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all is clear, the shell is begun, the first layer of which is the same earth sifted very fine. While it is tempering with water, it is mixed up with cow-hair to make it cohere; the whole, being a third cullis, is gently poured on the model, and fills exactly all the sinuosities of the figures; and this is repeated till the whole is two lines in thickness upon the model; when these layers are properly dried they cover it with a second of the same matter, but somewhat thicker than those previously laid on; the compasses are now tried and a fire is lighted in the core, so as to melt off the wax of the inscription, &c.; after which the layers of the shell are proceeded in by means of the compasses. There is now to be added to the composition a quantity of hemp, which is spread upon the layers and afterwards smoothed upon the board of the compasses. The shell varies from four to five inches lower than the millstone before observed, but surrounds it quite close, and prevents the extravasation of the meThe wax should be taken out before melting the metal. The case of the bell requires a separate work, which is done during the drying of the several incrustations of the cements. It has seven rings; the last is called the bridge, and united to the others, it being a perpendicular support to strengthen the curves. It has an aperture at its top to admit an iron peg and bent at its bottom, and this is introduced into two holes in the beam fastened with two strong iron keys. The rings are modelled with masses of beaten earth, that are dried in the fire in order to have them hollow. The rings are gently pressed upon a layer of earth and cow-hair to about one half of their depth, and then taken out, and care should be taken not to break the mould. This operation is repeated twelve times for twelve half moulds, that is, two and two united make the hollow of the six rings; the same is done for the hollow of the bridge. They are all united together upon the open place left for the coals to be put into the oven. The rings which are to form the ears are put first into this open place, with the iron ring to support the clapper of the bell. After which a round cake of clay is make to fill up the diameter of the thickness of the core. This cake after having been baked is placed upon the opening, and fastened by a thin mortar spread over it, which binds the cover close to the core. The hollow of the mould is filled with an earth sufficiently moist to fix itself on the place which is strewed at several times upon the cover of the core; it is then beaten gently with a pestle, and afterwards smoothed.by a workman at top with a wooden trowel dipped in water. Upon this cover, which is afterwards to be taken off, is assembled the hollow of the rings; and, when every thing is in its proper place, the outside of the hollows are strengthened with mortar, in order to bind them to the bridge and keep them steady, and at the bottom by means of a cake of the same mortar, and which fills up the whole aperture of the shell. This is left to dry, that it may afterwards be removed without breaking. To make room for the heated metal, the rings are taken out of the hollows in the mould, as it is in these hollows that the metal is to pass as it enters into the

voids in the mould. The shell being thus unloaded of its rings, the mill-stone is arranged by having placed under it five or six pieces of wood of about two feet long, and thick enough to reach almost to the lower part of the shell; between these and the mould wooden wedges are driven, in order to shake the shell from off the model, so as to be pulled away and removed up out of the pit. When this and the wax are removed, the model and layer of earth are arranged for the founding, as it is through these the melted metal must pass into the hollows made by the rings, and which are between the shell and core. The inside of the shell is last of all dried by burning straw under it, this helps to smooth the surface of the bell. The shell is put in the place so as to leave the same interval between it and the core as was before; and before the hollows of the rings on the cap are put on again two vents are made, which are united to the rings, and also to each other, by a mass of baked cement; after which this mass of the cap is put on, the rings and the vent over the bell are soldered to the cap by cement; which is dried by gradual heat by covering it with burning coals. So much having been done, the pit surrounding the whole is filled up with earth, being pressed strongly all the time of putting in close round the mould.

