Mem. Roy. Acad. Sc. 1629; or in Desaguliers, Exp., &c. p. 267, &c., who has published a translation of part of it with remarks. FORCE, OF LA FORCE, in geography, a town of France, in the department of Dordogne, six miles west of Bergerac; famed for its trade in cattle, grain, and wine. FORCE, in law, signifies any unlawful violence offered to things or persons, and is divided into simple and compound. FORCE, COMPOUND, is where some other violence is committed with such an act as of itself alone is criminal; as if one enters by force into another's house, and there kills a person, or ravishes a woman. There is likewise a force implied in law, as in every trespass, rescue, or disseisin, and an actual force with weapons, number of persons, &c. Any persons may lawfully enter a tavern, inn, or victualling house; so may a landlord his tenant's house, to view repairs, &c. But if, in these cases, the person that enters commits any violence or force, the law will intend that he entered for that purpose. FORCE, SIMPLE, is what is so committed that it has no other crime attending it; as where a person, by force, enters on another's possession, without committing any other unlawful act. FORCIBLE DETAINER, in law, is where one by violence withholds the possession of lands, &c., so that the person who has a right of entry is harred, or hindered therefrom. FORCIBLE ENTRY is a violent and actual entry into houses or lands. At common law, any person that had a right to enter into lands, &c., might retain possession of it by force But this liberty being abused, to the breach of the peace, it was therefore found necessary that the same should be restrained; though, at this day, he who 'is wrongfully dispossessed of goods may by force retake them. By statute, no persons shall make an entry on any lands or tenements, except where it is given by law, and in a peaceable manner, even though they have title of entry, on pain of imprisonment; and where a forcible entry is committed, justices of peace are authorised to view the place, and enquire of the force by a jury, summoned by the sheriff of the county; and they may cause the tenements, &c., to be restored, and imprison the offenders till they pay a fine. A writ of forcible entry also lies, where a person seised of a freehold is by force put out thereof. FORCIBLE MARRIAGE, of a woman of estate, is felony. For, by the statute 3 Hen. VII. c. 2., it is enacted, That if any persons shall take away any woman having lands or goods, or that is heir apparent to her ancestor, by force, and against her will, and marry or defile her; the takers, procurers, abettors, and receivers of the woman taken away against her will, and knowing the same, shall be deemed principal felons; but as to procurers and accessories, they are, before the offence be committed, to be excluded the benefit of clergy, by 39 Eliz. c. 9. The indictment on the statute 3 Hen. VII. is expressly to set forth, that the woman taken away had lands or goods, or was heir apparent; and also that she was married or defiled, because no other case is within the statute: and it ought to allege that the taking was for lucre. It is no excuse that the woman at first was taken away with her own consent: for if she afterwards refuse to continue with the offender, and be forced against her will, she may from that time properly be said to be taken against her will; and it is not material whether a woman so taken away be at last married or defiled with her own consent or not, if she were under force at the time; the offender being in both cases equally within the words of the act. Those persons who, after the fact, received the offender, are bu accessories after the offence, according to the rules of common law; and those that are only privy to the damage, but not parties to the forcible taking away, are not within the act, H. P. C. 119. A man may be indicted for taking away a woman by force in another country; for the continuing of the force in any country, amounts to a forcible taking there. Ibid. Taking away any woman child under the age of sixteen years and unmarried, out of the custody and without the consent of the father or guardian, &c. the offender shall suffer fine and imprisonment; and if the woman agrees to any contract of matrimony with such person, she shall forfeit her estate during life, to the next of kin to whom the inheritance should descend, &c. Statute 4. and 5. P. & M. c. 8. This is a force against the parents; and an information will lie for seducing a young man or woman from their parents, against their consents, in order to marry them, &c. See MARRIAGE. FORCING, in gardening, a method of producing ripe fruits from trees, before their natural season. The method of doing it is this: a wall should be erected ten feet high; a border must be marked out on the south side of it, of about four feet wide, and some stakes must be fastened into the ground, all along the edge of the border; these should be four inches thick. They are intended to rest the glass lights upon, which are to slope backwards to the wall, to shelter the fruit as there shall be occasion: and there must