody; he is arrested during the summer, but is ordered released at the next session on the payment of fees amounting to £150; the Indemnity Act frees him from all legal consequences of his actions; the lenient treatment of Milton was probably due to the efforts of his friends Marvell and D'Avenant, for the latter of whom he had formerly entreated when D'Avenant had been in danger of execution; on regaining his liberty, Milton takes a house in Holborn and soon afterward removes to Jewett. Street; by the changes attendant on the Restoration his income is reduced from £500 to about £200 a year; Mrs. Powell, mother of Milton's first wife, attempts to obtain some of his property, and apparently succeeds in part; on February 24, 1662-63, he marries Elizabeth Minshull, and soon afterward removes to a small house with a garden, in Artillery Walk, Bunhill Fields, where he resides till death, if we except a reported short sojourn as a lodger in the house of the bookseller Millington; during the plague of 1665 he retires to Chalfont St. Giles, where “a pretty box" was taken for him by the Quaker, Thomas Ellwood; Ellwood had previously formed a friendship with Mil

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ton, had read Latin books to him, received from him in the "box" at Chalfont the manuscript of Paradise Lost," and suggested a poem on "Paradise Regained; "the house at Chalfont is still preserved (1898) as a public memorial of Milton; he begins" Paradise Lost in 1658 and finishes it in 1663; loses his house in Bread Street (inherited from his father) in the great fire of 1666; on April 27, 1667, Milton sells the copyright of Paradise Lost" to Samuel Simmons, the terms being that Milton is to receive £5 down and £5 additional for each of the first three editions of not more than 1,500 copies each; receives his second £5 in April, 1669, and these £10 are all he ever received personally for "Paradise Lost; 1680 Milton's widow sells to Simmons a perpetual copyright of the book for £8; 4,500 copies were sold by 1688; Dryden first appreciated its value, saying of Milton: "This man cuts us all out, and the ancients, too; "with Milton's permission, Dryden puts "Paradise Lost into a drama in rhyme, under the title "A Heroick Opera," published in 1674; Milton is much visited, in his later years, by foreigners and men of rank; "Paradise Lost" is translated into German and into Latin in 1682; Milton publishes "Paradise Regained" and "Samson Agonistes" together in 1671, and could never bear to hear "Paradise Regained" pronounced inferior to his first epic; in 1669 he publishes his Latin grammar and his "History of Britain," written long before; in 1673 puts forth a new edition of his early poems; suffers during his last years from the gout and from unpleasant domestic relations; dies at his house in Artillery Walk, Bunhill Fields, November 8, 1674, leaving 100 each to his "undutiful children," and £600 to his widow.

BIBLIOGRAPHY ON MILTON'S STYLE.

Scherer, E., "Essays on English Literature." New York, 1891, Scribner, 111-150.

Bayne, P., "The Puritan Revolution." London, 1878, James Clark &

Co., 297-347.

Channing, W. E., "Works." Boston, 1867, American Unit. Ass'n,

20: 30.

Coleridge, H., "Essays," etc. London, 1851, E. Moxon, 2: 18-28. Lowell, J. R., "Latest Literary Essays." New York, 1892, Houghton,

Mifflin & Co.

Taine, H., "History of English Literature." New York, 1874, Holt, I: 409-456.

Ward, T. H., “English Poets" (Pattison). New York, 1881, Macmillan, 2: 293-306.

Gilfillan, G., "Literary Portraits." Edinburgh, 1851, J. Hogg, 2: 1-27. Arnold, M., "Mixed Essays." New York, 1879, Macmillan, 256-257. Hazlitt, W., Lectures on the English Poets." London, 1884, G. Bell &

Son, 75-90.

Hallam, H., "Works." New York, 1859, Harper, I: 131, and 2: 182, and see index.

Hazlitt, W., "Table Talk." London, 1882, G. Bell & Sons, 240-249. Newman, J. H., "Essays on Milton's Style." London, 1872, Longmans, 54-60.

Garnett, R., "John Milton" (Great Writers). London, 1890, W. Scott, v, index.

Bagehot, W., "Works." Hartford, 1889, Travellers' Insurance Co., I:

303-352.

Pattison, M., "Milton" (English Men of Letters). New York, 1879, Harper, 79.

Saintsbury, G., "A History of Elizabethan Literature." New York, 1887, Macmillan, 317–330.

Macaulay, T. B., "Essays" (Miscellaneous Works). New York, 1880, Harper, 1: 13-64, and v, index.

Lowell, J. R., "Among My Books." Boston, 1891, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 274-276.

Dowden, E., "Studies in Literature." London, 1878, Kegan Paul & Co., 88-90.

Arnold, M., "Essays in Criticism" (Second Series). New York, 1888, Macmillan, 56-69.

DeQuincey, T., "Works." Edinburgh, 1890, A. & C. Black, 11: 453-473, and 4: 86-118.