The furnace has a place for the fire and another to contain the metal; the fire-place has a large chimney with a spacious ash-hole. The furnace which contains the metal is vaulted, and its bottom is made of earth rammed down, the rest is built of brick-work. It has four apertures, the first of which admits the flame projected by the fire to reverberate, the second is closed by a stopple, which is opened for the metal to run through; the other two are to separate the dross and scoriæ by allowing the attendant of the furnace to introduce a wooden rake through it for the purpose. These apertures also pass the thick smoke. The ground or floor of the furnace is built sloping for the metal to run down. When the metal is fused and ready to fill the shell, which should be examined minutely in every part to see if it be dry and ready to receive it; when all is deemed ready, the metal is suffered to run into the shell by the apertures prepared to admit it, after which it is allowed to fix and cool. It is then taken out, examined, and cleaned, in a similar manner to what has been before explained for brass and bronze castings.

The theory of the sound of bells is noticed in our article of that name; together with several curious facts of their history. See BELL.

The method of forming the profile of a bell, previous to its being cast, in which the proportion of the several parts may be seen, is as follows: the thickness of the brim C 1, of the diagram, is the foundation of every other measure, and is divided into three equal parts. First, draw the line HD, which represents the diameter of the bell; bisect it in F, and erect the perpendicular Ff; let D F and HF be also bisected in E and G, and two other perpendiculars Ee, Ga, be erected at F and G; GE will be the diameter of the top or upper vase, i. e. the diameter of the top will be half that of the bell; and it will, therefore, be the diameter of a bell

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which will sound an octave to the other. Divide the diameter of the bell, or the line HD, into fifteen equal parts, and one of these will give C1 the thickness of the brim: divide again each of these fifteen equal parts into three other equal parts, and then form a scale. From this scale take twelve of the larger divisions or 2-15ths of the whole scale in the compass, and setting one leg in D describe an arc to cut the line Ee in N; draw ND, and divide this line into twelve equal parts; at the point 1 erect the perpendicular 1C10, and C 1 will be the thickness of the brim 1-15th of the diameter; draw the line CD; bisect DN; and at the point of the bisection 6, erect the perpendicular 6 K = 14 of the larger divisions on the scale. With an opening of the compass equal to twice the length of the scale, or thirty brims, setting one leg in N, describe an arc of a circle, and with the same leg in K, and the same opening, describe another arc to intersect the former: on this point of intersection as a centre, and, with a radius equal to thirty brims, describe the arc NK; in 6 K produced take KB of the larger measure of the scale or one-third of the brim, and on the same centre with the radius 304 brims describe an arc A B parallel to NK. For the arc BC, take twelve divisions of the scale or twelve brims in the compass; find a centre, and from that centre, with this opening, describe the arc BC, in the same manner as N K or A B were described. There are various ways of describing the arc Kp, some describe it on a centre at the distance of nine brims from the points p and K; others, as it is done in the figure, on a centre at the distance only of seven brims from those points. But it is necessary first to find the point p, and to determine the rounding of the bell p 1. For this purpose, on the point C as a centre, and

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FOUND'LING, n. s. From found, of find. A child exposed to chance; a child found without any parent or owner.

A piece of charity, practised by most of the nations about us, is a provision for foundlings, or for those children who are exposed to the barbarity of cruel and unnatural parents. Addison.

The goddess long had marked the child's distress, And long had sought his sufferings to redress; She prays the gods to take the foundling's part, To teach his hands some beneficial art.

Gay.

F

with the radius C 1, describe the arc 1p n; bisect the part 1 2, of the line Dn, and, erecting the perpendicular pm, this perpendicular will cut the arc 1pn in m, which terminates the rounding 1 p. Some founders make the bendings, K, a third of a brim lower than the middle of the line DN; others make the part C 1D more acute, and instead of making C1 perpendicular to DN at 1, draw it out one-sixth of a brim higher, making it still equal to one brim; so that the line 1 D is longer than the brim C1. In order to trace out the top part, Na, take in the compass eight divisions of the scale or eight brims; and on the points N and D as centres, describe arcs to intersect each other in 8: on this point 8, with a radius of eight brims, describe the arc N b; this arc will be the exterior curve of the top or crown; on the same point 8 as a centre, and with a radius equal to 73 brims, describe the arc Ae, and this will be the interior curve of the crown, and its whole thickness will be onethird of the brim. As the point 8 does not fall in the axis of the bell, a centre M may be found in the axis by describing, with the interval of eight brims on the centres D and H, arcs which will intersect in M; and this point may be made the centre of the inner and outer curves of the crown as before. The thickness of the cap, which strengthens the crown at Q, is about one-third of the thickness of the brim; and the hollow branches or ears about one-sixth of the diameter of the bell. The height of the bell is in proportion to its diameter as twelve to fifteen, or in the proportion of the fundamental sound to its third major; whence it follows that the sound of a bell is principally composed of the sound of its extremity or brim, as a fundamental' of the sound of the crown which is an octave to it, and of that of the height which is a third.