be, at each end, a door to open either way, according as the wind blows. The frame should be made moveable along the wall, that when a tree has been forced one year, the frame may be removed to another, and so on, that the trees may each of them be forced only once in three years, at which rate they will last a long time. They must be always well grown trees that are chosen for forcing; for young ones are soon destroyed, and the fruit that is produced from them is never so well tasted. The dung, before it is put to the wall, should be laid in a heap for five or six days, that it may heat thoroughly; and when thus prepared, it must be laid four feet thick at the base of the wall, and go sloping up till it is two feet thick at the top. It must be laid at least within three or four inches of the top of the wall; and when it sinks, as it will sink two or three feet, more dung must be laid on; for the first heat will do little more than just swell the blossom-buds. The covering the trees with glasses is of great service; but they should be taken off to admit the benefit of gentle showers to the trees, and the doors at the ends should be either left entirely open, or one or both of them opened. and a mat hung before them, at once to let the air circulate and keep off the frosts. The dung is never to be applied till towards the end of November; and three changes of it will be sufficient to ripen the cherries, which will be very fine in February. As to the apricots, grapes, nectarines, peaches, and plums, if the weather be milder, the glasses are to be opened, to let in sunshine, or gentle showers. If a row or two of scarlet strawberries be planted at the back of the frame, they will ripen in February, or the beginning of March; the vines will blossom in April, and the grapes will be ripe in June. It should be carefully observed, not to place early and late ripening fruits together, because the heat necessary to force the late ones will be of great injury to the early ones after they have fruited. The masculine apricot will be ripe in the beginning of April; the early nectarines will be ripe about the same time; and the forward sort of plums by the end of that month. Gooseberries will have fruit fit for tarts in January or February, and will ripen in March; and currants will have ripe fruit in April. The trees need not be planted so distant at these walls as at others, for they do not shoot so freely as in the open air; nine feet asunder is sufficient. They should be pruned about three weeks before the heat is applied. See HORTICULTURE and Hor HOUSE. FORCING, in the wine trade, a term used by wine merchants, for the fining down wines, and rendering them fit for immediate draught. The principal inconvenience of the common way of fining down the white wines by isinglass, and the red by whites of eggs, is the slowness of the operation; these ingredients not performing their office in less than a week, or sometimes a fortnight, according as the weather proves favorable, cloudy or clear, windy or calm: this appears to be matter of constant observation. But the wine-merchant frequently requires a method that shall, with certainty, make the wines fit for tasting in a few hours. A method of this kind there is, but it is kept in a few hands as a valuable secret. Perhaps it depends upon a prudent use of a tartarised spirit of wine, and the common forcing, along with gypsum, as the principal; all of which are to be well stirred about in wine, for half an hour before it is suffered to rest. FORCEPS, n. s. Lat. Forceps properly signifies a pair of tongs; but is used for an instrument in chirurgery, to extract any thing out of wounds, and the like occasions. Quincy. FORCEPS, in surgery, &c., is also used for a pair of scissars for cutting off, or dividing, the fleshy membranous parts of the body. See SURGERY. FOʻRCIPATED, adj. From forceps. Formed like a pair of pincers to open and enclose. The locusts have antennæ, or long horns before, with a long falcation or forcipated tail behind. Browne. FORD, n. s. & v. a. Į Sax. Fond, from paFORD'ABLE, adj. nan, to go, proceed. See FARE. Goth. fiard; Swed. ford; Welsh fford. A shallow part of a river where it may be passed without swimming. It sometimes signifies the stream; the current: to pass without swimming. Adam's shin-bones must have contained a thou sand fathom, and much more, if he had forded the ocean. Raleigh's History. Pliny placeth the Schenite upon the Euphrates, where the same beginneth to be fordable. Raleigh. Her men the paths rode through made by her sword; They pass the stream, when she had found the ford. Medusa with Gorgonian terror guards Milton's Paradise Lost. lord. A countryman sounded a river up and down, to try where it was most fordable; and where the water ran too smooth, he found it deepest; and, on the contrary, shallowest where it made most noise. L'Estrange. But this was not FORD (John), a dramatic writer of considerable elegance, was the second son of a gentleman of Devonshire, where he was born in 1586. He entered in the Middle Temple in 1602, for the purpose of studying law, and, while there, published in 