changes to them as in cultum sup. of colo; insulto and exsulto from salio, compounded with in and ex. The equivalents of v in Sanskrit are u, v, b, k. (u) vac ca a cow; ukshan, an ox from vah, to carry. (v) veneror, to worship: van; via, a way; vah, to go. (b) valeo, to be strong; bala, force. (k) vermis, a worm; krimi. Its correspondents in Greek are the digamma F, as vinum (oivos for Foivos); and B, as volo (Boúλoμai). V is properly a labial differing from f, only as being somewhat harder. The two sounds compare phonetically, as in English the two sounds of th, in think and rather, or bath and bathe. After a vowel and before a consonant, especially t, it changes often into u, as lautum for lavtum (lavo), nauta for navta; cautum for cavtum. And so also, vice versa, after a consonant and before a vowel or t, it changes into u, as docui for docvi and solutum for solvtum. In some words v drops out and the previous vowel is lengthened as votum supine of voveo, for vovtum and oblītus, part. of obliviscor, for oblivtus. In a few cases it is changed, in combination with s into a guttural, as vixi, victum for vivsi and vivtum from vivo; and nix (for nivs) gen. nivis. In forms like jūvi, fōvi, mōvi, cāvi etc., there is a contraction of the full original forms, which were juv-vi (juv- being the verb stem and -vi the tense-ending, composed of the tense characteristic v and the person-ending i), and fov-vi, mov-vi, cav-vi etc. V, when occurring in a syllable which was afterwards contracted, changed to u, as neu for neve, seu for sive, nauta for navita. X. Its Sanskrit equivalent is ksh as axis (ağwv), an axletree; aksha: and its Greek correspondents are and, in proper names sometimes, σ and σo: as sex, six; ë§: Ajax and Alas, Ulixes and 'Οδυσσεύς. X represents, as a compound consonant, cs, gs, and sometimes vs, ps and ts. (es) vox (gs) rex (vs), connixi perf. of conniveo for connivsi and fluxi perf. of fluo, for fluvsi: (ps) proximus, superlative of propior, for propsimus: (ts) nixus for nitsus from nitor. In one word at least the use of x seems to be altogether arbitrary; senex, gen. senis. The author can think of no euphonic analysis that will explain it. X in the preposition ex changes into f by assimilation before f, as effero etc. The change of x to ss or sc is noticeable in a few words, as lassus (for laxus) and lascivus (for laxivus). Y. This letter was not introduced until a late period into the Latin alphabet; and it was then confined to words borrowed from the Greek, in which u had been previously used. As the Greek v was in pronunciation the modern French u, its representation by y in Latin, in the middle of words, was very natural. Z was borrowed from the Greek, and used only to denote foreign words. -- No one who has not undertaken to compass the whole subject of phonology, for himself, in its many internal elements and external relations; and to subject its facts and difficulties to a thorough analysis of his own; and to adjust the results of his manifold investigations in all their separate and combined aspects into a harmonious scientific system, adequate to the wants of so great and so complicated a subject, can have any just idea of the amount of earnest, varied and repeated thought and research required for its proper development. No one will welcome more gladly than the author, the sound of another's blast, drill or hammer, in these vast and but partially worked mines of scholarly exploration. His own effort has been, to throw a true and strong light on matters hitherto lying out of the field of scholastic vision, in this country; and to him who shall give them a brighter and fuller illumination, no one shall shout with more gladness: All hail! ERRATUM. On page 691 (Vol. XVI.), of previous article, lines 2 and 30, for word dadâmi, I place, read dadhâmi. ARTICLE VI. A JOURNEY TO NEAPOLIS AND PHILIPPI. BY HORATIO B. HACKETT, D. D., PROFESSOR AT NEWTON. [Prefatory Note by the Editors of the Bib. Sac. - The Book Notices which have been prepared for our present Number, we have chosen to defer, in order that we may publish the following valuable narrative, which, although accessible perhaps in another form, will yet be new to our readers; and which, being peculiarly appropriate, has been specially revised and enlarged, for this Periodical.] It was the writer's original plan to travel by land through Macedonia from Thessalonica to Neapolis, and thus visit the several places in that country (Philippi, Amphipolis, Apollonia are the others), which Luke has mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles. The principal object, however, was to see Neapolis and Philippi, and so much the more because they lie considerably aside from the ordinary route of travellers, and have seldom been described by persons attracted to them as places of biblical interest. On arriving at Thessalonica, on the 6th of December, 1858, it appeared necessary to modify this plan in part. The