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Which shielded them against the boyling heat,
And with greene boughes decking a gloomy glade,
About the fountaine like a girlond made.

Spenser's Faerie Queene.
Proofs as clear as founts in July, when
We see each grain of gravel.

Shakspeare. Henry VIII. Fountains I intend to be of two natures; the one that sprinkleth or spouteth water; the other a fair receipt of water, without fish, or slime, or mud.

Bacon.

But when the fountful Ida's top they scaled with

utmost haste,

All fell upon the high-haired vaks.

Chapman.

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do not return o frequently. Thus the o and i, for instance, are always in greater quantity that the k or z. This difference will be best perceived from a proportional comparison of tho letters with themselves, or some others.

FOUNTAIN. Among the ancients, fountains were generally esteemed sacred; but some werE held to be so in a more particular manner. The goods effects received from cold baths gave springs and rivers this high reputation: for the salutary influence was supposed to proceed from some presiding deity. Particular accidents might occasion some to be held in greater veneration than others. It was customary to throw little pieces of money into those springs, lakes, or rivers, which were esteemed sacred, to render the presiding divinities propitious; as the touch of a naked body was supposed to pollute their hallowed waters. green For the phenomena, theory, and origin of fountains or springs, 928 SPRING.

Oh fountains! when in you shall I Myself eased of peaceful thoughts espy? Oh fields! oh woods! when, when shall I be made The happy tenant of your shade? Cowley. Can a man drink better from the fountain finely paved with marble, than when it swells over the turf?

He set before him spread

Taylor.

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All actions of your grace are of a piece, as waters keep the tenor of their fountains: your compassion is general, and has the same effect as well on enemies as friends. Dryden.

This one city may well be reckoned not only the seat of trade and commerce, not only the fountain of habits and fashions, and good breeding, but of morally good or bad manners to all England.

Sprat's Sermons. Narcissus on the grassy verdure lies; But whilst within the crystal fount he tries To quench his heat, he feels new heat arise.

Addison. For the eye In love drinks all life's fountains (save tears) dry. Byron. FOUNT, OF FONT, among printers, &c., a set or quantity of characters or letters of each kind, cast by a letter-founder, and sorted. When we say, a founder has cast a fount of bourgeois, of long primer, of brevier, &c., we mean that he has cast a set of characters of these kinds. A complete fount not only includes the running letters, but also large and small capitals, single letters, double letters, lines, numeral characters, ponts, commas, &c. Founts are large and small, according to the demand of the printer, ..ho orders them by the hundred weight, or by sheets. When the printer orders a fount of 400, he means that the fount should weigh 400 pounds. When he demands a fount of eight sheets, it is understood, that with that fount he should be able to compose eight sheets. or sixteen forms, without being obliged to distribute; and the founder-takes his measure accordingly. The letter founders have a kind of list, or tariff, whereby they regulate their founts; some letters being in much more use, and oftener repeated than others, their cells or boxes should be better filled and stored than those of the wetters which

FOUPE, v. a. To drive with sudden impe tuosity. A word out of use.