1606 a piece entitled Fame's Memoriall, a species of monody on the earl of Devonshire. In his twenty-first year, having been disappointed by the death of lord Mountjoy, an expected patron, he resolved to travel, but it is doubtful whether he did so, as nothing more is known of him until he printed his first tragedy of the Lover's Melancholy in 1629. his first play, as a piece of his, entitled A Bad Beginning makes a good Ending, was previously acted at court. He wrote, or assisted to write, at least eleven dramas; and such as were printed appeared from 1629 to 1634. Most of these were his own composition, but some were written in conjunction with Decker, Drayton, Hatherewaye, &c. The date of his death is uncertain, but it is thought that he did not long survive 1639. A writer in the Censura Literaria, has attributed to him an able little manual, entitled A Line of Life pointing to the Immortalitie of a Vertuous Name, 1620, 12mo. FORD (Sir John), a gentleman of considerable talents as an engineer of the seventeenth century, was the son of Sir John Ford, of Harting, Sussex, where he was born in 1605. He was educated at Trinity College, Oxford, and knighted by Charles I., after serving the office of high-sheriff of Sussex. He afterwards commanded a regiment of horse in the royal cause, and was imprisoned on suspicion of aiding the escape of the king from Hampton Court. He was however soon released by the interest, as it is thought, of Ireton, whose sister he had married, and in 1656 employed himself in several mechanical inventions of importance. With Cromwell's encouragement, and at the request of the citizens of London, he contrived machinery for raising the Thames water into all the high streets. He also suggested several improvements in the coinage, which he acquired a patent to try in Ireland, but died there before he could put it into execution, September 3d, 1670. He was the author of a Design for bringing up a River from Rickmansworth, Herts, to St. Giles' in the Fields, London, 1641, 4to.; Experimental Proposals to pay the Fleet, re-build London, establish the Fishing Trade, &c., 1666, 4to. To this last work was added A Defence of Bill Credit; and in 1663 he printed a Proposal for raising Money by Bills of Exchange, which should pass current instead of Money, to prevent Robbery. Wood speaks of him as a man of promising talents. FORDINGBRIDGE, a town of Hampshire situated on the north-west side of the Avon, and on the borders of the New Forest. Although it is a small inland town, it is mentioned in Domesday-book, as having formerly had a church, and two mills. The principal manufacture is that of Checks and bed-ticks, and there is a calico printing-field. A the south-east entrance of the town there is a handsome stone bridge of seven arches over the Avon. The government of the town is vested in a constable, who is chosen annually at the court-leet of the lord of the manor. It has a weekly market on Saturday, and a fair September 9th. It lies six miles from Ringwood, twelve from Salisbury, and ninetyone from London. FORDUN (John de), a Scotch ecclesiastic of the fourteenth century, the author of the Scotochronicon. He was possessed of the benefice of Fordun in 1377, having dedicated his history to the bishop of Glasgow from thence. In 1722 Hearne published at Oxford, Joannis de Fordun Scoto-chronicon Genuinum, una cum ejusdem Supplemento ac Continuatione, 3 vols., 8vo. Part of the work had previously appeared in the Quindecim Scriptores; it was also published by Goodall, 2 vols., folio, Edinburgh, 1759. FORDWICH, a town of Kent, called in the Domesday Book, the little borough of Fordwich,' is a member of the port of Sandwich, and was anciently incorporated by the style of the barony of the town of Fordwich, and enjoys the same privileges as the cinque-ports. It is famous for excellent trouts, taken in the Stour. It is said to have once been a more extensive place than at present, having suffered frequently by fire. FORDYCE (David), an elegant and learned writer, born at Aberdeen in 1711. After receiving the early part of his education at the grammar-school, he was, at the age of thirteen, entered at the Greek class in the Marischal College, Aberdeen; and in 1728 he obtained the degree of M. A., and became a professor of moral philosophy in the same college in 1742. He was designed for the ministry, and in 1748 published a work entitled Theodorus, or the Art of Preaching. Having finished this work, he went abroad in 1750; but, after a successful tour through several parts of Europe, he was unfortunately shipwrecked in a storm on the coast of Holland, in the forty-first year of his age. He wrote also Dialogues on Education, 8vo.; and a Treatise on Moral Philosophy, published in the Preceptor. The third edition of his Theodorus was published in London by his brother. FORDYCE (George), an eminent physician and lecturer on medicine, nephew of the preceding was born near Aberdeen in 1736. He received his education at the university of that city, and attained the literary degree of M. A. when only fourteen years of age. In about a year after this he was placed