lateness of the season presented unforeseen obstacles. The rains had been uncommonly abundant, and had flooded the country. The streams were swol len, and many of the bridges swept away. The Turkish post between Thessalonica and Constantinople had recently been more than a week behind its time. Individuals, whose judgment I was not at liberty to disregard, advised me against this undertaking. Not to fail wholly in my purpose, therefore, I concluded to return to Volo in Thessaly, near the ancient Iolchos, and cross by steamer to Neapolis, on the other side. The passage occupies, usually, twenty-four hours; but a storm overtook us, and the voyage proved to be more than twice as long. We remained ten hours in one position off against Mount Athos, without making the least head-way. The engine was powerless against the combined force of the winds and waves, and no harbor was within reach which it was deemed prudent to attempt to enter. Towards the close of the second day the storm abated, and the captain took shelter for the night under the lee of Thasos. A run of two hours the next morning brought us into the port of Kavalla, the ancient Neapolis. Arrival at Kavalla. Roumelia, which includes the ancient Macedonia, is a Turkish province, and does not excel in all the arts of civilized life. It was a pleasant relief, after a brief experience in the best khan (ξενοδοχεῖον or κατάλυμα, as the Greeks term it) which the place afforded, to be invited by the English vice-Consul, Frederick Maling, Esq., to make his house my home during my sojourn in that region. It is not enough to say that this gentleman treated me with as much kindness as if I had been one of his own countrymen; for I know of no title with which one stranger can approach another which could have procured for me a heartier welcome, or a more generous hospitality, than I received from him. It becomes me, at the outset, to make this acknowledgment, and to say, further, that I am indebted to his intelligence for hints and information which were invaluable to me in the prosecution of my inquiries. I arrived at Kavalla in the forenoon of Saturday, December 11. A general survey of the place and the making of arrangements for the expedition to Philippi occupied the remainder of the day. The town is built on a rocky promontory, which juts out from the coast of Roumelia into the Aegean. The harbor, a mile and a half wide at the entrance and half a mile broad, lies on the west side. The more prominent geographical features are the range of hills on the west, known to the ancients as Symbolum, which come down near the shore, and connect transversely the eastern end of Pangaeus in the south, and the opposite end of Haemus, or Rhodope, in the north. Back of Symbolum lies the Plain of Philippi, flanked on the right and left by the other ranges just named. Mount Athos, the Aghion Oros ("Aytov "opos) of the present Greeks, is conspicuous in the south-west. The land along the eastern shore is low, and otherwise unmarked by any peculiarity. Samothrace, in the same direction, can be seen when the atmosphere is clear. The island of Thasos bears a little to the southeast, twelve or fifteen miles distant. A post-road passes through Kavalla to Constantinople, eastward, and to Drama and Thessalonica, westward. The further details will be more in place hereafter. Historical Associations. I assume here, for the present, that Kavalla is the Neapolis mentioned in Acts 9:14. Here Paul and his associates, Silas, Timothy, and Luke, landed in Europe on their progress to the west as heralds of the gospel. They proceeded from here, over Symbolum, to Philippi, and thence onward to the south of Greece. Paul traversed the same ground again on his second visit to that country, and on his return from Corinth, on his last journey to Jerusalem, came once more to Philippi, and embarked at Neapolis for the opposite shores of Asia. The historian of the party shows a peculiar interest in the Macedonian labors of the apostle. It is observable that Luke, who became his companion at Troas, drops the first person in the narrative at that place, and does not resume it again till he comes to the account of their sailing thence for the last time. It is possible that he himself spent the interval between the apostle's first and second Grecian tour in that city. It is certain that he dwells upon the events there with something like the partiality of a favorite theme. The most graphic chapter in the book, unless we except the account of the voyage to Rome, is unquestionably that which relates to Philippi and the occurrences there. The church which Paul was instrumental in planting in that city was preeminently distinguished for its purity and its efficiency. The name of Philippians has been rendered memorable forever by the loving epistle which the great apostle addressed to them. It is evident from its contents that no one of the primitive churches enjoyed so much of his confi |