We pronounce, by the confession of strangers, a smoothly and moderately as any of the northern nations, who foupe their words out of the throat with fat and full spirits. Camden

FOUQUIERES (James), an eminent painter, born at Antwerp in 1580. He received his chief instructions from Velvet Brughel; and applied himself to the study of landscapes, and visited Rome and Venice to improve himself in coloring. His works are said to be nearly equal to those of Titian. He was much caressed at the elector Palatine's court, and afterwards spent several years in France; where his works met with universal approbation, and where he painted several pictures in the gallery of the Louvre, for which Louis XIII, conferred on him the honor of knighthood. This mark of distinction made him insolent, and his conduct was so bad to Nicole Poussin, as to compel that incomparable artist to leave France. Fouquieres himself fell afterwards into disgrace, and died in poverty at Paris, in 1659.

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FOUR, adj.
Sax. reopen. Twice
FOURFOLD, adj. two: fourfold is four times
FOURFOOTED, adj.) told: fourfooted, applied
quadrupeds having four feet.

He shall restore the lamb fourfold, because he had no pity. 2 Sam. xii. 6.

And thou shalt understond, that a man suffereth

foure maner of grevances in outward thinges; ayenst tiences. the whiche foure, he must have foure maner of pa Chaucer. The Persones Tale.

Augur Astylos, whose art in vain From fight dissuaded the four footed train, Now beat the hoof with Nessus on the plain. Dryden.

Just as I wished, the lots were cast on four; Myself the fifth. Pope's Odyssey.

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FOURCROY (Antoine François de), was born at Paris on the 15th of June, 1755. His family had long resided in the capital, and several of his ancestors had distinguished themselves at the bar. His father, however, was a poor apothecary, and he was at length even compelled to give up that business by the corporation of apothecaries. The care of an elder sister preserved the subject of this memoir with difficulty till he reached the age at which it was usual to be sent to college. Here he was unlucky enough to meet with a brutal master, who treated him with, cruelty. The consequence was a dislike to study; and he quitted the college at the age of fourteen, scarcely better instructed than when he went to it. His poverty now was such, that he was under the necessity of endeavouring to support himself by commencing writing-master. He had even some thoughts of going upon the stage; but, while uncertain what plan to follow, the advice of Viq. d'Azyr induced him to commence the study of medicine. This to a man in his situation was by no means an easy task. Fourcroy, however, studied with so much zeal and ardor that he soon became well acquainted with the subject of medicine. It was now necessary to get a doctor's degree; and all the expenses, at that time, amounted to £250 sterling. Viq. d'Azyr was particularly obnoxious to the faculty of medicine at Paris; and Fourcroy was unluckily the acknowledged protegée of this eminent anatomist. This was sufficient to induce the faculty of medicine to refuse him a gratuitous degree; and he would have been excluded in consequence from entering upon the career of a practitioner, had not the friends of d'Azyr, enraged at this treatment, forrned a subscription, and contributed the necessary expenses. But above the simple degree of doctor, there was a higher one, entitled, Docteur Regent, which depended entirely upon the votes of the faculty; and this was unanimously refused to M. de Fourcroy. Fourcroy being thus entitled to practise in Paris, his success depended entirely upon the reputation which he could contrive to establish. For this purpose he devoted himself to the sciences connected with medicine, as the shortest and most certain road by which he could reach his object. His first writings showed no predilection for any particular branch of science. He wrote upon chemistry, anatomy, and on natural history. He published an Abridgment of the History of Insects, and a Description of the Bursa Mucosa of the Tendons. This last piece seems to have given him the greatest celebrity; for in 1785 he was admitted, in consequence of it, into the Academy of Sciences as an anatomist; but the reputation of Bucquet, which at that time was very high, gradually directed his particular attention to chemistry, and he retained this predilection during the rest of his life. Bucquet was at that time professor of chemistry in the medical school of Paris, and was then greatly celebrated on account of his eloquence. Fourcroy became in the first place his pupil, and soon after his particular friend. One day, when illness prevented him from lecturing as usual, he entreated M. de Fourcroy to supply his place he at last consented; and acquitted himself to the satisfac