with an uncle, a surgeon and apothecary, at Uppingham in Rutlandshire. After residing some time at Uppingham, he went to prosecute his studies at the university of Edinburgh, and there his assiduity and attainments gained particular attention from Dr. Cullen, then professor of chemistry. From Edinburgh he went to Leyden, where, in 1758, he took his doctor's degree, though only twenty-two years of age. After residing one winter at Leyden, the greater part of his patrimony being spent in the prosecution of his studies, he determined to settle in London, which he did in 1759. In this metropolis he commenced with a course of lectures on the materia medica; and in 1768 published his Elements of the Practice of Physic, which formed the text book of his medical course. By this time he had acquired a very respectable private practice; and in 1770 was appointed physician to St. Thomas's Hospital. In 1776 he was chosen Felow of the Royal Society; and in 1787 a Fellow of the College of Physicians. About this time he published his Elements of Agriculture and Vegetation; besides which he wrote an Essay on Digestion, four Essays on Fever, and various miscellaneous papers. Though his constitution discovered symptoms of premature decay, he continued to discharge his professional duties till the 26th of June, 1802, when he was carried off by an irregular gout and water in the chest, in the sixty-sixth year of his age. FORDYCE (James), an eminent Scottish divine, was born at Aberdeen in 1720. His first settlement as a minister was at Brechin, in the county of Angus; whence he was called to Alloa near Stirling. While he resided at Alloa, the attention of the public was particularly drawn towards him by the excellence of his pulpit compositions. The university of Glasgow conferred on him the degree of D.D. Having many friends in London, he received an invitation to go there, as assistant to Dr. Lawrence, minister of a respectable congregation in Monkwell Street, which he accepted about 1762; and Dr. Lawrence dying a few months after, the eloquence of Dr. Fordyce soon became famous, and for several years attracted crowded audiences. But Dr. Fordyce lived to see his popularity decline, and his pews became thin. Many of his most steady hearers and liberal supporters withdrew from him on account of the losses they sustained by the failure of a younger brother, an extensive banker; and his hearers were still farther diminished by an unhappy difference which took place between him and his colleague, Mr. Toller, about 1775. In a short time after this, the declining state of his health made it necessary for him to resign his charge; Mr. James Lindsay was accordingly ap pointed his successor in 1782; and at his ordination the doctor delivered one of his most eloquent sermons. Dr. Fordyce now retired to Hampshire, where he lived in the vicinity of the earl of Bute, being very intimate with that nobleman, and having the freest access to his valuable library; but he afterwards removed to Bath, where he died of an asthmatic complaint, on the 1st October, 1796, in the seventy-sixth year of his age. Dr. Fordyce is known as the author of Sermons to Young Women, 2 vols. 12mo., which have been translated into several European languages; A Sermon on the Character and Conduct of the Female Sex; Address to Young Men, 2 vols. 12mo.; Addresses to the Deity; a volume of Poems; A Discourse on Pain, and Additions to his brother's Temple of Virtue. FORE, adj. & adv. Sax. Foɲne; Goth. vor; Belg. voor. Anterior; coming first in a progressive motion: fore is a word much used in composition to mark priority of time. À vicious orthography, says Dr. Johnson, has confounded for and fore in composition. Each of them will bear six demiculverins and four sakers, needing no other addition than a slight spar deck fore and aft, which is a slight deck throughout. Raleigh's Essays. Though there is an orb or spherical area of the sound, yet they move strongest and go farthest in the fore lines from the first local impression. Bacon. Resistance in fluids arises from their greater pressing on the fore than hind part of the bodies moving in them. Cheyne. FORE, a town of Ireland, in Westmeath, twenty-two miles from Dublin, is a small borough, supposed anciently to have bee a seat of learning. It contains the ruins of a monastery and three churches, as well as the cell of an an chorite. It is seated on Lough-Lane, meaning .he Lake of Learning. FOREADVI'SE, v. a. Fore and advise. To counsel early; to counsel before the time of action, or the event. Your raven has a reputation in the world for a bird of omen, and a kind of small prophet: a crow that had observed the raven's manner and way of delivering his predictions, sets up for a foreboder. L'Estrange. My soul foreboded I should find the bower Of some fell monster, fierce with barb'rous power. Pope. Spirit of freedom! when on Phyle's brow Inou sat'st with Thrasybulus and his train, Couldst thou forebode the dismal hour which now Dims the green beauties of thine Attic plain. Byron. Childe Harold. FOREBY', prep. Fore and by. Near; hard by; fast by. Not far away he hence doth won