tion of his whole audience. Bucquet soon after substituted him in his place; and it was in his laboratory and in his class-room that Fourcroy first made himself acquainted with chemistry. There was a college established in the king's garden, which was at that time under the superintendance of Buffon, and Macquer was the professor of chemistry in this institution. On the death of this chemist, in 1784, though Lavoisier stood candidate for the chair, Fourcroy was appointed; and continued professor at the Jardin des Plantes during the remainder of his life, which lasted twenty-five years; and such was his eloquence, that his celebrity as a lecturer continued always upon the increase. We must now notice the political career of Fourcroy during the progress of the revolution. In the autumn of 1793 he was elected a member of the National Convention. The National Convention, and France herself, were at that time in a state of abject slavery; and so sanguinary was the tyrant who ruled over that unhappy country, that Fourcroy, notwithstanding his reputation for eloquence, and the love of eclat which appears all along to have been his domineering passion, had sufficient wisdom never to open his mouth in the convention till after the death of Robespierre. During this unfortunate and disgraceful period, several of the most eminent literary characters of France were destroyed; among others, Lavoisier; and Fourcroy has been accused of contributing to the death of this illustrious philosopher, his former rival, and his master in chemistry. How far such an accusation is deserving of credit, there are no means of determining; but Cuvier, who was upon the spot, and in a situation which enabled him to investigate its truth or falsehood, acquits Fourcroy entirely of the charge. If in the rigorous researches which we have made,' says Cuvier, in his Eloge of Fourcroy, we had found the smallest proof of an atrocity so horrible, no human power could have induced us to sully our mouths with his Eloge, or to have pronounced it within the walls of this temple, which ought to be no less sacred to honor than to genius.' Fourcroy began to acquire influence only after the ninth thermidor, when the nation was wearied with destruction, and when efforts were making to restore those monuments of science, and those public institutions for education, which, during the wantonness and folly of the revolution, had been overturned and destroyed. Fourcroy was particularly active in this renovation, and it was to him chiefly that almost all the schools established in France for the education of youth are to be ascribed. The convention had destroyed all the colleges, and universities, and academies, throughout France. The effects of this ridiculous abolition soon became visible. The army stood in need of surgeons and physicians, and there were none educated to supply the vacant places. Three new schools were founded for educating medical men. They were nobly endowed, and still continue connected with the university of Paris. The term schools of medicine was proscribed as too aristocratical. were distinguished by the ridiculous appellation of schools of health. The Polytechnic School

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was next instituted, as a kind of preparation for the exercise of the military profession, where young men could be instructed in mathematics and natural philosophy, to make them fit for entering the schools of the artillery, and of the marine. Fourcroy, either as member of the convention, or of the council of ancients, took an active part in all these institutions, both as far as regarded the plan and the establishment. He was equally concerned in the establishment of the Institute, and of the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. This last was endowed with the utmost liberality, and Fourcroy was one of the first professors; as he was, also, in the School of Medicine, and the Polytechnic School. The violent exertions which M. de Fourcroy made in the numerous situations which he filled, and the prodigious activity which he displayed, gradually undermined his constitution. He himself was sensible of his approaching death, and announced it to his friends as an event which would speedily take place. On the 16th of December, 1809, after signing some despatches, he suddenly cried out, Je suis mort, and dropped lifeless on the ground. He was twice married: first to Mademoiselle Bettinger, by whom he had two children; a son, an officer in the artillery, who inherits his title; and a daughter, Madame Foucaud. He was married a second time to Madame Belleville, the widow of Vailly, by whom he had no family. He left but little fortune behind him; and two maiden sisters who lived with him, depended for their support upon his friend M. Vauquelin. The character of M. de Fourcroy is sufficiently obvious. It was exactly fitted to the country in which he lived, and the revolutionary government, in the midst of which he was destined to finish his career. Vanity was his ruling passion, and the master-spring of all his actions. It was the source of all the happiness, and of all the misery of his life; for every attack, from what quarter soever it proceeded, was felt by him with equal acuteness. The changes which took place in the science of chemistry were brought about by others, who were placed in a different situation, and endowed with different talents; but no man contributed so much as Fourcroy to the popularity of the Lavoisierian opinions, and the rapidity with which they were propagated over France, and most countries in Europe. He must have possessed an uncommon facility in writing, for his literary labors are exceedingly numerous. Besides those essays which have been already noticed, he published five editions of his System of Chemistry; the first edition being in two volumes, and the fifth in ten. It contains a vast quantity of valuable matter, and contributed considerably to the general diffusion of chemical knowledge. Perhaps the best of all Fourcroy's productions is his Philosophy of Chemistry, which is remarkable for its conciseness, its perspicuity, and the neatness of its arrangement. Besides these works, and the periodical work called Le Medecin Eclairé, of which he was the editor, there are above 160 papers on chemical subjects, with his name attached to them as the author, which appeared in the Memoirs of the Academy of the Institute, in the Annales de

Chimie, or the Annales de Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, of which last work he was the original projector. As in most of these papers the name of Vauquelin is associated with his own, as the author; and as during the publication of those which appeared with his own name alone, Vanquelin was the operator in his laboratory, it is not possible to determine what part of the experiments were made by Fourcroy, and what by Vauquelin.

FOURMONT (Stephen), professor of the Arabic and Chinese languages, was born at Herbelai, a village twelve miles from Paris, in 1683. He studied in Mazarine College He was at length appointed professor of Arabic in the Royal College, and was made a member of the Academy of Inscriptions. In 1738 he was chosen F. R. S. of London, and of Berlin in 1741. He was often consulted by the duke of Orleans, who greatly esteemed him, and made him one of his secretaries. He wrote a great number of works. The chief of which are, 1. The Roots of the Latin Tongue, in verse. 2. Critical Reflections on the Histories of ancient Nations, 2 vols. 4to. 3. Meditationes Seneca, folio. 4. A Chinese Grammar, in Latin, folio. 5. Several Dissertations printed in the Memoirs of the Academy of Inscriptions, &c. He died at Paris in 1745.

FOURNESS, a track in Loynsdale, Lanca shire, between the Kent, Leven, and Dudden Sands, which runs north parallel with the west sides of Cumberland and Westmoreland, and on the south runs into the sea as a promontory. Here, as Camden expresses it, the sea, as if enraged at it, lashes it more furiously, and in high tides has even devoured the shore, and made three large bays; viz. Kent-sand, into which the river Ken empties itself; Leven-sand and Dudden-sand, between which the land projects in such a manner that it has its name thence; Foreness and Foreland, signifying the same with us as promontorium anterius in Latin.' Bishop Gibson, however, derives the name of Fourness, or Furness, from the numerous furnaces that were there anciently, the rents and services of which, called bloomsmithy rents, are still paid. Here are several cotton mills; and in the mosses of Fourness much fir is found, but more oak: the trunks in general lie with their heads to the east, the high winds having been from the west. Fourness produces all sorts of grain, but priacipally oats, of which the bread is generally made: and there are veins of a very rich iron ore, which is not only melted and wrought, but exported in great quantities. The three sands above-mentioned are very dangerous to travel lers, by the tides and the many quicksands. There is a guide on horseback appointed to Kent or Lancaster-sand at £10 a year, to Leven at £6 out of the public revenue; but to Dudden-sands, which are most dangerous, none; and it is no uncommon thing for persons to pass over in parties of 100 at a time like caravans, under the direction of the carriers, who pass every day. The sands are less dangerous than formerly, being much more frequently passed and better known, and travellers who are strangers, never going without guides.

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