FORECAST, v. n., v. a. & n. s. Į Fore and Το Scast. FORECASTER, n. s. scheme; to plan before execution; to contrive antecedently scheme; plan; antecedent policy. He shall forecast his devices against the strong holds. Daniel xi. The spices that sourden of pride, sothly whan sourden of malice imagined, avised and forecaste, or elles of usage ben dedly sinnes it is no doute. Chaucer. Persones Tule. And whatso heavens in their secret doom Ordained have, how can frail fleshy wight Forecast, but it must needs to issue come? L'Estrange. He makes this difference to arise from the forecast .nd predetermination of the gods. Addison. The last, scarce ripened into perfect man, Saw helpless him from whom their life began: Memory and forecast just returns engage; That pointed back to youth, this on to age. Pope FORECASTLE, n. s. Fore and castle. In a ship, is that part where the foremast stands, and is divided from the rest of the floor by a bulk-head: that part of the forecastle which is aloft, and not in the hold, is called the prow. Harris. The commodity of the new cook-room the merchants have found to be so great, as that, in all their ships, the cook-rooms are built in their forecastles, contrary to that which had been anciently used. Raleigh's Essays. FORECASTLE, a short deck placed in the fore part of the ship, above the upper deck: it is usually terminated, in vessels of war, by a breast-work, both before and behind; the foremost part forming the top of the beak-head, and the hind-part reaching to the after-part of the fore-chains. FORECHO'SEN, part. Fore and chosen. Pre-elected. To foreclose a mortgage, is to cut off the power of redemption. FO'REDECK n. s. Fore and deck. The anterior part of the ship. I to the foredeck went, and thence did look For rocky Scylla. Chapman's Odyssey. FOREDESIGN, v. a. Fore and design. To plan beforehand. All the steps of the growth and vegetation, both of animals and plants, have been foreseen and foredesigned by the wise Author of nature. Cheyne. FORE'DO, v. a. From for and do, not fore, says Dr. Johnson. Mr. Horne Tooke considers it as a corruption of forth-done, i. e. done, to go forth; or caused to go forth, i. e. out of doors; in modern language, turned out of doors.' But we have a Saxon compound Fondon, of the same signification; and we cannot but regard Dr. Johnson as nearer the truth: to fore or fordo, for it is found both ways, is to do for,' to finish; a common colloquial expression: to ruin; to destroy; opposed to making happy; to overdo; to weary; to harass. But al so colde towardes the Thy ladies is-as frost in winter mone; And thou fordon-as snowe in fire is sone. Chaucer. Troilus and Creseide. Beseeching him, if either salves or oils, A foredone wight from door of death might raise, He would at her request prolong her nephew's days. Faerie Queene. This is the night And madly play with my forefathers' joints? Id. If it be a generous desire in men to know from whence their own forefathers have come, it cannot be displeasing to understand the place of our first ances Raleigh's History. tor. When a man sees the prodigious pains our forefathers have been at in these barbarous buildings, one cannot but fancy what miracles of architecture they would have left us, had they been instructed in the right way. Addison on Italy. Blest Peer! his great forefather's every grace Reflecting, and reflected in his race. Pope. FOREFEND, v. a. It is doubtful whether from fore or for and defend. If from fore, it implies antecedent provision; as forearm: if from for, prohibitory security; as forbid. Of the two following examples one favors for, and the other fore.'-Johnson. To prohibit; to avert. I would not kill thy unprepared spirit; No, heavens forefend! I would not kill thy soul. Shakspeare Down with the nose, Down with it flat: take the bridge quite away Of him, that, his particular to forefend, Smells from the general weal. Perhaps a fever, which the gods forefend, May bring your youth to some untimely end. Id. Dryden, FOREFI'NGER, n. s. Fore and finger. The finger next the thumb; the index. An agate stone On the forefinger of an alderman. Shakspeare. Polymnia shall be drawn, as it were, acting her speech with her forefinger. Peacham on Drawing. Some wear this on the middle-finger, as the ancient Gauls and Britons; and some upon the forefinger. Browne. FO'REFOOT, n. s. Plural forefeet. Fore and foot. The anterior foot of a quadruped: in contempt, a hand. He ran fiercely, and smote at Heliodorus with his forefeet. 2 Mac. iii. 25. Give me thy fist, thy forefoot to me give. continue Shakspeare. line from thence to the heel; then my making the breast with the eminency thereof, bring out his near forefoot, which I finish. Peacham on Drawing. FORE-FOOT, a piece of timber which terminates the keel at the fore end. It is connected by a scarf to the extremity of the keel, of which it makes a part; and the other end of it, which is incurvated upwards into a sort of knee, is attached to the lower end of the stem: of which it also makes a part, being also called the gripe. FOREFRONT, n. s. Fore and front. The anterior front of a thing or place. |